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572 lines
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572 lines
24 KiB
HTML
<!--
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Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
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contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
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this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
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The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
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(the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
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the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
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http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
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distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
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See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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limitations under the License.
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-->
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/style.css">
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<title>Writing a Simple Buildfile</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>Using Ant</h1>
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<h2><a name="buildfile">Writing a Simple Buildfile</a></h2>
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<p>Ant's buildfiles are written in XML. Each buildfile contains one project
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and at least one (default) target. Targets contain task elements.
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Each task element of the buildfile can have an <code>id</code> attribute and
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can later be referred to by the value supplied to this. The value has
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to be unique. (For additional information, see the
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<a href="#tasks"> Tasks</a> section below.)</p>
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<h3><a name="projects">Projects</a></h3>
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<p>A <i>project</i> has three attributes:</p>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
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<tr>
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<td valign="top"><b>Attribute</b></td>
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<td valign="top"><b>Description</b></td>
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<td align="center" valign="top"><b>Required</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">name</td>
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<td valign="top">the name of the project.</td>
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<td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">default</td>
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<td valign="top">the default target to use when no target is supplied.</td>
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<td align="center" valign="top">No; however, <b>since Ant 1.6.0</b>,
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every project includes an implicit target that contains any and
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all top-level tasks and/or types. This target will always be
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executed as part of the project's initialization, even when Ant is
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run with the <a href="running.html#options">-projecthelp</a> option.
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">basedir</td>
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<td valign="top">the base directory from which all path calculations are
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done. This attribute might be overridden by setting
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the "basedir"
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property beforehand. When this is done, it must be omitted in the
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project tag. If neither the attribute nor the property have
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been set, the parent directory of the buildfile will be used.</td>
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<td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>Optionally, a description for the project can be provided as a
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top-level <code><description></code> element (see the <a
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href="Types/description.html">description</a> type).</p>
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<p>Each project defines one or more <i>targets</i>.
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A target is a set of <i>tasks</i> you want
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to be executed. When starting Ant, you can select which target(s) you
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want to have executed. When no target is given,
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the project's default is used.</p>
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<h3><a name="targets">Targets</a></h3>
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<p>A target can depend on other targets. You might have a target for compiling,
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for example, and a target for creating a distributable. You can only build a
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distributable when you have compiled first, so the distribute target
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<i>depends on</i> the compile target. Ant resolves these dependencies.</p>
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<p>It should be noted, however, that Ant's <code>depends</code> attribute
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only specifies the <i>order</i> in which targets should be executed - it
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does not affect whether the target that specifies the dependency(s) gets
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executed if the dependent target(s) did not (need to) run.
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</p>
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<p>More information can be found in the
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dedicated <a href="targets.html">manual page</a>.</p>
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<h3><a name="tasks">Tasks</a></h3>
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<p>A task is a piece of code that can be executed.</p>
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<p>A task can have multiple attributes (or arguments, if you prefer). The value
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of an attribute might contain references to a property. These references will be
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resolved before the task is executed.</p>
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<p>Tasks have a common structure:</p>
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<blockquote>
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<pre><<i>name</i> <i>attribute1</i>="<i>value1</i>" <i>attribute2</i>="<i>value2</i>" ... /></pre>
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</blockquote>
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<p>where <i>name</i> is the name of the task,
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<i>attributeN</i> is the attribute name, and
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<i>valueN</i> is the value for this attribute.</p>
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<p>There is a set of <a href="tasklist.html" target="navFrame">built-in tasks</a>, but it is also very
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easy to <a href="develop.html#writingowntask">write your own</a>.</p>
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<p>All tasks share a task name attribute. The value of
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this attribute will be used in the logging messages generated by
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Ant.</p>
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Tasks can be assigned an <code>id</code> attribute:
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<blockquote>
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<pre><<i>taskname</i> id="<i>taskID</i>" ... /></pre>
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</blockquote>
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where <i>taskname</i> is the name of the task, and <i>taskID</i> is
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a unique identifier for this task.
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You can refer to the
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corresponding task object in scripts or other tasks via this name.
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For example, in scripts you could do:
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<blockquote>
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<pre>
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<script ... >
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task1.setFoo("bar");
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</script>
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</pre>
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</blockquote>
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to set the <code>foo</code> attribute of this particular task instance.
