Added RandomAdaptor to complete PRNG pluggability framework, updated User Guide.
git-svn-id: https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/jakarta/commons/proper/math/trunk@179494 13f79535-47bb-0310-9956-ffa450edef68
This commit is contained in:
Phil Steitz
parent
f1a9880905
commit
ad94c5d1de
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/*
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* Copyright 2005 The Apache Software Foundation.
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*
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* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
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* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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* You may obtain a copy of the License at
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*
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* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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*
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* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
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* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
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* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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* limitations under the License.
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*/
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package org.apache.commons.math.random;
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import java.util.Random;
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/**
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* Extension of <code>java.util.Random</code> wrapping a
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* {@link RandomGenerator}.
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*
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* @since 1.1
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* @version $Revision:$ $Date$
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*/
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public class RandomAdaptor extends Random implements RandomGenerator {
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/** Wrapped randomGenerator instance */
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private RandomGenerator randomGenerator = null;
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/**
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* Prevent instantiation without a generator argument
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*/
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private RandomAdaptor() { }
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/**
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* Construct a RandomAdaptor wrapping the supplied RandomGenerator.
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*
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* @param randomGenerator the wrapped generator
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*/
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public RandomAdaptor(RandomGenerator randomGenerator) {
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this.randomGenerator = randomGenerator;
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}
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/**
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* Factory method to create a <code>Random</code> using the supplied
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* <code>RandomGenerator</code>.
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*
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* @param randomGenerator
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* @return a Random instance wrapping the RandomGenerator
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*/
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public static Random createAdaptor(RandomGenerator randomGenerator) {
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return new RandomAdaptor(randomGenerator);
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}
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/* (non-Javadoc)
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* @see java.util.Random#nextBoolean()
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*/
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public boolean nextBoolean() {
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return randomGenerator.nextBoolean();
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}
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/* (non-Javadoc)
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* @see java.util.Random#nextBytes(byte[])
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*/
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public void nextBytes(byte[] bytes) {
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randomGenerator.nextBytes(bytes);
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}
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/* (non-Javadoc)
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* @see java.util.Random#nextDouble()
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*/
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public double nextDouble() {
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return randomGenerator.nextDouble();
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}
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/* (non-Javadoc)
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* @see java.util.Random#nextFloat()
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*/
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public float nextFloat() {
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return randomGenerator.nextFloat();
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}
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/* (non-Javadoc)
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* @see java.util.Random#nextGaussian()
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*/
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public double nextGaussian() {
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return randomGenerator.nextGaussian();
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}
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/* (non-Javadoc)
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* @see java.util.Random#nextInt()
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*/
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public int nextInt() {
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return randomGenerator.nextInt();
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}
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/* (non-Javadoc)
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* @see java.util.Random#nextInt(int)
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*/
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public int nextInt(int n) {
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return randomGenerator.nextInt(n);
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}
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/* (non-Javadoc)
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* @see java.util.Random#nextLong()
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*/
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public long nextLong() {
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return randomGenerator.nextLong();
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}
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/* (non-Javadoc)
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* @see java.util.Random#setSeed(long)
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*/
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public void setSeed(long seed) {
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if (randomGenerator != null) { // required to avoid NPE in constructor
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randomGenerator.setSeed(seed);
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}
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}
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}
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@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
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/*
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* Copyright 2005 The Apache Software Foundation.
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*
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* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
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* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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* You may obtain a copy of the License at
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*
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* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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*
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* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
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* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
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* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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* limitations under the License.
