Apache ActiveMQ Artemis ships with two persistence options.
The file journal which is highly optimized for the messaging use case and gives great performance, and also the JDBC Store, which uses JDBC to connect to a database of your choice.
== File Journal (Default)
The file journal is an _append only_ journal.
It consists of a set of files on disk.
Each file is pre-created to a fixed size and initially filled with padding.
As operations are performed on the server, e.g. add message, update message, delete message, records are appended to the journal.
When one journal file is full we move to the next one.
Because records are only appended, i.e. added to the end of the journal we minimise disk head movement, i.e. we minimise random access operations which is typically the slowest operation on a disk.
Making the file size configurable means that an optimal size can be chosen, i.e. making each file fit on a disk cylinder.
Modern disk topologies are complex and we are not in control over which cylinder(s) the file is mapped onto so this is not an exact science.
But by minimising the number of disk cylinders the file is using, we can minimise the amount of disk head movement, since an entire disk cylinder is accessible simply by the disk rotating - the head does not have to move.
As delete records are added to the journal, Apache ActiveMQ Artemis has a sophisticated file garbage collection algorithm which can determine if a particular journal file is needed any more - i.e. has all its data been deleted in the same or other files.
If so, the file can be reclaimed and re-used.
Apache ActiveMQ Artemis also has a compaction algorithm which removes dead space from the journal and compresses up the data so it takes up less files on disk.
The journal also fully supports transactional operation if required, supporting both local and XA transactions.
The majority of the journal is written in Java, however we abstract out the interaction with the actual file system to allow different pluggable implementations.
Apache ActiveMQ Artemis ships with two implementations:
The first implementation uses standard Java NIO to interface with the file system.
This provides extremely good performance and runs on any platform where there's a Java 6+ runtime.
=== Linux Asynchronous IO
The second implementation uses a thin native code wrapper to talk to the Linux asynchronous IO library (AIO).
With AIO, Apache ActiveMQ Artemis will be called back when the data has made it to disk, allowing us to avoid explicit syncs altogether and simply send back confirmation of completion when AIO informs us that the data has been persisted.
Using AIO will typically provide even better performance than using Java NIO.
This journal option is only available when running Linux kernel 2.6 or later and after having installed libaio (if it's not already installed).
For instructions on how to install libaio please see Installing AIO section.
Also, please note that AIO will only work with the following file systems: ext2, ext3, ext4, jfs, xfs and NFSV4.
For more information on libaio please see xref:libaio.adoc#libaio-native-libraries[lib AIO].
libaio is part of the kernel project.
=== Memory mapped
The third implementation uses a file-backed https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/nio/channels/FileChannel.MapMode.html#READ_WRITE[READ_WRITE] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory-mapped_file[memory mapping] against the OS page cache to interface with the file system.
This provides extremely good performance (especially under strictly process failure durability requirements), almost zero copy (actually _is_ the kernel page cache) and zero garbage (from the Java HEAP perspective) operations and runs on any platform where there's a Java 4+ runtime.
Under power failure durability requirements it will perform at least on par with the NIO journal with the only exception of Linux OS with kernel less or equals 2.6, in which the https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/nio/MappedByteBuffer.html#force%28%29[_msync_]) implementation necessary to ensure durable writes was different (and slower) from the https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/nio/channels/FileChannel.html#force%28boolean%29[_fsync_] used is case of NIO journal.
It benefits by the configuration of OS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_%28computer_memory%29[huge pages], in particular when is used a big number of journal files and sizing them as multiple of the OS page size in bytes.
=== Standard Files
The standard Apache ActiveMQ Artemis core server uses two instances of the journal:
* Bindings journal.
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This journal is used to store bindings related data.
That includes the set of queues that are deployed on the server and their attributes.
It also stores data such as id sequence counters.
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The bindings journal is always a NIO journal as it is typically low throughput compared to the message journal.
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The files on this journal are prefixed as `activemq-bindings`.
Each file has a `bindings` extension.
File size is `1048576`, and it is located at the bindings folder.
* Message journal.
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This journal instance stores all message related data, including the message themselves and also duplicate-id caches.
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By default Apache ActiveMQ Artemis will try and use an AIO journal.
If AIO is not available, e.g. the platform is not Linux with the correct kernel version or AIO has not been installed then it will automatically fall back to using Java NIO which is available on any Java platform.
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The files on this journal are prefixed as `activemq-data`.
Each file has an `amq` extension.
File size is by the default `10485760` (configurable), and it is located at the journal folder.
For large messages, Apache ActiveMQ Artemis persists them outside the message journal.
This is discussed in xref:large-messages.adoc#large-messages[Large Messages].
Apache ActiveMQ Artemis can also be configured to page messages to disk in low memory situations.
This is discussed in xref:paging.adoc#paging[Paging].
If no persistence is required at all, Apache ActiveMQ Artemis can also be configured not to persist any data at all to storage as discussed in the Configuring the broker for Zero Persistence section.