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In another task (written in Java), you can access the instance via
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<code>project.getReference("task1")</code>.
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<p>
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Note<sup>1</sup>: If "task1" has not been run yet, then
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it has not been configured (ie., no attributes have been set), and if it is
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going to be configured later, anything you've done to the instance may
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be overwritten.
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</p>
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<p>
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Note<sup>2</sup>: Future versions of Ant will most likely <i>not</i>
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be backward-compatible with this behaviour, since there will likely be no
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task instances at all, only proxies.
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</p>
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<h3><a name="properties">Properties</a></h3>
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<p>Properties are an important way to customize a build process or
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to just provide shortcuts for strings that are used repeatedly
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inside a build file.</p>
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<p>In its most simple form properties are defined in the build file
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(for example by the <a href="Tasks/property.html">property</a>
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task) or might be set outside Ant. A property has a name and a
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value; the name is case-sensitive. Properties may be used in the
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value of task attributes or in the nested text of tasks that support
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them. This is done by placing the property name between
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"<code>${</code>" and "<code>}</code>" in the
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attribute value. For example, if there is a "builddir"
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property with the value "build", then this could be used
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in an attribute like this: <code>${builddir}/classes</code>. This
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is resolved at run-time as <code>build/classes</code>.</p>
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<p>With Ant 1.8.0 property expansion has become much more powerful
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than simple key value pairs, more details can be
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found <a href="properties.html">in the concepts section</a> of this
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manual.</p>
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<h3><a name="example">Example Buildfile</a></h3>
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<pre>
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<project name="MyProject" default="dist" basedir=".">
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<description>
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simple example build file
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</description>
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<!-- set global properties for this build -->
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<property name="src" location="src"/>
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<property name="build" location="build"/>
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<property name="dist" location="dist"/>
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<target name="init">
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<!-- Create the time stamp -->
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<tstamp/>
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<!-- Create the build directory structure used by compile -->
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<mkdir dir="${build}"/>
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</target>
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<target name="compile" depends="init"
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description="compile the source " >
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<!-- Compile the java code from ${src} into ${build} -->
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<javac srcdir="${src}" destdir="${build}"/>
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</target>
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<target name="dist" depends="compile"
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description="generate the distribution" >
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<!-- Create the distribution directory -->
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<mkdir dir="${dist}/lib"/>
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<!-- Put everything in ${build} into the MyProject-${DSTAMP}.jar file -->
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<jar jarfile="${dist}/lib/MyProject-${DSTAMP}.jar" basedir="${build}"/>
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</target>
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<target name="clean"
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description="clean up" >
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<!-- Delete the ${build} and ${dist} directory trees -->
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<delete dir="${build}"/>
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<delete dir="${dist}"/>
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</target>
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</project>
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</pre>
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<p>Notice that we are declaring properties outside any target. As of
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Ant 1.6 all tasks can be declared outside targets (earlier version
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only allowed <tt><property></tt>,<tt><typedef></tt> and
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<tt><taskdef></tt>). When you do this they are evaluated before
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any targets are executed. Some tasks will generate build failures if
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they are used outside of targets as they may cause infinite loops
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otherwise (<code><antcall></code> for example).</p>
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<p>
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We have given some targets descriptions; this causes the <tt>projecthelp</tt>
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invocation option to list them as public targets with the descriptions; the
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other target is internal and not listed.
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<p>
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Finally, for this target to work the source in the <tt>src</tt> subdirectory
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should be stored in a directory tree which matches the package names. Check the
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<tt><javac></tt> task for details.
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<h3><a name="filters">Token Filters</a></h3>
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<p>A project can have a set of tokens that might be automatically expanded if
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found when a file is copied, when the filtering-copy behavior is selected in the
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tasks that support this. These might be set in the buildfile
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by the <a href="Tasks/filter.html">filter</a> task.</p>
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<p>Since this can potentially be a very harmful behavior,
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the tokens in the files <b>must</b>
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be of the form <code>@</code><i>token</i><code>@</code>, where
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<i>token</i> is the token name that is set
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in the <code><filter></code> task. This token syntax matches the syntax of other build systems
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that perform such filtering and remains sufficiently orthogonal to most
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programming and scripting languages, as well as with documentation systems.</p>
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<p>Note: If a token with the format <code>@</code><i>token</i><code>@</code>
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is found in a file, but no
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filter is associated with that token, no changes take place;
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therefore, no escaping
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method is available - but as long as you choose appropriate names for your
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tokens, this should not cause problems.</p>
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<p><b>Warning:</b> If you copy binary files with filtering turned on, you can corrupt the
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files. This feature should be used with text files <em>only</em>.</p>
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<h3><a name="path">Path-like Structures</a></h3>
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<p>You can specify <code>PATH</code>- and <code>CLASSPATH</code>-type
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references using both
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"<code>:</code>" and "<code>;</code>" as separator
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characters. Ant will
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convert the separator to the correct character of the current operating
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system.</p>
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<p>Wherever path-like values need to be specified, a nested element can
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be used. This takes the general form of:</p>
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<pre>
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<classpath>
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<pathelement path="${classpath}"/>
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<pathelement location="lib/helper.jar"/>
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</classpath>
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</pre>
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<p>The <code>location</code> attribute specifies a single file or
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directory relative to the project's base directory (or an absolute
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filename), while the <code>path</code> attribute accepts colon-
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or semicolon-separated lists of locations. The <code>path</code>
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attribute is intended to be used with predefined paths - in any other
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case, multiple elements with <code>location</code> attributes should be
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preferred.</p>
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<p>As a shortcut, the <code><classpath></code> tag
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supports <code>path</code> and
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<code>location</code> attributes of its own, so:</p>
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<pre>
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<classpath>
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<pathelement path="${classpath}"/>
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</classpath>
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</pre>
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<p>can be abbreviated to:</p>
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<pre>
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<classpath path="${classpath}"/>
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</pre>
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<p>In addition, one or more
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<a href="Types/resources.html#collection">Resource Collection</a>s
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can be specified as nested elements (these must consist of
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<a href="Types/resources.html#file">file</a>-type resources only).
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Additionally, it should be noted that although resource collections are
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processed in the order encountered, certain resource collection types
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such as <a href="Types/fileset.html">fileset</a>,
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<a href="Types/dirset.html">dirset</a> and
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<a href="Types/resources.html#files">files</a>
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are undefined in terms of order.</p>
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<pre>
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<classpath>
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<pathelement path="${classpath}"/>
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<fileset dir="lib">
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<include name="**/*.jar"/>
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</fileset>
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<pathelement location="classes"/>
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<dirset dir="${build.dir}">
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<include name="apps/**/classes"/>
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<exclude name="apps/**/*Test*"/>
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</dirset>
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<filelist refid="third-party_jars"/>
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</classpath>
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</pre>
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<p>This builds a path that holds the value of <code>${classpath}</code>,
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followed by all jar files in the <code>lib</code> directory,
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the <code>classes</code> directory, all directories named
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<code>classes</code> under the <code>apps</code> subdirectory of
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<code>${build.dir}</code>, except those
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that have the text <code>Test</code> in their name, and
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the files specified in the referenced FileList.</p>
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<p>If you want to use the same path-like structure for several tasks,
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you can define them with a <code><path></code> element at the
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same level as <i>target</i>s, and reference them via their
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<i>id</i> attribute--see <a href="#references">References</a> for an
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example.</p>
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<p>By default a path like structure will re-evaluate all nested
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resource collections whenever it is used, which may lead to
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unnecessary re-scanning of the filesystem. Since Ant 1.8.0 path has
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an optional <i>cache</i> attribute, if it is set to true, the path
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instance will only scan its nested resource collections once and
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assume it doesn't change during the build anymore (the default
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for <i>cache</i> still is <i>false</i>). Even if you are using the
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path only in a single task it may improve overall performance to set
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<i>cache</i> to <i>true</i> if you are using complex nested
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constructs.</p>
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<p>A path-like structure can include a reference to another path-like
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structure (a path being itself a resource collection)
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via nested <code><path></code> elements:</p>
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<pre>
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<path id="base.path">
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<pathelement path="${classpath}"/>
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<fileset dir="lib">
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<include name="**/*.jar"/>
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</fileset>
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<pathelement location="classes"/>
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</path>
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<path id="tests.path" cache="true">
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<path refid="base.path"/>
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<pathelement location="testclasses"/>
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</path>
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</pre>
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The shortcuts previously mentioned for <code><classpath></code> are also valid for <code><path></code>.For example:
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<pre>
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<path id="base.path">
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<pathelement path="${classpath}"/>
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</path>
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</pre>
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can be written as:
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<pre>
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<path id="base.path" path="${classpath}"/>
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</pre>
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<h4><a name="pathshortcut">Path Shortcut</a></h4>
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<p>
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In Ant 1.6 a shortcut for converting paths to OS specific strings
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in properties has been added. One can use the expression
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${toString:<em>pathreference</em>} to convert a path element
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reference to a string that can be used for a path argument.
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For example:
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</p>
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<pre>
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<path id="lib.path.ref">
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<fileset dir="lib" includes="*.jar"/>
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</path>
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<javac srcdir="src" destdir="classes">
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<compilerarg arg="-Xbootclasspath/p:${toString:lib.path.ref}"/>
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</javac>
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</pre>
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<h3><a name="arg">Command-line Arguments</a></h3>
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<p>Several tasks take arguments that will be passed to another
|
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process on the command line. To make it easier to specify arguments
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that contain space characters, nested <code>arg</code> elements can be used.</p>
|
|
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
|
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<tr>
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<td width="12%" valign="top"><b>Attribute</b></td>
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<td width="78%" valign="top"><b>Description</b></td>
|
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<td width="10%" valign="top"><b>Required</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">value</td>
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<td valign="top">a single command-line argument; can contain space
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characters.</td>
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<td align="center" rowspan="5">Exactly one of these.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">file</td>
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<td valign="top">The name of a file as a single command-line
|
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argument; will be replaced with the absolute filename of the file.</td>
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</tr>
|
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">path</td>
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<td valign="top">A string that will be treated as a path-like
|
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string as a single command-line argument; you can use <code>;</code>
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or <code>:</code> as
|
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path separators and Ant will convert it to the platform's local
|
|
conventions.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">pathref</td>
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<td valign="top"><a href="#references">Reference</a> to a path
|
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defined elsewhere. Ant will convert it to the platform's local
|
|
conventions.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">line</td>
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<td valign="top">a space-delimited list of command-line arguments.</td>
|
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">prefix</td>
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<td valign="top">A fixed string to be placed in front of the
|
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argument. In the case of a line broken into parts, it will be
|
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placed in front of every part. <em>Since Ant 1.8.</em></td>
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<td valign="top" align="center">No</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
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<td valign="top">suffix</td>
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<td valign="top">A fixed string to be placed immediately after the
|
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argument. In the case of a line broken into parts, it will be
|
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placed after every part. <em>Since Ant 1.8.</em></td>
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<td valign="top" align="center">No</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
|
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<p>It is highly recommended to avoid the <code>line</code> version
|
|
when possible. Ant will try to split the command line in a way
|
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similar to what a (Unix) shell would do, but may create something that
|
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is very different from what you expect under some circumstances.</p>
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<h4>Examples</h4>
|
|
<blockquote><pre>
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<arg value="-l -a"/>
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</pre></blockquote>
|
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<p>is a single command-line argument containing a space character,
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<i>not</i> separate commands "-l" and "-a".</p>
|
|
<blockquote><pre>
|
|
<arg line="-l -a"/>
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<p>This is a command line with two separate arguments, "-l" and "-a".</p>
|
|
<blockquote><pre>
|
|
<arg path="/dir;/dir2:\dir3"/>
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<p>is a single command-line argument with the value
|
|
<code>\dir;\dir2;\dir3</code> on DOS-based systems and
|
|
<code>/dir:/dir2:/dir3</code> on Unix-like systems.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="references">References</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>Any project element can be assigned an identifier using its
|
|
<code>id</code> attribute. In most cases the element can subsequently
|
|
be referenced by specifying the <code>refid</code> attribute on an
|
|
element of the same type. This can be useful if you are going to
|
|
replicate the same snippet of XML over and over again--using a
|
|
<code><classpath></code> structure more than once, for example.</p>
|
|
<p>The following example:</p>
|
|
<blockquote><pre>
|
|
<project ... >
|
|
<target ... >
|
|
<rmic ...>
|
|
<classpath>
|
|
<pathelement location="lib/"/>
|
|
<pathelement path="${java.class.path}/"/>
|
|
<pathelement path="${additional.path}"/>
|
|
</classpath>
|
|
</rmic>
|
|
</target>
|
|
|
|
<target ... >
|
|
<javac ...>
|
|
<classpath>
|
|
<pathelement location="lib/"/>
|
|
<pathelement path="${java.class.path}/"/>
|
|
<pathelement path="${additional.path}"/>
|
|
</classpath>
|
|
</javac>
|
|
</target>
|
|
</project>
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<p>could be rewritten as:</p>
|
|
<blockquote><pre>
|
|
<project ... >
|
|
<path id="project.class.path">
|
|
<pathelement location="lib/"/>
|
|
<pathelement path="${java.class.path}/"/>
|
|
<pathelement path="${additional.path}"/>
|
|
</path>
|
|
|
|
<target ... >
|
|
<rmic ...>
|
|
<classpath refid="project.class.path"/>
|
|
</rmic>
|
|
</target>
|
|
|
|
<target ... >
|
|
<javac ...>
|
|
<classpath refid="project.class.path"/>
|
|
</javac>
|
|
</target>
|
|
</project>
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<p>All tasks that use nested elements for
|
|
<a href="Types/patternset.html">PatternSet</a>s,
|
|
<a href="Types/fileset.html">FileSet</a>s,
|
|
<a href="Types/zipfileset.html">ZipFileSet</a>s or
|
|
<a href="#path">path-like structures</a> accept references to these structures
|
|
as shown in the examples. Using <code>refid</code> on a task will ordinarily
|
|
have the same effect (referencing a task already declared), but the user
|
|
should be aware that the interpretation of this attribute is dependent on the
|
|
implementation of the element upon which it is specified. Some tasks (the
|
|
<a href="Tasks/property.html">property</a> task is a handy example)
|
|
deliberately assign a different meaning to <code>refid</code>.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="external-tasks">Use of external tasks</a></h3>
|
|
Ant supports a plugin mechanism for using third party tasks. For using them you
|
|
have to do two steps:
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>place their implementation somewhere where Ant can find them</li>
|
|
<li>declare them.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
Don't add anything to the CLASSPATH environment variable - this is often the
|
|
reason for very obscure errors. Use Ant's own <a href="install.html#optionalTasks">mechanisms</a>
|
|
for adding libraries:
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>via command line argument <code>-lib</code></li>
|
|
<li>adding to <code>${user.home}/.ant/lib</code></li>
|
|
<li>adding to <code>${ant.home}/lib</code></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
For the declaration there are several ways:
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>declare a single task per using instruction using
|
|
<code><<a href="Tasks/taskdef.html">taskdef</a> name="taskname"
|
|
classname="ImplementationClass"/></code>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<code><taskdef name="for" classname="net.sf.antcontrib.logic.For" />
|
|
<for ... /></code>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>declare a bundle of tasks using a properties-file holding these
|
|
taskname-ImplementationClass-pairs and <code><taskdef></code>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<code><taskdef resource="net/sf/antcontrib/antcontrib.properties" />
|
|
<for ... /></code>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>declare a bundle of tasks using a <a href="Types/antlib.html">xml-file</a> holding these
|
|
taskname-ImplementationClass-pairs and <code><taskdef></code>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<code><taskdef resource="net/sf/antcontrib/antlib.xml" />
|
|
<for ... /></code>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>declare a bundle of tasks using a xml-file named antlib.xml, XML-namespace and
|
|
<a href="Types/antlib.html#antlibnamespace"><code>antlib:</code> protocoll handler</a>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<code><project xmlns:ac="antlib:net.sf.antconrib"/>
|
|
<ac:for ... /></code>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
If you need a special function, you should
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>have a look at this manual, because Ant provides lot of tasks</li>
|
|
<li>have a look at the external task page in the <a href="../external.html">manual</a>
|
|
(or better <a href="http://ant.apache.org/external.html">online</a>)</li>
|
|
<li>have a look at the external task <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/ant/AntExternalTaskdefs">wiki
|
|
page</a></li>
|
|
<li>ask on the <a href="http://ant.apache.org/mail.html#User%20List">Ant user</a> list</li>
|
|
<li><a href="tutorial-writing-tasks.html">implement </a>(and share) your own</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|