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*/
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package org.apache.commons.math.random;
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import junit.framework.Test;
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import junit.framework.TestSuite;
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import java.util.Random;
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/**
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* Test cases for the RandomAdaptor class
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*
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* @version $Revision:$ $Date$
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*/
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public class RandomAdaptorTest extends RandomDataTest {
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public RandomAdaptorTest(String name) {
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super(name);
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}
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public static Test suite() {
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TestSuite suite = new TestSuite(RandomAdaptorTest.class);
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suite.setName("RandomAdaptor Tests");
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return suite;
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}
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public void testAdaptor() {
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ConstantGenerator generator = new ConstantGenerator();
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Random random = RandomAdaptor.createAdaptor(generator);
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checkConstant(random);
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RandomAdaptor randomAdaptor = new RandomAdaptor(generator);
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checkConstant(randomAdaptor);
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}
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private void checkConstant(Random random) {
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byte[] bytes = new byte[] {0};
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random.nextBytes(bytes);
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assertEquals(0, bytes[0]);
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assertEquals(false, random.nextBoolean());
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assertEquals(0, random.nextDouble(), 0);
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assertEquals(0, random.nextFloat(), 0);
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assertEquals(0, random.nextGaussian(), 0);
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assertEquals(0, random.nextInt());
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assertEquals(0, random.nextInt(1));
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assertEquals(0, random.nextLong());
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random.setSeed(100);
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assertEquals(0, random.nextDouble(), 0);
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}
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/*
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* "Constant" generator to test Adaptor delegation.
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* "Powered by Eclipse ;-)"
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*
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*/
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private class ConstantGenerator implements RandomGenerator {
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public boolean nextBoolean() {
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return false;
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}
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public void nextBytes(byte[] bytes) {
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}
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public double nextDouble() {
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return 0;
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}
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public float nextFloat() {
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return 0;
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}
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public double nextGaussian() {
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return 0;
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}
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public int nextInt() {
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return 0;
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}
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public int nextInt(int n) {
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return 0;
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}
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public long nextLong() {
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return 0;
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}
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public void setSeed(long seed) {
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}
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}
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}
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@ -50,7 +50,8 @@
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<li><a href="random.html#2.2 Random numbers">2.2 Random numbers</a></li>
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<li><a href="random.html#2.3 Random Strings">2.3 Random Strings</a></li>
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<li><a href="random.html#2.4 Random permutations, combinations, sampling">2.4 Random permutations, combinations, sampling</a></li>
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<li><a href="random.html#2.5 Generating data &apos;like&apos; an input file">2.5 Generating data 'like' an input file</a></li>
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<li><a href="random.html#2.5 Generating data 'like' an input file">2.5 Generating data 'like' an input file</a></li>
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<li><a href="random.html#2.6 PRNG Pluggability">2.6 PRNG Pluggability</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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<li><a href="linear.html">3. Linear Algebra</a>
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<ul>
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|
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@ -34,95 +34,130 @@
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<ul>
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<li>generating random numbers</li>
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<li>generating random strings</li>
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<li>generating cryptographically secure sequences of random numbers or strings</li>
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<li>generating cryptographically secure sequences of random numbers or
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strings</li>
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<li>generating random samples and permuations</li>
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<li>analyzing distributions of values in an input file and generating values "like"
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the values in the file</li>
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<li>generating data for grouped frequency distributions or histograms</li>
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<li>analyzing distributions of values in an input file and generating
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values "like" the values in the file</li>
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<li>generating data for grouped frequency distributions or
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histograms</li>
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</ul></p>
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<p>
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The source of random data used by the data generation utilities is
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pluggable. By default, the JDK-supplied PseudoRandom Number Generator
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(PRNG) is used, but alternative generators can be "plugged in" using an
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adaptor framework, which provides a generic facility for replacing
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<code>java.util.Random</code> with an alternative PRNG.
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</p>
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<p>
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Sections 2.3-2.5 below show how to use the commons math API to generate
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different kinds of random data. The examples all use the default
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JDK-supplied PRNG. PRNG pluggability is covered in 2.6. The only
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modification required to the examples to use alternative PRNGs is to
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replace the argumentless constructor calls with invocations including
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a <code>RandomGenerator</code> instance as a parameter.
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</p>
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</subsection>
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<subsection name="2.2 Random numbers" href="deviates">
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<p>
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The <a href="../apidocs/org/apache/commons/math/random/RandomData.html">
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org.apache.commons.math.RandomData</a> interface defines methods for generating
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random sequences of numbers. The API contracts of these methods use the following concepts:
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org.apache.commons.math.RandomData</a> interface defines methods for
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generating random sequences of numbers. The API contracts of these methods
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use the following concepts:
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<dl>
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<dt>Random sequence of numbers from a probability distribution</dt>
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<dd>There is no such thing as a single "random number." What can be generated
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are <i>sequences</i> of numbers that appear to be random. When using the
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built-in JDK function <code>Math.random(),</code> sequences of values generated
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follow the <a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3662.htm">
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Uniform Distribution</a>, which means that the values are evenly spread over the interval
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between 0 and 1, with no sub-interval having a greater probability of containing generated
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values than any other interval of the same length. The mathematical concept of a <a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda36.htm">
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probability distribution</a> basically amounts to asserting that different ranges in the set
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of possible values for of a random variable have different probabilities of containing the value.
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Commons Math supports generating random sequences from the following probability distributions. The
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javadoc for the <code>nextXxx</code> methods in <code>RandomDataImpl</code> describes the algorithms used
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to generate random deviates from each of these distributions.
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<dd>There is no such thing as a single "random number." What can be
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generated are <i>sequences</i> of numbers that appear to be random. When
|
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using the built-in JDK function <code>Math.random(),</code> sequences of
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values generated follow the
|
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<a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3662.htm">
|
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Uniform Distribution</a>, which means that the values are evenly spread
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over the interval between 0 and 1, with no sub-interval having a greater
|
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probability of containing generated values than any other interval of the
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same length. The mathematical concept of a
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<a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda36.htm">
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probability distribution</a> basically amounts to asserting that different
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ranges in the set of possible values for of a random variable have
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different probabilities of containing the value. Commons Math supports
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generating random sequences from the following probability distributions.
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The javadoc for the <code>nextXxx</code> methods in
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<code>RandomDataImpl</code> describes the algorithms used to generate
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random deviates from each of these distributions.
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<ul>
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<li><a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3662.htm">uniform distribution</a></li>
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<li><a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3667.htm">exponential distribution</a></li>
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<li><a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda366j.htm">poisson distribution</a></li>
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<li><a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3661.htm">Gaussian distribution</a></li>
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<li><a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3662.htm">
|
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uniform distribution</a></li>
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<li><a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3667.htm">
|
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exponential distribution</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda366j.htm">
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poisson distribution</a></li>
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<li><a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3661.htm">
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Gaussian distribution</a></li>
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</ul>
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</dd>
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<dt>Cryptographically secure random sequences</dt>
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<dd>It is possible for a sequence of numbers to appear random, but nonetheless to be
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predictable based on the algorithm used to generate the sequence. If in addition to
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randomness, strong unpredictability is required, it is best to use a