==== Configuring the bindings journal
The bindings journal is configured using the following attributes in `broker.xml`
bindings-directory::
This is the directory in which the bindings journal lives.
The default value is `data/bindings`.
create-bindings-dir::
If this is set to `true` then the bindings directory will be automatically created at the location specified in `bindings-directory` if it does not already exist.
The default value is `true`
==== Configuring the jms journal
The jms config shares its configuration with the bindings journal.
==== Configuring the message journal
The message journal is configured using the following attributes in `broker.xml`
journal-directory::
This is the directory in which the message journal lives.
The default value is `data/journal`.
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For the best performance, we recommend the journal is located on its own physical volume in order to minimise disk head movement.
If the journal is on a volume which is shared with other processes which might be writing other files (e.g. bindings journal, database, or transaction coordinator) then the disk head may well be moving rapidly between these files as it writes them, thus drastically reducing performance.
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When the message journal is stored on a SAN we recommend each journal instance that is stored on the SAN is given its own LUN (logical unit).
node-manager-lock-directory::
This is the directory in which the node manager file lock lives.
By default has the same value of `journal-directory`.
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This is useful when the message journal is on a SAN and is being used a xref:ha.adoc#shared-store[Shared Store HA] policy with the broker instances on the same physical machine.
create-journal-dir::
If this is set to `true` then the journal directory will be automatically created at the location specified in `journal-directory` if it does not already exist.
The default value is `true`
journal-type::
Valid values are `NIO`, `ASYNCIO` or `MAPPED`.
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Choosing `NIO` chooses the Java NIO journal.
Choosing `ASYNCIO` chooses the Linux asynchronous IO journal.
If you choose `ASYNCIO` but are not running Linux or you do not have libaio installed then Apache ActiveMQ Artemis will detect this and automatically fall back to using `NIO`.
Choosing `MAPPED` chooses the Java Memory Mapped journal.
journal-sync-transactional::
If this is set to true then Apache ActiveMQ Artemis will make sure all transaction data is flushed to disk on transaction boundaries (commit, prepare and rollback).
The default value is `true`.
journal-sync-non-transactional::
If this is set to true then Apache ActiveMQ Artemis will make sure non transactional message data (sends and acknowledgements) are flushed to disk each time.
The default value for this is `true`.
journal-file-size::
The size of each journal file in bytes.
The default value for this is `10485760` bytes (10MiB).
journal-min-files::
The minimum number of files the journal will maintain.
When Apache ActiveMQ Artemis starts and there is no initial message data, Apache ActiveMQ Artemis will pre-create `journal-min-files` number of files.
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Creating journal files and filling them with padding is a fairly expensive operation and we want to minimise doing this at run-time as files get filled.
By pre-creating files, as one is filled the journal can immediately resume with the next one without pausing to create it.
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Depending on how much data you expect your queues to contain at steady state you should tune this number of files to match that total amount of data.
journal-pool-files::
The system will create as many files as needed however when reclaiming files it will shrink back to the `journal-pool-files`.
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The default to this parameter is -1, meaning it will never delete files on the journal once created.
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Notice that the system can't grow infinitely as you are still required to use paging for destinations that can grow indefinitely.
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Notice: in case you get too many files you can use xref:data-tools.adoc#data-tools[compacting].
journal-max-io::
Write requests are queued up before being submitted to the system for execution.
This parameter controls the maximum number of write requests that can be in the IO queue at any one time.
If the queue becomes full then writes will block until space is freed up.
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When using NIO, this value should always be equal to `1`
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When using ASYNCIO, the default should be `500`.
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The system maintains different defaults for this parameter depending on whether it's NIO or ASYNCIO (default for NIO is 1, default for ASYNCIO is 500)
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There is a limit and the total max ASYNCIO can't be higher than what is configured at the OS level (/proc/sys/fs/aio-max-nr) usually at 65536.
journal-buffer-timeout::
Instead of flushing on every write that requires a flush, we maintain an internal buffer, and flush the entire buffer either when it is full, or when a timeout expires, whichever is sooner.
This is used for both NIO and ASYNCIO and allows the system to scale better with many concurrent writes that require flushing.
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This parameter controls the timeout at which the buffer will be flushed if it hasn't filled already.
ASYNCIO can typically cope with a higher flush rate than NIO, so the system maintains different defaults for both NIO and ASYNCIO (default for NIO is 3333333 nanoseconds - 300 times per second, default for ASYNCIO is 500000 nanoseconds - ie.
2000 times per second).
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Setting this property to 0 will disable the internal buffer and writes will be directly written to the journal file immediately.
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[NOTE]
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By increasing the timeout, you may be able to increase system throughput at the expense of latency, the default parameters are chosen to give a reasonable balance between throughput and latency.
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journal-buffer-size::
The size of the timed buffer on ASYNCIO.
The default value is `490KiB`.
journal-compact-min-files::
The minimal number of files before we can consider compacting the journal.
The compacting algorithm won't start until you have at least `journal-compact-min-files`
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Setting this to 0 will disable the feature to compact completely.
This could be dangerous though as the journal could grow indefinitely.
Use it wisely!
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The default for this parameter is `10`
journal-compact-percentage::
The threshold to start compacting.
When less than this percentage of journal space is considered live data, we start compacting.
Note also that compacting won't kick in until you have at least `journal-compact-min-files` data files on the journal
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The default for this parameter is `30`
journal-lock-acquisition-timeout::
How long to wait (in milliseconds) to acquire a file lock on the journal before giving up
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The default for this parameter is `-1` (i.e. indefinite))
journal-datasync::
This will disable the use of fdatasync on journal writes.
When enabled it ensures full power failure durability, otherwise process failure durability on journal writes (OS guaranteed).
This is particular effective for `NIO` and `MAPPED` journals, which rely on _fsync_/_msync_ to force write changes to disk.
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Default is `true`.
.Note on disabling `journal-datasync`
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Any modern OS guarantees that on process failures (i.e. crash) all the uncommitted changes to the page cache will be flushed to the file system, maintaining coherence between subsequent operations against the same pages and ensuring that no data will be lost.
The predictability of the timing of such flushes, in case of a disabled _journal-datasync_, depends on the OS configuration, but without compromising (or relaxing) the process failure durability semantics as described above.
Rely on the OS page cache sacrifice the power failure protection, while increasing the effectiveness of the journal operations, capable of exploiting the read caching and write combining features provided by the OS's kernel page cache subsystem.
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.Note on disabling disk write cache
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Most disks contain hardware write caches.
A write cache can increase the apparent performance of the disk because writes just go into the cache and are then lazily written to the disk later.
This happens irrespective of whether you have executed a fsync() from the operating system or correctly synced data from inside a Java program!
By default many systems ship with disk write cache enabled.
This means that even after syncing from the operating system there is no guarantee the data has actually made it to disk, so if a failure occurs, critical data can be lost.
Some more expensive disks have non volatile or battery backed write caches which won't necessarily lose data on event of failure, but you need to test them!
If your disk does not have an expensive non volatile or battery backed cache and it's not part of some kind of redundant array (e.g. RAID), and you value your data integrity you need to make sure disk write cache is disabled.
Be aware that disabling disk write cache can give you a nasty shock performance wise.
If you've been used to using disks with write cache enabled in their default setting, unaware that your data integrity could be compromised, then disabling it will give you an idea of how fast your disk can perform when acting really reliably.
On Linux you can inspect and/or change your disk's write cache settings using the tools `hdparm` (for IDE disks) or `sdparm` or `sginfo` (for SDSI/SATA disks)
On Windows you can check / change the setting by right clicking on the disk and clicking properties.
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=== Installing AIO
The Java NIO journal gives great performance, but If you are running Apache ActiveMQ Artemis using Linux Kernel 2.6 or later, we highly recommend you use the `ASYNCIO` journal for the very best persistence performance.
It's not possible to use the ASYNCIO journal under other operating systems or earlier versions of the Linux kernel.
If you are running Linux kernel 2.6 or later and don't already have `libaio` installed, you can easily install it using the following steps:
Using yum, (e.g. on Fedora or Red Hat Enterprise Linux):
[,sh]
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yum install libaio
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Using aptitude, (e.g. on Ubuntu or Debian system):
[,sh]
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apt-get install libaio
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== JDBC Persistence
The Apache ActiveMQ Artemis JDBC persistence layer offers the ability to store broker state (messages, address & queue definitions, etc.) using a database.
[NOTE]
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Using the ActiveMQ Artemis File Journal is the *recommended* configuration as it offers higher levels of performance and is more mature.
Performance for both paging and large messages is especially diminished with JDBC.
The JDBC persistence layer is targeted to those users who _must_ use a database e.g. due to internal company policy.
The JDBC store uses a JDBC connection to store messages and bindings data in records in database tables.
The data stored in the database tables is encoded using Apache ActiveMQ Artemis internal encodings.
=== Configuring JDBC Persistence
To configure Apache ActiveMQ Artemis to use a database for persisting messages and bindings data you must do two things.
. See the documentation on xref:using-server.adoc#adding-runtime-dependencies[adding runtime dependencies] to understand how to make the JDBC driver available to the broker.
. Create a store element in your broker.xml config file under the `<core>` element.
The name of the table in which the HA Shared Store locks (i.e. primary and backup) and HA related data will be persisted for the ActiveMQ Artemis server.
Each Shared Store primary/backup pairs must use the same table name and isn't supported to share the same table between multiple (and unrelated) primary/backup pairs.
The maximal time offset between the broker and the database in milliseconds when requesting the current time of the database while updating and validating primary and backup locks.
NOTE: Some DBMS (e.g. Oracle, 30 chars) have restrictions on the size of table names, this should be taken into consideration when configuring table names for the Artemis database store, pay particular attention to the page store table name, which can be appended with a unique ID of up to 20 characters.
(for Oracle this would mean configuring a page-store-table-name of max size of 10 chars).
It is also possible to explicitly add the user and password rather than in the JDBC url if you need to encode it, this would look like:
