diff --git a/src/changes/changes.xml b/src/changes/changes.xml
index 024d766a5..205c78839 100644
--- a/src/changes/changes.xml
+++ b/src/changes/changes.xml
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ The <action> type attribute can be add,update,fix,remove.
     <action                   type="fix" dev="ggregory" due-to="CiprianBodnarescu">Use Set instead of List for checking the contains() method #734.</action>
     <action                   type="fix" dev="kinow" due-to="Roland Kreuzer">Javadoc for StringUtils.substringBefore(String str, int separator) doesn't mention that the separator is an int.</action>
     <action                   type="fix" dev="ggregory" due-to="Gary Gregory">Fix NullPointerException in ThreadUtils.getSystemThreadGroup() when the current thread is stopped.</action>
+    <action                   type="fix" dev="ggregory" due-to="Gary Gregory">ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(Boolean...) null array elements map to false, like Boolean.parseBoolean(null) and its callers return false.</action>
     <!-- ADD -->
     <action                   type="add" dev="ggregory" due-to="Gary Gregory">Add EnumUtils.getEnumSystemProperty(...).</action>
     <action                   type="add" dev="ggregory" due-to="Gary Gregory">Add TriConsumer.</action>
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/ArrayUtils.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/ArrayUtils.java
index 501220566..c83a2ea0c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/ArrayUtils.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/ArrayUtils.java
@@ -9250,23 +9250,15 @@ public class ArrayUtils {
      * <p>
      * This method returns {@code null} for a {@code null} input array.
      * </p>
+     * <p>
+     * Null array elements map to false, like {@code Boolean.parseBoolean(null)} and its callers return false.
+     * </p>
      *
-     * @param array  a {@code Boolean} array, may be {@code null}
+     * @param array a {@code Boolean} array, may be {@code null}
      * @return a {@code boolean} array, {@code null} if null array input
-     * @throws NullPointerException if an array element is {@code null}
      */
     public static boolean[] toPrimitive(final Boolean[] array) {
-        if (array == null) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        if (array.length == 0) {
-            return EMPTY_BOOLEAN_ARRAY;
-        }
-        final boolean[] result = new boolean[array.length];
-        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
-            result[i] = array[i].booleanValue();
-        }
-        return result;
+        return toPrimitive(array, false);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/BooleanUtils.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/BooleanUtils.java
index 920a5988c..34e699df1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/BooleanUtils.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/BooleanUtils.java
@@ -101,7 +101,6 @@ public class BooleanUtils {
 
     /**
      * <p>Performs an 'and' operation on an array of Booleans.</p>
-     *
      * <pre>
      *   BooleanUtils.and(Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.TRUE)                 = Boolean.TRUE
      *   BooleanUtils.and(Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.FALSE)               = Boolean.FALSE
@@ -109,23 +108,22 @@ public class BooleanUtils {
      *   BooleanUtils.and(Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.TRUE)   = Boolean.TRUE
      *   BooleanUtils.and(Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.TRUE) = Boolean.FALSE
      *   BooleanUtils.and(Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.TRUE)  = Boolean.FALSE
+     *   BooleanUtils.and(null, null)                                 = Boolean.FALSE
      * </pre>
+     * <p>
+     * Null array elements map to false, like {@code Boolean.parseBoolean(null)} and its callers return false.
+     * </p>
      *
      * @param array  an array of {@code Boolean}s
      * @return the result of the logical 'and' operation. That is {@code false}
      * if any of the parameters is {@code false} and {@code true} otherwise.
      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code array} is {@code null}
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty.
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} contains a {@code null}
      * @since 3.0.1
      */
     public static Boolean and(final Boolean... array) {
         ObjectUtils.requireNonEmpty(array, "array");
-        try {
-            return and(ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(array)) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
-        } catch (final NullPointerException ex) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The array must not contain any null elements");
-        }
+        return and(ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(array)) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -279,7 +277,6 @@ public class BooleanUtils {
 
     /**
      * <p>Performs an 'or' operation on an array of Booleans.</p>
-     *
      * <pre>
      *   BooleanUtils.or(Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.TRUE)                  = Boolean.TRUE
      *   BooleanUtils.or(Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.FALSE)                = Boolean.FALSE
@@ -288,22 +285,22 @@ public class BooleanUtils {
      *   BooleanUtils.or(Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.TRUE)  = Boolean.TRUE
      *   BooleanUtils.or(Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.TRUE)   = Boolean.TRUE
      *   BooleanUtils.or(Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.FALSE) = Boolean.FALSE
+     *   BooleanUtils.or(Boolean.TRUE, null)                          = Boolean.TRUE
+     *   BooleanUtils.or(Boolean.FALSE, null)                         = Boolean.FALSE
      * </pre>
+     * <p>
+     * Null array elements map to false, like {@code Boolean.parseBoolean(null)} and its callers return false.
+     * </p>
      *
      * @param array  an array of {@code Boolean}s
      * @return {@code true} if any of the arguments is {@code true}, and it returns {@code false} otherwise.
      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code array} is {@code null}
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty.
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} contains a {@code null}
      * @since 3.0.1
      */
     public static Boolean or(final Boolean... array) {
         ObjectUtils.requireNonEmpty(array, "array");
-        try {
-            return or(ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(array)) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
-        } catch (final NullPointerException ex) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The array must not contain any null elements");
-        }
+        return or(ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(array)) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1103,27 +1100,26 @@ public class BooleanUtils {
 
     /**
      * <p>Performs an xor on an array of Booleans.</p>
-     *
      * <pre>
-     *   BooleanUtils.xor(new Boolean[] { Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.TRUE })   = Boolean.FALSE
-     *   BooleanUtils.xor(new Boolean[] { Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.FALSE }) = Boolean.FALSE
-     *   BooleanUtils.xor(new Boolean[] { Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.FALSE })  = Boolean.TRUE
-     *   BooleanUtils.xor(Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.FALSE)     = Boolean.TRUE
+     *   BooleanUtils.xor(Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.TRUE)                 = Boolean.FALSE
+     *   BooleanUtils.xor(Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.FALSE)               = Boolean.FALSE
+     *   BooleanUtils.xor(Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.FALSE)                = Boolean.TRUE
+     *   BooleanUtils.xor(Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.FALSE) = Boolean.TRUE
+     *   BooleanUtils.xor(Boolean.FALSE, null)                        = Boolean.FALSE
+     *   BooleanUtils.xor(Boolean.TRUE, null)                         = Boolean.TRUE
      * </pre>
+     * <p>
+     * Null array elements map to false, like {@code Boolean.parseBoolean(null)} and its callers return false.
+     * </p>
      *
      * @param array  an array of {@code Boolean}s
      * @return the result of the xor operations
      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code array} is {@code null}
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty.
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} contains a {@code null}
      */
     public static Boolean xor(final Boolean... array) {
         ObjectUtils.requireNonEmpty(array, "array");
-        try {
-            return xor(ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(array)) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
-        } catch (final NullPointerException ex) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The array must not contain any null elements");
-        }
+        return xor(ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(array)) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/ArrayUtilsTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/ArrayUtilsTest.java
index 292a4a5fd..3e76bf273 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/ArrayUtilsTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/ArrayUtilsTest.java
@@ -6282,8 +6282,7 @@ public class ArrayUtilsTest {
         assertNull(ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(b));
         assertSame(ArrayUtils.EMPTY_BOOLEAN_ARRAY, ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(new Boolean[0]));
         assertArrayEquals(new boolean[]{true, false, true}, ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(new Boolean[]{Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.FALSE, Boolean.TRUE}));
-
-        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(new Boolean[]{Boolean.TRUE, null}));
+        assertArrayEquals(new boolean[]{true, false}, ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(new Boolean[]{Boolean.TRUE, null}));
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/BooleanUtilsTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/BooleanUtilsTest.java
index 98147d7e8..e4b29c82e 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/BooleanUtilsTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/lang3/BooleanUtilsTest.java
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ public class BooleanUtilsTest {
 
     @Test
     public void testAnd_object_nullElementInput() {
-        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> BooleanUtils.and(new Boolean[] {null}));
+        assertEquals(Boolean.FALSE, BooleanUtils.and(new Boolean[] {null}));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ public class BooleanUtilsTest {
 
     @Test
     public void testOr_object_nullElementInput() {
-        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> BooleanUtils.or(new Boolean[] {null}));
+        assertEquals(Boolean.FALSE, BooleanUtils.or(new Boolean[] {null}));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ public class BooleanUtilsTest {
 
     @Test
     public void testXor_object_nullElementInput() {
-        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> BooleanUtils.xor(new Boolean[] {null}));
+        assertEquals(Boolean.FALSE, BooleanUtils.xor(new Boolean[] {null}));
     }
 
     @Test