|
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<dd>It is possible for a sequence of numbers to appear random, but
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nonetheless to be predictable based on the algorithm used to generate the
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sequence. If in addition to randomness, strong unpredictability is
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required, it is best to use a
|
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<a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically_secure_pseudo-random_number_generator">
|
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secure random number generator</a> to generate values (or strings). The nextSecureXxx methods
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in the <code>RandomDataImpl</code> implementation of the <code>RandomData</code> interface use the
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JDK <code>SecureRandom</code> pseudo-random number generator (PRNG)
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to generate cryptographically secure sequences. The <code>setSecureAlgorithm</code> method
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allows you to change the underlying PRNG. These methods are <strong>much slower</strong> than
|
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the corresponding "non-secure" versions, so they should only be used when cryptographic security
|
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is required.</dd>
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secure random number generator</a> to generate values (or strings). The
|
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nextSecureXxx methods in the <code>RandomDataImpl</code> implementation of
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the <code>RandomData</code> interface use the JDK <code>SecureRandom</code>
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PRNG to generate cryptographically secure sequences. The
|
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<code>setSecureAlgorithm</code> method allows you to change the underlying
|
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PRNG. These methods are <strong>much slower</strong> than the corresponding
|
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"non-secure" versions, so they should only be used when cryptographic
|
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security is required.</dd>
|
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<dt>Seeding pseudo-random number generators</dt>
|
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<dd>By default, the implementation provided in <code>RandomDataImpl</code> uses the JDK-provided
|
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PRNG. Like other PRNGs, the JDK generator generates sequences of random numbers based on an initial
|
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"seed value". For the non-secure methods, starting with the same seed always produces the same
|
||||
sequence of values. Secure sequences started with the same seeds will diverge. When a new
|
||||
<code>RandomDataImpl</code> is created, the underlying random number generators are
|
||||
<strong>not</strong> intialized. The first call to a data generation method, or to a
|
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<code>reSeed()</code> method initializes the appropriate generator. If you do not explicitly
|
||||
seed the generator, it is by default seeded with the current time in milliseconds. Therefore,
|
||||
to generate sequences of random data values, you should always instantiate <strong>one</strong>
|
||||
<code>RandomDataImpl</code> and use it repeatedly instead of creating new instances for
|
||||
subsequent values in the sequence. For example, the following will generate a random sequence
|
||||
of 50 long integers between 1 and 1,000,000, using the current time in milliseconds as the seed
|
||||
for the JDK PRNG:
|
||||
<dd>By default, the implementation provided in <code>RandomDataImpl</code>
|
||||
uses the JDK-provided PRNG. Like most other PRNGs, the JDK generator
|
||||
generates sequences of random numbers based on an initial "seed value".
|
||||
For the non-secure methods, starting with the same seed always produces the
|
||||
same sequence of values. Secure sequences started with the same seeds will
|
||||
diverge. When a new <code>RandomDataImpl</code> is created, the underlying
|
||||
random number generators are <strong>not</strong> intialized. The first
|
||||
call to a data generation method, or to a <code>reSeed()</code> method
|
||||
initializes the appropriate generator. If you do not explicitly seed the
|
||||
generator, it is by default seeded with the current time in milliseconds.
|
||||
Therefore, to generate sequences of random data values, you should always
|
||||
instantiate <strong>one</strong> <code>RandomDataImpl</code> and use it
|
||||
repeatedly instead of creating new instances for subsequent values in the
|
||||
sequence. For example, the following will generate a random sequence of 50
|
||||
long integers between 1 and 1,000,000, using the current time in
|
||||
milliseconds as the seed for the JDK PRNG:
|
||||
<source>
|
||||
RandomDataImpl randomData = new RandomDataImpl();
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
|
||||
RandomDataImpl randomData = new RandomDataImpl();
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
|
||||
value = randomData.nextLong(1, 1000000);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
</source>
|
||||
The following will not in general produce a good random sequence, since the PRNG is reseeded
|
||||
each time through the loop with the current time in milliseconds:
|
||||
The following will not in general produce a good random sequence, since the
|
||||
PRNG is reseeded each time through the loop with the current time in
|
||||
milliseconds:
|
||||
<source>
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
|
||||
RandomDataImpl randomData = new RandomDataImpl();
|
||||
value = randomData.nextLong(1, 1000000);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
</source>
|
||||
The following will produce the same random sequence each time it is executed:
|
||||
The following will produce the same random sequence each time it is
|
||||
executed:
|
||||
<source>
|
||||
RandomDataImpl randomData = new RandomDataImpl();
|
||||
randomData.reSeed(1000);
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i = 1000; i++) {
|
||||
RandomDataImpl randomData = new RandomDataImpl();
|
||||
randomData.reSeed(1000);
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i = 1000; i++) {
|
||||
value = randomData.nextLong(1, 1000000);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
</source>
|
||||
The following will produce a different random sequence each time it is executed.
