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= Performance Tools
:idprefix:
:idseparator: -
Artemis provides some built-in performance test tools based on the https://javaee.github.io/jms-spec/pages/JMS20FinalRelease[JMS 2 API] to help users (and developers) to stress test a configured Artemis broker instance in different scenarios.
These command-line tools won't represent a full-fat benchmark (such as https://openmessaging.cloud/docs/benchmarks/[Open Messaging]), but can be used as building blocks to produce one.
They are also quite useful on their own.
In summary, the provided `perf` tools are:
. `producer` tool: it can generate both all-out throughput or target-rate load, using https://jakarta.ee/specifications/messaging/2.0/apidocs/javax/jms/bytesmessage[BytesMessage] of a configured size
. `consumer` tool: it uses a https://jakarta.ee/specifications/messaging/2.0/apidocs/javax/jms/messagelistener[MessageListener] to consume messages sent by the `producer` command
. `client` tools: it packs both tools as a single command
Most users will just need the `client` tool, but the `producer` and `consumer` tools allow performing tests in additional scenario(s):
* delaying consumer start, in order to cause the broker to page
* running producers and consumers on different machines
* ...
The examples below (running on a `64 bit Linux 5.14 with Intel® Core™ i7-9850H CPU @ 2.60GHz × 12 with Turbo Boost disabled, 32 GB of RAM and SSD`) show different use cases of increasing complexity.
As they progress, some internal architectural details of the tool and the configuration options supported, are explored.
[NOTE]
====
The tools can run both from within the broker's instance folder or from the home folder.
In both cases, the user should set `JAVA_ARGS` environment variable to override default heap and GC parameters (e.g. `-XX:+UseParallelGC -Xms512M -Xmx1024M`)
====
== Case 1: Single producer Single consumer over a queue
This is the simplest possible case: running a load test with 1 producer and 1 consumer on a non-durable queue `TEST_QUEUE`, using https://jakarta.ee/specifications/messaging/2.0/apidocs/javax/jms/deliverymode#NON_PERSISTENT[non-persistent] 1024 bytes long (by default) messages, using https://jakarta.ee/specifications/messaging/2.0/apidocs/javax/jms/session#AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE[auto-acknowledge].
Let's see what happens after typing:
[,bash]
----
$ ./artemis perf client queue://TEST_QUEUE
Connection brokerURL = tcp://localhost:61616
2022-01-18 10:30:54,535 WARN [org.apache.activemq.artemis.core.client] AMQ212053: CompletionListener/SendAcknowledgementHandler used with confirmationWindowSize=-1. Enable confirmationWindowSize to receive acks from server!
--- warmup false
--- sent: 7316 msg/sec
--- blocked: 6632 msg/sec
--- completed: 7320 msg/sec
--- received: 7317 msg/sec
# ...
----
The test keeps on running, until `SIGTERM` or `SIGINT` signals are sent to the Java process (on Linux Console it translates into pressing *CTRL + C*).
Before looking what the metrics mean, there's an initial `WARN` log that shouldn't be ignored:
[,bash]
----
WARN [org.apache.activemq.artemis.core.client] AMQ212053: CompletionListener/SendAcknowledgementHandler used with confirmationWindowSize=-1. Enable confirmationWindowSize to receive acks from server!
----
It shows two things:
. the load generator uses https://jakarta.ee/specifications/messaging/2.0/apidocs/javax/jms/messageproducer#send-javax.jms.Destination-javax.jms.Message-javax.jms.CompletionListener-[async message producers]
. `confirmationWindowSize` is an Artemis CORE protocol specific setting;
the `perf` commands uses CORE as the default JMS provider
=== Live Latency Console Reporting
The `perf client` command can report on Console different latency percentiles metrics by adding `--show-latency` to the command arguments, but in order to obtain meaningful metrics, we need to address `WARN` by setting `confirmationWindowSize` on the producer `url`, setting `--consumer-url` to save applying the same configuration for consumer(s).
In short, the command is using these additional parameters:
[,bash]
----
--show-latency --url tcp://localhost:61616?confirmationWindowSize=20000 --consumer-url tcp://localhost:61616
----
==== Running it
[,bash]
----
$ ./artemis perf client --show-latency --url tcp://localhost:61616?confirmationWindowSize=20000 --consumer-url tcp://localhost:61616 queue://TEST_QUEUE
--- warmup false
--- sent: 8114 msg/sec
--- blocked: 8114 msg/sec
--- completed: 8114 msg/sec
--- received: 8113 msg/sec
--- send ack time: mean: 113.01 us - 50.00%: 106.00 us - 90.00%: 142.00 us - 99.00%: 204.00 us - 99.90%: 371.00 us - 99.99%: 3455.00 us - max: 3455.00 us
--- transfer time: mean: 213.71 us - 50.00%: 126.00 us - 90.00%: 177.00 us - 99.00%: 3439.00 us - 99.90%: 7967.00 us - 99.99%: 8895.00 us - max: 8895.00 us
# CTRL + C pressed
--- SUMMARY
--- result: success
--- total sent: 70194
--- total blocked: 70194
--- total completed: 70194
--- total received: 70194
--- aggregated send time: mean: 101.53 us - 50.00%: 86.00 us - 90.00%: 140.00 us - 99.00%: 283.00 us - 99.90%: 591.00 us - 99.99%: 2007.00 us - max: 24959.00 us
--- aggregated transfer time: mean: 127.48 us - 50.00%: 97.00 us - 90.00%: 166.00 us - 99.00%: 449.00 us - 99.90%: 4671.00 us - 99.99%: 8255.00 us - max: 27263.00 us
----
Some notes:
. `WARN` message is now gone
. `send ack time` and `transfer time` statistics are printed at second interval
. `total` and `aggregated` metrics are printed on test completion (more on this later)
The meaning of the live latency statistics are:
send ack time::
percentiles of latency to acknowledge sent messages
transfer time::
percentiles of latency to transfer messages from producer(s) to consumer(s)
The `perf` commands uses https://jakarta.ee/specifications/messaging/2.0/apidocs/javax/jms/messageproducer#send-javax.jms.Destination-javax.jms.Message-javax.jms.CompletionListener-[JMS 2 async message producers] that allow the load generator to accumulate in-flight sent messages and depending on the protocol implementation, may block its producer thread due to producer flow control.
e.g: the Artemis CORE protocol can block producers threads to refill producers credits, while the https://qpid.apache.org/components/jms/index.html[QPID-JMS] won't.
The `perf` tool is implementing its own in-flight sent requests tracking and can be configured to limit the amount of pending sent messages, while reporting the rate by which producers are "blocked" awaiting completions
[NOTE]
.Producer threads are `blocked`?
====
Although the load back-pressure mechanism is non-blocking, given that the load generator cannot push further load while back-pressured by the protocol client, the load is semantically "blocked".
This detail is relevant to explain the live rate <<running-it,statistics>> on Console:
====
By default, the `perf` tools (i.e: `client` and `producer`) *limits the number of in-flight request to 1*: to change the default setting users should add `--max-pending` parameter configuration.
[WARNING]
====
Setting `--max-pending 0` will disable the load generator in-flight sent messages limiter, allowing the tool to accumulate an unbounded number of in-flight messages, risking `OutOfMemoryError`.
This is *NOT RECOMMENDED!*
====
More detail on the metrics:
warmup::
The generator phase while the statistics sample is collected; warmup duration can be set by setting `--warmup`
sent::
The message sent rate
blocked::
The rate of attempts to send a new message, "blocked" awaiting `--max-pending` refill
completed::
The rate of message send acknowledgements received by producer(s)
received::
The rate of messages received by consumer(s)
=== How to read the live statistics?
+ The huge amount of `blocked` vs `sent` means that the broker wasn't fast enough to refill the single `--max-pending` budget before sending a new message.
+ It can be changed into:
[,bash]
----
--max-pending 100
----
[#our-previous-command]
[,bash]
----
$ ./artemis perf client --warmup 20 --max-pending 100 --show-latency --url tcp://localhost:61616?confirmationWindowSize=20000 --consumer-url tcp://localhost:61616 queue://TEST_QUEUE
Connection brokerURL = tcp://localhost:61616?confirmationWindowSize=20000
# first samples shows very BAD performance because client JVM is still warming up
--- warmup true
--- sent: 27366 msg/sec
--- blocked: 361 msg/sec
--- completed: 27305 msg/sec
--- received: 26195 msg/sec
--- send ack time: mean: 1743.39 us - 50.00%: 1551.00 us - 90.00%: 3119.00 us - 99.00%: 5215.00 us - 99.90%: 8575.00 us - 99.99%: 8703.00 us - max: 23679.00 us
--- transfer time: mean: 11860.32 us - 50.00%: 11583.00 us - 90.00%: 18559.00 us - 99.00%: 24319.00 us - 99.90%: 31359.00 us - 99.99%: 31615.00 us - max: 31615.00 us
# ... > 20 seconds later ...
# performance is now way better then during warmup
--- warmup false
--- sent: 86525 msg/sec
--- blocked: 5734 msg/sec
--- completed: 86525 msg/sec
--- received: 86556 msg/sec
--- send ack time: mean: 1109.13 us - 50.00%: 1103.00 us - 90.00%: 1447.00 us - 99.00%: 1687.00 us - 99.90%: 5791.00 us - 99.99%: 5983.00 us - max: 5983.00 us
--- transfer time: mean: 4662.94 us - 50.00%: 1679.00 us - 90.00%: 12159.00 us - 99.00%: 14079.00 us - 99.90%: 14527.00 us - 99.99%: 14783.00 us - max: 14783.00 us
# CTRL + C
--- SUMMARY
--- result: success
--- total sent: 3450389
--- total blocked: 168863
--- total completed: 3450389
--- total received: 3450389
--- aggregated send time: mean: 1056.09 us - 50.00%: 1003.00 us - 90.00%: 1423.00 us - 99.00%: 1639.00 us - 99.90%: 4287.00 us - 99.99%: 7103.00 us - max: 19583.00 us
--- aggregated transfer time: mean: 18647.51 us - 50.00%: 10751.00 us - 90.00%: 54271.00 us - 99.00%: 84991.00 us - 99.90%: 90111.00 us - 99.99%: 93183.00 us - max: 94207.00 us
----
Some notes on the results:
* we now have a reasonable `blocked/sent` ratio (< ~10%)
* sent rate has improved *ten-fold* if compared to <<running-it,previous results>>
And on the `SUMMARY` statistics:
* `total` counters include measurements collected with `warmup true`
* `aggregated` latencies *don't* include measurements collected with `warmup true`
=== How to compare latencies across tests?
The Console output format isn't designed for easy latency comparisons, however the `perf` commands expose `--hdr <hdr file name>` parameter to produce a http://hdrhistogram.org/[HDR Histogram] compatible report that can be opened with different visualizers + eg https://hdrhistogram.github.io/HdrHistogramJSDemo/logparser.html[Online HdrHistogram Log Analyzer], https://github.com/ennerf/HdrHistogramVisualizer[HdrHistogramVisualizer] or https://github.com/HdrHistogram/HistogramLogAnalyzer[HistogramLogAnalyzer].
NOTE: Any latency collected trace on this guide is going to use https://hdrhistogram.github.io/HdrHistogramJSDemo/logparser.html[Online HdrHistogram Log Analyzer] as HDR Histogram visualizer tool.
Below is the visualization of the HDR histograms collected while adding to the previous benchmark
[,bash]
----
--hdr /tmp/non_durable_queue.hdr
----
Whole test execution shows tagged latencies, to distinguish `warmup` ones:
image::images/test.png[]
Filtering out `warmup` latencies, it looks like
image::images/hot_test.png[]
Latency results shows that at higher percentiles `transfer` latency is way higher than the `sent` one (reminder: `sent` it's the time to acknowledge sent messages), probably meaning that some queuing-up is happening on the broker.
In order to test this theory we switch to *target rate tests*.
== Case 2: Target Rate Single producer Single consumer over a queue
`perf client` and `perf producer` tools allow specifying a target rate to schedule producer(s) requests: adding
[,bash]
----
--rate <msg/sec integer value>
----
The previous example <<our-previous-command,last run>> shows that `--max-pending 100` guarantees < 10% blocked/sent messages with aggregated latencies
[,bash]
----
--- aggregated send time: mean: 1056.09 us - 50.00%: 1003.00 us - 90.00%: 1423.00 us - 99.00%: 1639.00 us - 99.90%: 4287.00 us - 99.99%: 7103.00 us - max: 19583.00 us
--- aggregated transfer time: mean: 18647.51 us - 50.00%: 10751.00 us - 90.00%: 54271.00 us - 99.00%: 84991.00 us - 99.90%: 90111.00 us - 99.99%: 93183.00 us - max: 94207.00 us
----
We would like to lower `transfer time` sub-millisecond;
let's try by running a load test with ~30% of the max perceived sent rate, by setting:
[,bash]
----
--rate 30000 --hdr /tmp/30K.hdr
----
The whole command is then:
[,bash]
----
$ ./artemis perf client --rate 30000 --hdr /tmp/30K.hdr --warmup 20 --max-pending 100 --show-latency --url tcp://localhost:61616?confirmationWindowSize=20000 --consumer-url tcp://localhost:61616 queue://TEST_QUEUE
# ... after 20 warmup seconds ...
--- warmup false
--- sent: 30302 msg/sec
--- blocked: 0 msg/sec
--- completed: 30302 msg/sec
--- received: 30303 msg/sec
--- send delay time: mean: 24.20 us - 50.00%: 21.00 us - 90.00%: 54.00 us - 99.00%: 72.00 us - 99.90%: 233.00 us - 99.99%: 659.00 us - max: 731.00 us
--- send ack time: mean: 150.48 us - 50.00%: 120.00 us - 90.00%: 172.00 us - 99.00%: 1223.00 us - 99.90%: 2543.00 us - 99.99%: 3183.00 us - max: 3247.00 us
--- transfer time: mean: 171.53 us - 50.00%: 135.00 us - 90.00%: 194.00 us - 99.00%: 1407.00 us - 99.90%: 2607.00 us - 99.99%: 3151.00 us - max: 3183.00 us
# CTRL + C
--- SUMMARY
--- result: success
--- total sent: 1216053
--- total blocked: 845
--- total completed: 1216053
--- total received: 1216053
--- aggregated delay send time: mean: 35.84 us - 50.00%: 20.00 us - 90.00%: 55.00 us - 99.00%: 116.00 us - 99.90%: 3359.00 us - 99.99%: 5503.00 us - max: 6495.00 us
--- aggregated send time: mean: 147.38 us - 50.00%: 117.00 us - 90.00%: 165.00 us - 99.00%: 991.00 us - 99.90%: 4191.00 us - 99.99%: 5695.00 us - max: 7103.00 us
--- aggregated transfer time: mean: 178.48 us - 50.00%: 134.00 us - 90.00%: 188.00 us - 99.00%: 1359.00 us - 99.90%: 5471.00 us - 99.99%: 8831.00 us - max: 12799.00 us
----
We've now achieved sub-millisecond `transfer` latencies until `90.00 pencentile`.
+ Opening `/tmp/30K.hdr` makes easier to see it:
image::images/30K.png[test]
Now `send` and `transfer` time looks quite similar and there's no sign of queueing, but...
=== What `delay send time` means?
This metric is borrowed from the http://highscalability.com/blog/2015/10/5/your-load-generator-is-probably-lying-to-you-take-the-red-pi.html[Coordinated Omission] concept, and it measures the delay of producer(s) while trying to send messages at the requested rate.
The source of such delay could be:
* slow responding broker: the load generator reached `--max-pending` and the expected rate cannot be honored
* client running out of resources (lack of CPU time, GC pauses, etc etc): load generator cannot keep-up with the expected rate because it is just "too fast" for it
* protocol-dependent blocking behaviours: CORE JMS 2 async send can block due to `producerWindowSize` exhaustion
A sane run of a target rate test should keep `delay send time` under control or investigation actions must be taken to understand what's the source of the delay.
+ Let's show it with an example: we've already checked the all-out rate of the broker ie ~90K msg/sec
By running a `--rate 90000` test under the same conditions, latencies will look as
image::images/90K.png[test]
It clearly shows that the load generator is getting delayed and cannot keep-up with the expected rate.
Below is a more complex example involving destinations (auto)generation with "asymmetric" load i.e: the producer number is different from consumer number.
== Case 3: Target Rate load on 10 durable topics, each with 3 producers and 2 unshared consumers
The `perf` tool can auto generate destinations using
[,bash]
----
--num-destinations <number of destinations to generate>
----
and naming them by using the destination name specified as the seed and an ordered sequence suffix.
eg
[,bash]
----
--num-destinations 3 topic://TOPIC
----
would generate 3 topics: `TOPIC0`, `TOPIC1`, `TOPIC2`.
With the default configuration (without specifying `--num-destinations`) it would just create `TOPIC`, without any numerical suffix.
In order to create a load generation on 10 topics, *each* with 3 producers and 2 unshared consumers:
[,bash]
----
--producers 3 --consumers 2 --num-destinations 10 topic://TOPIC
----
The whole `perf client` all-out throughput command would be:
[,bash]
----
# same as in the previous cases
./artemis perf client --warmup 20 --max-pending 100 --s
how-latency --url tcp://localhost:61616?confirmationWindowSize=20000 --consumer-url tcp://localhost:61616 \
--producers 3 --consumers 2 --num-destinations 10 --durable --persistent topic://DURABLE_TOPIC
# this last part above is new
----
and it would print...
[,bash]
----
javax.jms.IllegalStateException: Cannot create durable subscription - client ID has not been set
----
Given that the generator is creating https://jakarta.ee/specifications/messaging/2.0/apidocs/javax/jms/session#createDurableConsumer-javax.jms.Topic-java.lang.String-[unshared durable Topic subscriptions], is it mandatory to set a ClientID for each connection used.
The `perf client` tool creates a connection for each consumer by default and auto-generates both ClientIDs and subscriptions names (as required by the https://jakarta.ee/specifications/messaging/2.0/apidocs/javax/jms/session#createDurableConsumer-javax.jms.Topic-java.lang.String-[unshared durable Topic subscriptions API]).
ClientID still requires users to specify Client ID prefixes with `--clientID <Client ID prefix>` and takes care to unsubscribe the consumers on test completion.
The complete commands now looks like:
[,bash]
----
./artemis perf client --warmup 20 --max-pending 100 --show-latency --url tcp://localhost:61616?confirmationWindowSize=20000 --consumer-url tcp://localhost:61616 \
--producers 3 --consumers 2 --num-destinations 10 --durable --persistent topic://DURABLE_TOPIC --clientID test_id
# after few seconds
--- warmup false
--- sent: 74842 msg/sec
--- blocked: 2702 msg/sec
--- completed: 74641 msg/sec
--- received: 146412 msg/sec
--- send ack time: mean: 37366.13 us - 50.00%: 37119.00 us - 90.00%: 46079.00 us - 99.00%: 68095.00 us - 99.90%: 84479.00 us - 99.99%: 94719.00 us - max: 95743.00 us
--- transfer time: mean: 44060.66 us - 50.00%: 43263.00 us - 90.00%: 54527.00 us - 99.00%: 75775.00 us - 99.90%: 87551.00 us - 99.99%: 91135.00 us - max: 91135.00 us
# CTRL + C
--- SUMMARY
--- result: success
--- total sent: 2377653
--- total blocked: 80004
--- total completed: 2377653
--- total received: 4755306
--- aggregated send time: mean: 39423.69 us - 50.00%: 38911.00 us - 90.00%: 49663.00 us - 99.00%: 66047.00 us - 99.90%: 85503.00 us - 99.99%: 101887.00 us - max: 115711.00 us
--- aggregated transfer time: mean: 46216.99 us - 50.00%: 45311.00 us - 90.00%: 57855.00 us - 99.00%: 78335.00 us - 99.90%: 97791.00 us - 99.99%: 113151.00 us - max: 125439.00 us
----
Results shows that `tranfer time` isn't queuing up, meaning that subscribers are capable to keep-up with the producers: hence a reasonable rate to test could be ~80% of the perceived `sent` rate ie `--rate 60000`:
[,bash]
----
./artemis perf client --warmup 20 --max-pending 100 --show-latency --url tcp://localhost:61616?confirmationWindowSize=20000 --consumer-url tcp://localhost:61616 \
--producers 3 --consumers 2 --num-destinations 10 --durable --persistent topic://DURABLE_TOPIC --clientID test_id \
--rate 60000
# after many seconds while running
--- warmup false
--- sent: 55211 msg/sec
--- blocked: 2134 msg/sec
--- completed: 54444 msg/sec
--- received: 111622 msg/sec
--- send delay time: mean: 6306710.04 us - 50.00%: 6094847.00 us - 90.00%: 7766015.00 us - 99.00%: 8224767.00 us - 99.90%: 8257535.00 us - 99.99%: 8257535.00 us - max: 8257535.00 us
--- send ack time: mean: 50072.92 us - 50.00%: 50431.00 us - 90.00%: 57855.00 us - 99.00%: 65023.00 us - 99.90%: 71167.00 us - 99.99%: 71679.00 us - max: 71679.00 us
--- transfer time: mean: 63672.92 us - 50.00%: 65535.00 us - 90.00%: 78847.00 us - 99.00%: 86015.00 us - 99.90%: 90623.00 us - 99.99%: 93183.00 us - max: 94719.00 us
# it won't get any better :(
----
What's wrong with the `send delay time`?
+ Results show that the load generator cannot keep up with the expected rate and it's accumulating a huge delay on the expected scheduled load: lets trying fixing it by adding more producers threads, adding
[,bash]
----
--threads <producer threads>
----
By using two producers threads, the command now looks like:
[,bash]
----
./artemis perf client --warmup 20 --max-pending 100 --show-latency --url tcp://localhost:61616?confirmationWindowSize=20000 --consumer-url tcp://localhost:61616 \
--producers 3 --consumers 2 --num-destinations 10 --durable --persistent topic://DURABLE_TOPIC --clientID test_id \
--rate 60000 --threads 2
# after few seconds warming up....
--- warmup false
--- sent: 59894 msg/sec
--- blocked: 694 msg/sec
--- completed: 58925 msg/sec
--- received: 114857 msg/sec
--- send delay time: mean: 3189.96 us - 50.00%: 277.00 us - 90.00%: 10623.00 us - 99.00%: 35583.00 us - 99.90%: 47871.00 us - 99.99%: 56063.00 us - max: 58367.00 us
--- send ack time: mean: 31500.93 us - 50.00%: 31231.00 us - 90.00%: 48383.00 us - 99.00%: 65535.00 us - 99.90%: 83455.00 us - 99.99%: 95743.00 us - max: 98303.00 us
--- transfer time: mean: 38151.21 us - 50.00%: 37119.00 us - 90.00%: 55807.00 us - 99.00%: 84479.00 us - 99.90%: 104959.00 us - 99.99%: 118271.00 us - max: 121855.00 us
----
`send delay time` now seems under control, meaning that the load generator need some tuning in order to work at its best.
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