|
||||
The following will produce a different random sequence each time it is
|
||||
executed.
|
||||
<source>
|
||||
RandomDataImpl randomData = new RandomDataImpl();
|
||||
randomData.reSeedSecure(1000);
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
|
||||
RandomDataImpl randomData = new RandomDataImpl();
|
||||
randomData.reSeedSecure(1000);
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
|
||||
value = randomData.nextSecureLong(1, 1000000);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
</source>
|
||||
</dd></dl>
|
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</p>
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|
|
@ -228,6 +263,87 @@
|
|||
</p>
|
||||
</subsection>
|
||||
|
||||
<subsection name="2.6 PRNG Pluggability" href="pluggability">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
To enable alternative PRNGs to be "plugged in" to the commons-math data
|
||||
generation utilities and to provide a generic means to replace
|
||||
<code>java.util.Random</code> in applications, a random generator
|
||||
adaptor framework has been added to commons-math. The
|
||||
<a href="../apidocs/org/apache/commons/math/random/RandomGenerator.html">
|
||||
org.apache.commons.math.RandomGenerator</a> interface abstracts the public
|
||||
interface of <code>java.util.Random</code> and any implementation of this
|
||||
interface can be used as the source of random data for the commons-math
|
||||
data generation classes. An abstract superclass,
|
||||
<a href="../apidocs/org/apache/commons/math/random/AbstractRandomGenerator.html">
|
||||
org.apache.commons.math.AbstractRandomGenerator</a> is provided to make
|
||||
implementation easier. This class provides default implementations of
|
||||
"derived" data generation methods based on the primitive,
|
||||
<code>nextDouble().</code> To support generic replacement of
|
||||
<code>java.util.Random</code>, the
|
||||
<a href="../apidocs/org/apache/commons/math/random/RandomAdaptor.html">
|
||||
org.apache.commons.math.RandomAdaptor</a> class is provided, which
|
||||
extends <code>java.util.Random</code> and wraps and delegates calls to
|
||||
a <code>RandomGenerator</code> instance.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Examples:
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt>Create a RandomGenerator based on RngPack's Mersenne Twister</dt>
|
||||
<dd>To create a RandomGenerator using the RngPack Mersenne Twister PRNG
|
||||
as the source of randomness, extend <code>AbstractRandomGenerator</code>
|
||||
overriding the derived methods that the RngPack implementation provides:
|
||||
<source>
|
||||
import edu.cornell.lassp.houle.RngPack.RanMT;
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* AbstractRandomGenerator based on RngPack RanMT generator.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public class RngPackGenerator extends AbstractRandomGenerator {
|
||||
|
||||
private RanMT random = new RanMT();
|
||||
|
||||
public void setSeed(long seed) {
|
||||
random = new RanMT(seed);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public double nextDouble() {
|
||||
return random.raw();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public double nextGaussian() {
|
||||
return random.gaussian();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public int nextInt(int n) {
|
||||
return random.choose(n);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public boolean nextBoolean() {
|
||||
return random.coin();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
</source>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
<dt>Use the Mersenne Twister RandomGenerator in place of
|
||||
<code>java.util.Random</code> in <code>RandomData</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<source>
|
||||
RandomData randomData = new RandomDataImpl(new RngPackGenerator());
|
||||
</source>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
<dt>Create an adaptor instance based on the Mersenne Twister generator
|
||||
that can be used in place of a <code>Random</code></dt>
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<source>
|
||||
RandomGenerator generator = new RngPackGenerator();
|
||||
Random random = RandomAdaptor.createAdaptor(generator);
|
||||
// random can now be used in place of a Random instance, data generation
|
||||
// calls will be delegated to the wrapped Mersenne Twister
|
||||
</source>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</subsection>
|
||||
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue