diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/differentiation/DerivativeStructure.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/differentiation/DerivativeStructure.java
index eaea818db..de9fe60cd 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/differentiation/DerivativeStructure.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/differentiation/DerivativeStructure.java
@@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@ public class DerivativeStructure implements RealFieldElement<DerivativeStructure
          * @param order derivation order
          * @param data partial derivatives
          */
-        public DataTransferObject(final int variables, final int order, final double[] data) {
+        DataTransferObject(final int variables, final int order, final double[] data) {
             this.variables = variables;
             this.order     = order;
             this.data      = data;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/interpolation/BicubicInterpolatingFunction.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/interpolation/BicubicInterpolatingFunction.java
index b89a51778..4ded79d3a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/interpolation/BicubicInterpolatingFunction.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/interpolation/BicubicInterpolatingFunction.java
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ class BicubicFunction implements BivariateFunction {
      *
      * @param coeff Spline coefficients.
      */
-    public BicubicFunction(double[] coeff) {
+    BicubicFunction(double[] coeff) {
         a = new double[N][N];
         for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
             final double[] aJ = a[j];
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/interpolation/InterpolatingMicrosphere.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/interpolation/InterpolatingMicrosphere.java
index d813549cd..c8929cf0e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/interpolation/InterpolatingMicrosphere.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/interpolation/InterpolatingMicrosphere.java
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ public class InterpolatingMicrosphere {
          * @param n Normal vector characterizing a surface element
          * of the microsphere. No copy is made.
          */
-        public Facet(double[] n) {
+        Facet(double[] n) {
             normal = n;
         }
 
@@ -361,8 +361,7 @@ public class InterpolatingMicrosphere {
          * @param illumination Illumination.
          * @param sample Data value.
          */
-        public FacetData(double illumination,
-                         double sample) {
+        FacetData(double illumination, double sample) {
             this.illumination = illumination;
             this.sample = sample;
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/interpolation/TricubicInterpolatingFunction.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/interpolation/TricubicInterpolatingFunction.java
index a9f7c0d7e..d81b6642d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/interpolation/TricubicInterpolatingFunction.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/interpolation/TricubicInterpolatingFunction.java
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ class TricubicFunction
     /**
      * @param aV List of spline coefficients.
      */
-    public TricubicFunction(double[] aV) {
+    TricubicFunction(double[] aV) {
         for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
             for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
                 for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/polynomials/PolynomialsUtils.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/polynomials/PolynomialsUtils.java
index 601692eff..a9ff990ae 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/polynomials/PolynomialsUtils.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/analysis/polynomials/PolynomialsUtils.java
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ public class PolynomialsUtils {
          * @param v first exponent
          * @param w second exponent
          */
-        public JacobiKey(final int v, final int w) {
+        JacobiKey(final int v, final int w) {
             this.v = v;
             this.w = w;
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/exception/util/LocalizedFormats.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/exception/util/LocalizedFormats.java
index 4349e403c..1b589f198 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/exception/util/LocalizedFormats.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/exception/util/LocalizedFormats.java
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ public enum LocalizedFormats implements Localizable {
      * @param sourceFormat source English format to use when no
      * localized version is available
      */
-    private LocalizedFormats(final String sourceFormat) {
+    LocalizedFormats(final String sourceFormat) {
         this.sourceFormat = sourceFormat;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/fitting/leastsquares/GaussNewtonOptimizer.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/fitting/leastsquares/GaussNewtonOptimizer.java
index 92619d651..5999b2056 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/fitting/leastsquares/GaussNewtonOptimizer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/fitting/leastsquares/GaussNewtonOptimizer.java
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public class GaussNewtonOptimizer implements LeastSquaresOptimizer {
 
     /** The decomposition algorithm to use to solve the normal equations. */
     //TODO move to linear package and expand options?
-    public static enum Decomposition {
+    public enum Decomposition {
         /**
          * Solve by forming the normal equations (J<sup>T</sup>Jx=J<sup>T</sup>r) and
          * using the {@link LUDecomposition}.
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/oned/IntervalsSet.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/oned/IntervalsSet.java
index e8bd4d4d8..7d944afb4 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/oned/IntervalsSet.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/oned/IntervalsSet.java
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ public class IntervalsSet extends AbstractRegion<Euclidean1D, Euclidean1D> imple
 
         /** Simple constructor.
          */
-        public SubIntervalsIterator() {
+        SubIntervalsIterator() {
 
             current = getFirstIntervalBoundary();
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/OutlineExtractor.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/OutlineExtractor.java
index 2e1bfb4e9..a5018134d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/OutlineExtractor.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/OutlineExtractor.java
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ public class OutlineExtractor {
         /** Simple constructor.
          * @param tolerance tolerance below which points are considered identical
          */
-        public BoundaryProjector(final double tolerance) {
+        BoundaryProjector(final double tolerance) {
             this.projected = new PolygonsSet(new BSPTree<Euclidean2D>(Boolean.FALSE), tolerance);
             this.tolerance = tolerance;
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/PolyhedronsSet.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/PolyhedronsSet.java
index da6ba93cc..095d6d5c5 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/PolyhedronsSet.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/PolyhedronsSet.java
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ public class PolyhedronsSet extends AbstractRegion<Euclidean3D, Euclidean2D> {
     private class FacetsContributionVisitor implements BSPTreeVisitor<Euclidean3D> {
 
         /** Simple constructor. */
-        public FacetsContributionVisitor() {
+        FacetsContributionVisitor() {
             setSize(0);
             setBarycenter((Point<Euclidean3D>) new Vector3D(0, 0, 0));
         }
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ public class PolyhedronsSet extends AbstractRegion<Euclidean3D, Euclidean2D> {
          * @param center center point of the rotation
          * @param rotation vectorial rotation
          */
-        public RotationTransform(final Vector3D center, final Rotation rotation) {
+        RotationTransform(final Vector3D center, final Rotation rotation) {
             this.center   = center;
             this.rotation = rotation;
         }
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ public class PolyhedronsSet extends AbstractRegion<Euclidean3D, Euclidean2D> {
         /** Build a translation transform.
          * @param translation translation vector
          */
-        public TranslationTransform(final Vector3D translation) {
+        TranslationTransform(final Vector3D translation) {
             this.translation = translation;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/SphericalCoordinates.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/SphericalCoordinates.java
index b623af969..97155b65f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/SphericalCoordinates.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/threed/SphericalCoordinates.java
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ public class SphericalCoordinates implements Serializable {
          * @param y ordinate
          * @param z height
          */
-        public DataTransferObject(final double x, final double y, final double z) {
+        DataTransferObject(final double x, final double y, final double z) {
             this.x = x;
             this.y = y;
             this.z = z;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/twod/Line.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/twod/Line.java
index 9f7d57872..af0846f48 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/twod/Line.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/twod/Line.java
@@ -486,8 +486,8 @@ public class Line implements Hyperplane<Euclidean2D>, Embedding<Euclidean2D, Euc
          * @exception MathIllegalArgumentException if the transform is non invertible
          * @since 4.0
          */
-        public LineTransform(final double cXX, final double cYX, final double cXY,
-                             final double cYY, final double cX1, final double cY1)
+        LineTransform(final double cXX, final double cYX, final double cXY,
+                      final double cYY, final double cX1, final double cY1)
             throws MathIllegalArgumentException {
 
             this.cXX = cXX;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/twod/NestedLoops.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/twod/NestedLoops.java
index faead9205..a0bd47d4a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/twod/NestedLoops.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/twod/NestedLoops.java
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class NestedLoops {
      * @param tolerance tolerance below which points are considered identical
      * @since 3.3
      */
-    public NestedLoops(final double tolerance) {
+    NestedLoops(final double tolerance) {
         this.surrounded = new ArrayList<NestedLoops>();
         this.tolerance  = tolerance;
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/twod/PolygonsSet.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/twod/PolygonsSet.java
index 7f655c7b1..6dcf2cd95 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/twod/PolygonsSet.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/euclidean/twod/PolygonsSet.java
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ public class PolygonsSet extends AbstractRegion<Euclidean2D, Euclidean1D> {
         /** Build a non-processed vertex not owned by any node yet.
          * @param location vertex location
          */
-        public Vertex(final Vector2D location) {
+        Vertex(final Vector2D location) {
             this.location = location;
             this.incoming = null;
             this.outgoing = null;
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ public class PolygonsSet extends AbstractRegion<Euclidean2D, Euclidean1D> {
          * @param end end vertex
          * @param line line supporting the edge
          */
-        public Edge(final Vertex start, final Vertex end, final Line line) {
+        Edge(final Vertex start, final Vertex end, final Line line) {
 
             this.start = start;
             this.end   = end;
@@ -906,10 +906,10 @@ public class PolygonsSet extends AbstractRegion<Euclidean2D, Euclidean1D> {
          * @param startNode node whose intersection with current node defines start point
          * @param endNode node whose intersection with current node defines end point
          */
-        public ConnectableSegment(final Vector2D start, final Vector2D end, final Line line,
-                                  final BSPTree<Euclidean2D> node,
-                                  final BSPTree<Euclidean2D> startNode,
-                                  final BSPTree<Euclidean2D> endNode) {
+        ConnectableSegment(final Vector2D start, final Vector2D end, final Line line,
+                           final BSPTree<Euclidean2D> node,
+                           final BSPTree<Euclidean2D> startNode,
+                           final BSPTree<Euclidean2D> endNode) {
             super(start, end, line);
             this.node      = node;
             this.startNode = startNode;
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ public class PolygonsSet extends AbstractRegion<Euclidean2D, Euclidean1D> {
         /** Simple constructor.
          * @param tolerance tolerance for close nodes connection
          */
-        public SegmentsBuilder(final double tolerance) {
+        SegmentsBuilder(final double tolerance) {
             this.tolerance = tolerance;
             this.segments  = new ArrayList<ConnectableSegment>();
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/BoundaryProjector.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/BoundaryProjector.java
index 655aaa299..4a6079c7a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/BoundaryProjector.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/BoundaryProjector.java
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class BoundaryProjector<S extends Space, T extends Space> implements BSPTreeVisi
     /** Simple constructor.
      * @param original original point
      */
-    public BoundaryProjector(final Point<S> original) {
+    BoundaryProjector(final Point<S> original) {
         this.original  = original;
         this.projected = null;
         this.leaf      = null;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/BoundarySizeVisitor.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/BoundarySizeVisitor.java
index dae1806f2..c5b289502 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/BoundarySizeVisitor.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/BoundarySizeVisitor.java
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class BoundarySizeVisitor<S extends Space> implements BSPTreeVisitor<S> {
 
     /** Simple constructor.
      */
-    public BoundarySizeVisitor() {
+    BoundarySizeVisitor() {
         boundarySize = 0;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/Characterization.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/Characterization.java
index fb5256dd9..69df9addd 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/Characterization.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/Characterization.java
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class Characterization<S extends Space> {
      * @param node current BSP tree node
      * @param sub sub-hyperplane to characterize
      */
-    public Characterization(final BSPTree<S> node, final SubHyperplane<S> sub) {
+    Characterization(final BSPTree<S> node, final SubHyperplane<S> sub) {
         outsideTouching  = null;
         insideTouching   = null;
         outsideSplitters = new NodesSet<S>();
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/InsideFinder.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/InsideFinder.java
index da72e6dda..3429d3a43 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/InsideFinder.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/InsideFinder.java
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class InsideFinder<S extends Space> {
     /** Simple constructor.
      * @param region region on which to operate
      */
-    public InsideFinder(final Region<S> region) {
+    InsideFinder(final Region<S> region) {
         this.region = region;
         plusFound  = false;
         minusFound = false;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/Region.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/Region.java
index 404d15d78..40314a500 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/Region.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/Region.java
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ import org.apache.commons.math4.geometry.Space;
 public interface Region<S extends Space> {
 
     /** Enumerate for the location of a point with respect to the region. */
-    public static enum Location {
+    enum Location {
         /** Code for points inside the partition. */
         INSIDE,
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/RegionFactory.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/RegionFactory.java
index bcae1573b..6d4993989 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/RegionFactory.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/RegionFactory.java
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ public class RegionFactory<S extends Space> {
          * @param region1 region to subtract from
          * @param region2 region to subtract
          */
-        public DifferenceMerger(final Region<S> region1, final Region<S> region2) {
+        DifferenceMerger(final Region<S> region1, final Region<S> region2) {
             this.region1 = region1.copySelf();
             this.region2 = region2.copySelf();
         }
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ public class RegionFactory<S extends Space> {
         /** Simple constructor.
          * @param inside inside/outside indicator to use for ambiguous nodes
          */
-        public VanishingToLeaf(final boolean inside) {
+        VanishingToLeaf(final boolean inside) {
             this.inside = inside;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/SubHyperplane.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/SubHyperplane.java
index 03a766e4b..9e8461ac0 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/SubHyperplane.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/partitioning/SubHyperplane.java
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ public interface SubHyperplane<S extends Space> {
     /** Class holding the results of the {@link #split split} method.
      * @param <U> Type of the embedding space.
      */
-    public static class SplitSubHyperplane<U extends Space> {
+    class SplitSubHyperplane<U extends Space> {
 
         /** Part of the sub-hyperplane on the plus side of the splitting hyperplane. */
         private final SubHyperplane<U> plus;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/oned/ArcsSet.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/oned/ArcsSet.java
index c5f772b87..1436ce297 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/oned/ArcsSet.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/oned/ArcsSet.java
@@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ public class ArcsSet extends AbstractRegion<Sphere1D, Sphere1D> implements Itera
 
         /** Simple constructor.
          */
-        public SubArcsIterator() {
+        SubArcsIterator() {
 
             firstStart = getFirstArcStart();
             current    = firstStart;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/twod/Circle.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/twod/Circle.java
index 0989bad69..62eba4339 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/twod/Circle.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/twod/Circle.java
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ public class Circle implements Hyperplane<Sphere2D>, Embedding<Sphere2D, Sphere1
         /** Build a transform from a {@code Rotation}.
          * @param rotation rotation to use
          */
-        public CircleTransform(final Rotation rotation) {
+        CircleTransform(final Rotation rotation) {
             this.rotation = rotation;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/twod/EdgesBuilder.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/twod/EdgesBuilder.java
index aac7aef7b..002d42ce5 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/twod/EdgesBuilder.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/twod/EdgesBuilder.java
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class EdgesBuilder implements BSPTreeVisitor<Sphere2D> {
      * @param root tree root
      * @param tolerance below which points are consider to be identical
      */
-    public EdgesBuilder(final BSPTree<Sphere2D> root, final double tolerance) {
+    EdgesBuilder(final BSPTree<Sphere2D> root, final double tolerance) {
         this.root            = root;
         this.tolerance       = tolerance;
         this.edgeToNode      = new IdentityHashMap<Edge, BSPTree<Sphere2D>>();
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/twod/PropertiesComputer.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/twod/PropertiesComputer.java
index 7721320f4..eadc2231e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/twod/PropertiesComputer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/geometry/spherical/twod/PropertiesComputer.java
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ class PropertiesComputer implements BSPTreeVisitor<Sphere2D> {
     private final List<Vector3D> convexCellsInsidePoints;
 
     /** Simple constructor.
- * @param tolerance below which points are consider to be identical
+     * @param tolerance below which points are consider to be identical
      */
-    public PropertiesComputer(final double tolerance) {
+    PropertiesComputer(final double tolerance) {
         this.tolerance              = tolerance;
         this.summedArea             = 0;
         this.summedBarycenter       = Vector3D.ZERO;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/BiDiagonalTransformer.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/BiDiagonalTransformer.java
index 7ed29b7c1..3e9e71a7f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/BiDiagonalTransformer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/BiDiagonalTransformer.java
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class BiDiagonalTransformer {
      * Build the transformation to bi-diagonal shape of a matrix.
      * @param matrix the matrix to transform.
      */
-    public BiDiagonalTransformer(RealMatrix matrix) {
+    BiDiagonalTransformer(RealMatrix matrix) {
 
         final int m = matrix.getRowDimension();
         final int n = matrix.getColumnDimension();
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/HessenbergTransformer.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/HessenbergTransformer.java
index a63c0ab4f..e7bf44204 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/HessenbergTransformer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/HessenbergTransformer.java
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class HessenbergTransformer {
      * @param matrix matrix to transform
      * @throws NonSquareMatrixException if the matrix is not square
      */
-    public HessenbergTransformer(final RealMatrix matrix) {
+    HessenbergTransformer(final RealMatrix matrix) {
         if (!matrix.isSquare()) {
             throw new NonSquareMatrixException(matrix.getRowDimension(),
                     matrix.getColumnDimension());
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/MatrixUtils.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/MatrixUtils.java
index e95c4c8c6..19ff724fa 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/MatrixUtils.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/MatrixUtils.java
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ public class MatrixUtils {
         /** Converted array. */
         private double[][] data;
         /** Simple constructor. */
-        public FractionMatrixConverter() {
+        FractionMatrixConverter() {
             super(Fraction.ZERO);
         }
 
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ public class MatrixUtils {
         /** Converted array. */
         private double[][] data;
         /** Simple constructor. */
-        public BigFractionMatrixConverter() {
+        BigFractionMatrixConverter() {
             super(BigFraction.ZERO);
         }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/SchurTransformer.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/SchurTransformer.java
index 5ad07579c..3d818b422 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/SchurTransformer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/SchurTransformer.java
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class SchurTransformer {
      * @param matrix matrix to transform
      * @throws NonSquareMatrixException if the matrix is not square
      */
-    public SchurTransformer(final RealMatrix matrix) {
+    SchurTransformer(final RealMatrix matrix) {
         if (!matrix.isSquare()) {
             throw new NonSquareMatrixException(matrix.getRowDimension(),
                                                matrix.getColumnDimension());
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/SymmLQ.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/SymmLQ.java
index 990bcc54e..ef5290417 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/SymmLQ.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/SymmLQ.java
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ public class SymmLQ
          * @param check {@code true} if self-adjointedness of both matrix and
          * preconditioner should be checked
          */
-        public State(final RealLinearOperator a,
+        State(final RealLinearOperator a,
             final RealLinearOperator m,
             final RealVector b,
             final boolean goodb,
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/TriDiagonalTransformer.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/TriDiagonalTransformer.java
index 9e73b2929..dea5da11e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/TriDiagonalTransformer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/linear/TriDiagonalTransformer.java
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class TriDiagonalTransformer {
      * @param matrix Symmetrical matrix to transform.
      * @throws NonSquareMatrixException if the matrix is not square.
      */
-    public TriDiagonalTransformer(RealMatrix matrix) {
+    TriDiagonalTransformer(RealMatrix matrix) {
         if (!matrix.isSquare()) {
             throw new NonSquareMatrixException(matrix.getRowDimension(),
                                                matrix.getColumnDimension());
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ml/clustering/KMeansPlusPlusClusterer.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ml/clustering/KMeansPlusPlusClusterer.java
index 14e9a89b6..1901013d0 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ml/clustering/KMeansPlusPlusClusterer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ml/clustering/KMeansPlusPlusClusterer.java
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ import org.apache.commons.math4.util.MathUtils;
 public class KMeansPlusPlusClusterer<T extends Clusterable> extends Clusterer<T> {
 
     /** Strategies to use for replacing an empty cluster. */
-    public static enum EmptyClusterStrategy {
+    public enum EmptyClusterStrategy {
 
         /** Split the cluster with largest distance variance. */
         LARGEST_VARIANCE,
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ml/neuralnet/MapUtils.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ml/neuralnet/MapUtils.java
index 6d2f63abb..eb9d62710 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ml/neuralnet/MapUtils.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ml/neuralnet/MapUtils.java
@@ -302,8 +302,7 @@ public class MapUtils {
          * @param neuron Neuron.
          * @param value Value.
          */
-        public PairNeuronDouble(Neuron neuron,
-                                double value) {
+        PairNeuronDouble(Neuron neuron, double value) {
             this.neuron = neuron;
             this.value = value;
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ExpandableStatefulODE.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ExpandableStatefulODE.java
index 711f524af..77e50bcf8 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ExpandableStatefulODE.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ExpandableStatefulODE.java
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ public class ExpandableStatefulODE {
          * @param equation secondary differential equation
          * @param firstIndex index to use for the first element in the complete arrays
          */
-        public SecondaryComponent(final SecondaryEquations equation, final int firstIndex) {
+        SecondaryComponent(final SecondaryEquations equation, final int firstIndex) {
             final int n   = equation.getDimension();
             this.equation = equation;
             mapper        = new EquationsMapper(firstIndex, n);
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/JacobianMatrices.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/JacobianMatrices.java
index bcbbc6ec7..129662032 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/JacobianMatrices.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/JacobianMatrices.java
@@ -433,8 +433,8 @@ public class JacobianMatrices {
          * @exception DimensionMismatchException if there is a dimension mismatch between
          * the steps array {@code hY} and the equation dimension
          */
-        public MainStateJacobianWrapper(final FirstOrderDifferentialEquations ode,
-                                        final double[] hY)
+        MainStateJacobianWrapper(final FirstOrderDifferentialEquations ode,
+                                 final double[] hY)
             throws DimensionMismatchException {
             this.ode = ode;
             this.hY = hY.clone();
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/MultistepIntegrator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/MultistepIntegrator.java
index b8b6a1dda..d6c024fb8 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/MultistepIntegrator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/MultistepIntegrator.java
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ public abstract class MultistepIntegrator extends AdaptiveStepsizeIntegrator {
          * @param nSteps number of steps of the multistep method (excluding the one being computed)
          * @param n problem dimension
          */
-        public NordsieckInitializer(final int nSteps, final int n) {
+        NordsieckInitializer(final int nSteps, final int n) {
             this.count = 0;
             this.t     = new double[nSteps];
             this.y     = new double[nSteps][n];
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ public abstract class MultistepIntegrator extends AdaptiveStepsizeIntegrator {
         private static final long serialVersionUID = -1914085471038046418L;
 
         /** Simple constructor. */
-        public InitializationCompletedMarkerException() {
+        InitializationCompletedMarkerException() {
             super((Throwable) null);
         }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ParameterConfiguration.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ParameterConfiguration.java
index d71c2b7ea..14c791952 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ParameterConfiguration.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ParameterConfiguration.java
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ParameterConfiguration implements Serializable {
      * @param parameterName parameter name
      * @param hP parameter step
      */
-    public ParameterConfiguration(final String parameterName, final double hP) {
+    ParameterConfiguration(final String parameterName, final double hP) {
         this.parameterName = parameterName;
         this.hP = hP;
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ParameterJacobianWrapper.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ParameterJacobianWrapper.java
index a01d98f0a..d555aa471 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ParameterJacobianWrapper.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ParameterJacobianWrapper.java
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ class ParameterJacobianWrapper implements ParameterJacobianProvider {
      * @param paramsAndSteps parameters and steps to compute the Jacobians df/dp
      * @see JacobianMatrices#setParameterStep(String, double)
      */
-    public ParameterJacobianWrapper(final FirstOrderDifferentialEquations fode,
-                                    final ParameterizedODE pode,
-                                    final ParameterConfiguration[] paramsAndSteps) {
+    ParameterJacobianWrapper(final FirstOrderDifferentialEquations fode,
+                             final ParameterizedODE pode,
+                             final ParameterConfiguration[] paramsAndSteps) {
         this.fode = fode;
         this.pode = pode;
         this.hParam = new HashMap<String, Double>();
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ParameterizedWrapper.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ParameterizedWrapper.java
index e37b849b1..c306ec875 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ParameterizedWrapper.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/ParameterizedWrapper.java
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class ParameterizedWrapper implements ParameterizedODE {
     /** Simple constructor.
      * @param ode original first order differential equations
      */
-    public ParameterizedWrapper(final FirstOrderDifferentialEquations ode) {
+    ParameterizedWrapper(final FirstOrderDifferentialEquations ode) {
         this.fode = ode;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/events/EventHandler.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/events/EventHandler.java
index cb22ea1fa..f1900f7e2 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/events/EventHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/events/EventHandler.java
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ package org.apache.commons.math4.ode.events;
 public interface EventHandler  {
 
     /** Enumerate for actions to be performed when an event occurs. */
-    public enum Action {
+    enum Action {
 
         /** Stop indicator.
          * <p>This value should be used as the return value of the {@link
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/events/EventState.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/events/EventState.java
index f4abfb333..b89b00d78 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/events/EventState.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/events/EventState.java
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ public class EventState {
         /** Simple constructor.
          * @param exception exception to wrap
          */
-        public LocalMaxCountExceededException(final MaxCountExceededException exception) {
+        LocalMaxCountExceededException(final MaxCountExceededException exception) {
             wrapped = exception;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegrator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegrator.java
index 37affbee4..70ec4f4fb 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegrator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegrator.java
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ public class AdamsMoultonIntegrator extends AdamsIntegrator {
          * @param scaled current scaled first derivative
          * @param state state to correct (will be overwritten after visit)
          */
-        public Corrector(final double[] previous, final double[] scaled, final double[] state) {
+        Corrector(final double[] previous, final double[] scaled, final double[] state) {
             this.previous = previous;
             this.scaled   = scaled;
             this.after    = state;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/ClassicalRungeKuttaStepInterpolator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/ClassicalRungeKuttaStepInterpolator.java
index 1f609632c..dd23975ff 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/ClassicalRungeKuttaStepInterpolator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/ClassicalRungeKuttaStepInterpolator.java
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class ClassicalRungeKuttaStepInterpolator
      * interpolators by cloning an uninitialized model and latter initializing
      * the copy.
      */
-    public ClassicalRungeKuttaStepInterpolator() {
+    ClassicalRungeKuttaStepInterpolator() {
     }
 
     /** Copy constructor.
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class ClassicalRungeKuttaStepInterpolator
      * copy: its arrays are separated from the original arrays of the
      * instance
      */
-    public ClassicalRungeKuttaStepInterpolator(final ClassicalRungeKuttaStepInterpolator interpolator) {
+    ClassicalRungeKuttaStepInterpolator(final ClassicalRungeKuttaStepInterpolator interpolator) {
         super(interpolator);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince54StepInterpolator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince54StepInterpolator.java
index 114ce48b0..815b9b8ab 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince54StepInterpolator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince54StepInterpolator.java
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class DormandPrince54StepInterpolator
    * prototyping design pattern to create the step interpolators by
    * cloning an uninitialized model and latter initializing the copy.
    */
-  public DormandPrince54StepInterpolator() {
+  DormandPrince54StepInterpolator() {
     super();
     v1 = null;
     v2 = null;
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class DormandPrince54StepInterpolator
    * copy: its arrays are separated from the original arrays of the
    * instance
    */
-  public DormandPrince54StepInterpolator(final DormandPrince54StepInterpolator interpolator) {
+  DormandPrince54StepInterpolator(final DormandPrince54StepInterpolator interpolator) {
 
     super(interpolator);
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince853StepInterpolator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince853StepInterpolator.java
index 38fe2eca1..9a17fe1ad 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince853StepInterpolator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince853StepInterpolator.java
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class DormandPrince853StepInterpolator
    * prototyping design pattern to create the step interpolators by
    * cloning an uninitialized model and latter initializing the copy.
    */
-  public DormandPrince853StepInterpolator() {
+  DormandPrince853StepInterpolator() {
     super();
     yDotKLast = null;
     v         = null;
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class DormandPrince853StepInterpolator
    * copy: its arrays are separated from the original arrays of the
    * instance
    */
-  public DormandPrince853StepInterpolator(final DormandPrince853StepInterpolator interpolator) {
+  DormandPrince853StepInterpolator(final DormandPrince853StepInterpolator interpolator) {
 
     super(interpolator);
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/EulerStepInterpolator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/EulerStepInterpolator.java
index af784492b..c31db8e84 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/EulerStepInterpolator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/EulerStepInterpolator.java
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class EulerStepInterpolator
    * to create the step interpolators by cloning an uninitialized model
    * and later initializing the copy.
    */
-  public EulerStepInterpolator() {
+  EulerStepInterpolator() {
   }
 
   /** Copy constructor.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class EulerStepInterpolator
    * copy: its arrays are separated from the original arrays of the
    * instance
    */
-  public EulerStepInterpolator(final EulerStepInterpolator interpolator) {
+  EulerStepInterpolator(final EulerStepInterpolator interpolator) {
     super(interpolator);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/GillStepInterpolator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/GillStepInterpolator.java
index 71313881b..3a7c03462 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/GillStepInterpolator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/GillStepInterpolator.java
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class GillStepInterpolator
    * to create the step interpolators by cloning an uninitialized model
    * and later initializing the copy.
    */
-  public GillStepInterpolator() {
+  GillStepInterpolator() {
   }
 
   /** Copy constructor.
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class GillStepInterpolator
    * copy: its arrays are separated from the original arrays of the
    * instance
    */
-  public GillStepInterpolator(final GillStepInterpolator interpolator) {
+  GillStepInterpolator(final GillStepInterpolator interpolator) {
     super(interpolator);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator.java
index 95c41c8e0..6afdf37c0 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator.java
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator
    * This constructor should not be used directly, it is only intended
    * for the serialization process.
    */
-  public GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator() {
+  GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator() {
     y0Dot    = null;
     y1       = null;
     y1Dot    = null;
@@ -129,12 +129,12 @@ class GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator
    * @param primaryMapper equations mapper for the primary equations set
    * @param secondaryMappers equations mappers for the secondary equations sets
    */
-  public GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator(final double[] y, final double[] y0Dot,
-                                            final double[] y1, final double[] y1Dot,
-                                            final double[][] yMidDots,
-                                            final boolean forward,
-                                            final EquationsMapper primaryMapper,
-                                            final EquationsMapper[] secondaryMappers) {
+  GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator(final double[] y, final double[] y0Dot,
+                                     final double[] y1, final double[] y1Dot,
+                                     final double[][] yMidDots,
+                                     final boolean forward,
+                                     final EquationsMapper primaryMapper,
+                                     final EquationsMapper[] secondaryMappers) {
 
     super(y, forward, primaryMapper, secondaryMappers);
     this.y0Dot    = y0Dot;
@@ -151,8 +151,7 @@ class GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator
    * copy: its arrays are separated from the original arrays of the
    * instance
    */
-  public GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator
-    (final GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator interpolator) {
+  GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator(final GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator interpolator) {
 
     super(interpolator);
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/HighamHall54StepInterpolator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/HighamHall54StepInterpolator.java
index 19acf0855..01a00d04d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/HighamHall54StepInterpolator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/HighamHall54StepInterpolator.java
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class HighamHall54StepInterpolator
    * to create the step interpolators by cloning an uninitialized model
    * and later initializing the copy.
    */
-  public HighamHall54StepInterpolator() {
+  HighamHall54StepInterpolator() {
     super();
   }
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class HighamHall54StepInterpolator
    * copy: its arrays are separated from the original arrays of the
    * instance
    */
-  public HighamHall54StepInterpolator(final HighamHall54StepInterpolator interpolator) {
+  HighamHall54StepInterpolator(final HighamHall54StepInterpolator interpolator) {
     super(interpolator);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/LutherStepInterpolator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/LutherStepInterpolator.java
index d3fd54654..e4d212b22 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/LutherStepInterpolator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/LutherStepInterpolator.java
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class LutherStepInterpolator extends RungeKuttaStepInterpolator {
      * to create the step interpolators by cloning an uninitialized model
      * and later initializing the copy.
      */
-    public LutherStepInterpolator() {
+    LutherStepInterpolator() {
     }
 
     /** Copy constructor.
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class LutherStepInterpolator extends RungeKuttaStepInterpolator {
      * copy: its arrays are separated from the original arrays of the
      * instance
      */
-    public LutherStepInterpolator(final LutherStepInterpolator interpolator) {
+    LutherStepInterpolator(final LutherStepInterpolator interpolator) {
         super(interpolator);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/MidpointStepInterpolator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/MidpointStepInterpolator.java
index d872d6e94..38393cab7 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/MidpointStepInterpolator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/MidpointStepInterpolator.java
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class MidpointStepInterpolator
    * to create the step interpolators by cloning an uninitialized model
    * and later initializing the copy.
    */
-  public MidpointStepInterpolator() {
+  MidpointStepInterpolator() {
   }
 
   /** Copy constructor.
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class MidpointStepInterpolator
    * copy: its arrays are separated from the original arrays of the
    * instance
    */
-  public MidpointStepInterpolator(final MidpointStepInterpolator interpolator) {
+  MidpointStepInterpolator(final MidpointStepInterpolator interpolator) {
     super(interpolator);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/RungeKuttaStepInterpolator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/RungeKuttaStepInterpolator.java
index 5d09d944b..207435f4b 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/RungeKuttaStepInterpolator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/RungeKuttaStepInterpolator.java
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ abstract class RungeKuttaStepInterpolator
   * @param interpolator interpolator to copy from.
 
   */
-  public RungeKuttaStepInterpolator(final RungeKuttaStepInterpolator interpolator) {
+  RungeKuttaStepInterpolator(final RungeKuttaStepInterpolator interpolator) {
 
     super(interpolator);
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/ThreeEighthesStepInterpolator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/ThreeEighthesStepInterpolator.java
index 33fee20d1..2dba16e66 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/ThreeEighthesStepInterpolator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/nonstiff/ThreeEighthesStepInterpolator.java
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class ThreeEighthesStepInterpolator
    * to create the step interpolators by cloning an uninitialized model
    * and later initializing the copy.
    */
-  public ThreeEighthesStepInterpolator() {
+  ThreeEighthesStepInterpolator() {
   }
 
   /** Copy constructor.
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class ThreeEighthesStepInterpolator
    * copy: its arrays are separated from the original arrays of the
    * instance
    */
-  public ThreeEighthesStepInterpolator(final ThreeEighthesStepInterpolator interpolator) {
+  ThreeEighthesStepInterpolator(final ThreeEighthesStepInterpolator interpolator) {
     super(interpolator);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/sampling/StepNormalizerBounds.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/sampling/StepNormalizerBounds.java
index 0a9ccfd62..c9b02ed0f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/sampling/StepNormalizerBounds.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/ode/sampling/StepNormalizerBounds.java
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ public enum StepNormalizerBounds {
      * @param last Whether the last point should be passed to the
      * underlying fixed step size step handler.
      */
-    private StepNormalizerBounds(final boolean first, final boolean last) {
+    StepNormalizerBounds(final boolean first, final boolean last) {
         this.first = first;
         this.last = last;
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/PointValuePair.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/PointValuePair.java
index b3e01a034..9ad21aac1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/PointValuePair.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/PointValuePair.java
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ public class PointValuePair extends Pair<double[], Double> implements Serializab
          * @param point Point coordinates.
          * @param value Value of the objective function at the point.
          */
-        public DataTransferObject(final double[] point, final double value) {
+        DataTransferObject(final double[] point, final double value) {
             this.point = point.clone();
             this.value = value;
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/PointVectorValuePair.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/PointVectorValuePair.java
index 62741d7e6..efb9818ef 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/PointVectorValuePair.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/PointVectorValuePair.java
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ public class PointVectorValuePair extends Pair<double[], double[]> implements Se
          * @param point Point coordinates.
          * @param value Value of the objective function at the point.
          */
-        public DataTransferObject(final double[] point, final double[] value) {
+        DataTransferObject(final double[] point, final double[] value) {
             this.point = point.clone();
             this.value = value.clone();
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/linear/Relationship.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/linear/Relationship.java
index f46a64982..78223021f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/linear/Relationship.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/linear/Relationship.java
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public enum Relationship {
      *
      * @param stringValue Display string for the relationship.
      */
-    private Relationship(String stringValue) {
+    Relationship(String stringValue) {
         this.stringValue = stringValue;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter.java
index dc01a2f5b..a430d486a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter.java
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ public class MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter
          *
          * @param lower lower bound
          */
-        public LowerBoundMapper(final double lower) {
+        LowerBoundMapper(final double lower) {
             this.lower = lower;
         }
 
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ public class MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter
         /** Simple constructor.
          * @param upper upper bound
          */
-        public UpperBoundMapper(final double upper) {
+        UpperBoundMapper(final double upper) {
             this.upper = upper;
         }
 
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ public class MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter
          * @param lower lower bound
          * @param upper upper bound
          */
-        public LowerUpperBoundMapper(final double lower, final double upper) {
+        LowerUpperBoundMapper(final double lower, final double upper) {
             boundingFunction   = new Sigmoid(lower, upper);
             unboundingFunction = new Logit(lower, upper);
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/nonlinear/scalar/gradient/NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizer.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/nonlinear/scalar/gradient/NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizer.java
index 8ef98fcac..75dd0245e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/nonlinear/scalar/gradient/NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/nonlinear/scalar/gradient/NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizer.java
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ public class NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizer
      *
      * @since 2.0
      */
-    public static enum Formula {
+    public enum Formula {
         /** Fletcher-Reeves formula. */
         FLETCHER_REEVES,
         /** Polak-Ribière formula. */
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/CMAESOptimizer.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/CMAESOptimizer.java
index 121aa2eba..f76958563 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/CMAESOptimizer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/CMAESOptimizer.java
@@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ public class CMAESOptimizer
          * @param value Function value.
          * @param penalty Out-of-bounds penalty.
         */
-        public ValuePenaltyPair(final double value, final double penalty) {
+        ValuePenaltyPair(final double value, final double penalty) {
             this.value   = value;
             this.penalty = penalty;
         }
@@ -932,7 +932,7 @@ public class CMAESOptimizer
 
         /** Simple constructor.
          */
-        public FitnessFunction() {
+        FitnessFunction() {
             isRepairMode = true;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/random/EmpiricalDistribution.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/random/EmpiricalDistribution.java
index f1a86b1b9..6d2722e13 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/random/EmpiricalDistribution.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/random/EmpiricalDistribution.java
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ public class EmpiricalDistribution extends AbstractRealDistribution {
          *
          * @param in BufferedReader input stream
          */
-        public StreamDataAdapter(BufferedReader in){
+        StreamDataAdapter(BufferedReader in){
             super();
             inputStream = in;
         }
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ public class EmpiricalDistribution extends AbstractRealDistribution {
          * @param in double[] array holding the data
          * @throws NullArgumentException if in is null
          */
-        public ArrayDataAdapter(double[] in) throws NullArgumentException {
+        ArrayDataAdapter(double[] in) throws NullArgumentException {
             super();
             MathUtils.checkNotNull(in);
             inputArray = in;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/correlation/StorelessBivariateCovariance.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/correlation/StorelessBivariateCovariance.java
index 93f6ca34d..6f418fb85 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/correlation/StorelessBivariateCovariance.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/correlation/StorelessBivariateCovariance.java
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class StorelessBivariateCovariance {
      * Create an empty {@link StorelessBivariateCovariance} instance with
      * bias correction.
      */
-    public StorelessBivariateCovariance() {
+    StorelessBivariateCovariance() {
         this(true);
     }
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class StorelessBivariateCovariance {
      * for bias, i.e. n-1 in the denominator, otherwise there is no bias correction,
      * i.e. n in the denominator.
      */
-    public StorelessBivariateCovariance(final boolean biasCorrection) {
+    StorelessBivariateCovariance(final boolean biasCorrection) {
         meanX = meanY = 0.0;
         n = 0;
         covarianceNumerator = 0.0;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/AggregateSummaryStatistics.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/AggregateSummaryStatistics.java
index 40d989c30..05054f46b 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/AggregateSummaryStatistics.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/AggregateSummaryStatistics.java
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ public class AggregateSummaryStatistics implements StatisticalSummary,
          * @param aggregateStatistics a {@code SummaryStatistics} into which
          *      values added to this statistics object should be aggregated
          */
-        public AggregatingSummaryStatistics(SummaryStatistics aggregateStatistics) {
+        AggregatingSummaryStatistics(SummaryStatistics aggregateStatistics) {
             this.aggregateStatistics = aggregateStatistics;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/moment/FirstMoment.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/moment/FirstMoment.java
index a1eb34057..50b107f59 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/moment/FirstMoment.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/moment/FirstMoment.java
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class FirstMoment extends AbstractStorelessUnivariateStatistic
     /**
      * Create a FirstMoment instance
      */
-    public FirstMoment() {
+    FirstMoment() {
         n = 0;
         m1 = Double.NaN;
         dev = Double.NaN;
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class FirstMoment extends AbstractStorelessUnivariateStatistic
      * @param original the {@code FirstMoment} instance to copy
      * @throws NullArgumentException if original is null
      */
-     public FirstMoment(FirstMoment original) throws NullArgumentException {
+     FirstMoment(FirstMoment original) throws NullArgumentException {
          super();
          copy(original, this);
      }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/moment/FourthMoment.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/moment/FourthMoment.java
index d0057620c..88e373ef5 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/moment/FourthMoment.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/moment/FourthMoment.java
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class FourthMoment extends ThirdMoment implements Serializable{
     /**
      * Create a FourthMoment instance
      */
-    public FourthMoment() {
+    FourthMoment() {
         super();
         m4 = Double.NaN;
     }
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class FourthMoment extends ThirdMoment implements Serializable{
      * @param original the {@code FourthMoment} instance to copy
      * @throws NullArgumentException if original is null
      */
-     public FourthMoment(FourthMoment original) throws NullArgumentException {
+     FourthMoment(FourthMoment original) throws NullArgumentException {
          super();
          copy(original, this);
      }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/moment/ThirdMoment.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/moment/ThirdMoment.java
index b26b77faa..96dc8023f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/moment/ThirdMoment.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/moment/ThirdMoment.java
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class ThirdMoment extends SecondMoment implements Serializable {
     /**
      * Create a FourthMoment instance.
      */
-    public ThirdMoment() {
+    ThirdMoment() {
         super();
         m3 = Double.NaN;
         nDevSq = Double.NaN;
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class ThirdMoment extends SecondMoment implements Serializable {
      * @param original the {@code ThirdMoment} instance to copy
      * @throws NullArgumentException if original is null
      */
-    public ThirdMoment(ThirdMoment original) throws NullArgumentException {
+    ThirdMoment(ThirdMoment original) throws NullArgumentException {
         copy(original, this);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/rank/PSquarePercentile.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/rank/PSquarePercentile.java
index 097b8fd9a..34d8b6065 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/rank/PSquarePercentile.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/rank/PSquarePercentile.java
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ public class PSquarePercentile extends AbstractStorelessUnivariateStatistic
          *
          * @param fixedCapacity the capacity to be fixed for this list
          */
-        public FixedCapacityList(final int fixedCapacity) {
+        FixedCapacityList(final int fixedCapacity) {
             super(fixedCapacity);
             this.capacity = fixedCapacity;
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/rank/Percentile.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/rank/Percentile.java
index f82043775..23d1a8e35 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/rank/Percentile.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/descriptive/rank/Percentile.java
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ public class Percentile extends AbstractUnivariateStatistic implements Serializa
      * R-Manual </a></li>
      * </ol>
      */
-    public static enum EstimationType {
+    public enum EstimationType {
         /**
          * This is the default type used in the {@link Percentile}.This method
          * has the following formulae for index and estimates<br>
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ public class Percentile extends AbstractUnivariateStatistic implements Serializa
          *
          * @param type name of estimation type as per wikipedia
          */
-        private EstimationType(final String type) {
+        EstimationType(final String type) {
             this.name = type;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/ranking/NaturalRanking.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/ranking/NaturalRanking.java
index 83b8c8fce..d6efc09e6 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/ranking/NaturalRanking.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/stat/ranking/NaturalRanking.java
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ public class NaturalRanking implements RankingAlgorithm {
          * @param value the value of the pair
          * @param position the original position
          */
-        public IntDoublePair(double value, int position) {
+        IntDoublePair(double value, int position) {
             this.value = value;
             this.position = position;
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/transform/FastFourierTransformer.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/transform/FastFourierTransformer.java
index b8293673e..5f3f8c36e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/transform/FastFourierTransformer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/transform/FastFourierTransformer.java
@@ -516,8 +516,7 @@ public class FastFourierTransformer implements Serializable {
          * @param multiDimensionalComplexArray array containing the matrix
          * elements
          */
-        public MultiDimensionalComplexMatrix(
-                Object multiDimensionalComplexArray) {
+        MultiDimensionalComplexMatrix(Object multiDimensionalComplexArray) {
 
             this.multiDimensionalComplexArray = multiDimensionalComplexArray;
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/Combinations.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/Combinations.java
index 372bd17be..d88a39349 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/Combinations.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/Combinations.java
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public class Combinations implements Iterable<int[]> {
      * Describes the type of iteration performed by the
      * {@link #iterator() iterator}.
      */
-    private static enum IterationOrder {
+    private enum IterationOrder {
         /** Lexicographic order. */
         LEXICOGRAPHIC
     }
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ public class Combinations implements Iterable<int[]> {
          * @param n size of the set from which subsets are enumerated
          * @param k size of the subsets to enumerate
          */
-        public LexicographicIterator(int n, int k) {
+        LexicographicIterator(int n, int k) {
             this.k = k;
             c = new int[k + 3];
             if (k == 0 || k >= n) {
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ public class Combinations implements Iterable<int[]> {
          * Create a singleton iterator providing the given array.
          * @param singleton array returned by the iterator
          */
-        public SingletonIterator(final int[] singleton) {
+        SingletonIterator(final int[] singleton) {
             this.singleton = singleton;
         }
         /** @return True until next is called the first time, then false */
@@ -344,8 +344,7 @@ public class Combinations implements Iterable<int[]> {
          * @param n Size of the set from which subsets are selected.
          * @param k Size of the subsets to be enumerated.
          */
-        public LexicographicComparator(int n,
-                                       int k) {
+        LexicographicComparator(int n, int k) {
             this.n = n;
             this.k = k;
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/FastMath.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/FastMath.java
index fed5f53f4..12368a551 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/FastMath.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/FastMath.java
@@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@ public class FastMath {
         /** Simple constructor.
          * @param x number to split
          */
-        public Split(final double x) {
+        Split(final double x) {
             full = x;
             high = Double.longBitsToDouble(Double.doubleToRawLongBits(x) & ((-1L) << 27));
             low  = x - high;
@@ -1665,7 +1665,7 @@ public class FastMath {
          * @param high high order bits
          * @param low low order bits
          */
-        public Split(final double high, final double low) {
+        Split(final double high, final double low) {
             this(high == 0.0 ? (low == 0.0 && Double.doubleToRawLongBits(high) == Long.MIN_VALUE /* negative zero */ ? -0.0 : low) : high + low, high, low);
         }
 
@@ -1674,7 +1674,7 @@ public class FastMath {
          * @param high high order bits
          * @param low low order bits
          */
-        public Split(final double full, final double high, final double low) {
+        Split(final double full, final double high, final double low) {
             this.full = full;
             this.high = high;
             this.low  = low;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/MathArrays.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/MathArrays.java
index 2206a2c19..d6195e664 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/MathArrays.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/MathArrays.java
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ public class MathArrays {
     /**
      * Specification of ordering direction.
      */
-    public static enum OrderDirection {
+    public enum OrderDirection {
         /** Constant for increasing direction. */
         INCREASING,
         /** Constant for decreasing direction. */
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ public class MathArrays {
          * @param key Key.
          * @param value Value.
          */
-        public PairDoubleInteger(double key, int value) {
+        PairDoubleInteger(double key, int value) {
             this.key = key;
             this.value = value;
         }
@@ -1557,7 +1557,7 @@ public class MathArrays {
      * Specification for indicating that some operation applies
      * before or after a given index.
      */
-    public static enum Position {
+    public enum Position {
         /** Designates the beginning of the array (near index 0). */
         HEAD,
         /** Designates the end of the array. */
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/ResizableDoubleArray.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/ResizableDoubleArray.java
index 7d9547c0f..87f2ec408 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/ResizableDoubleArray.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/util/ResizableDoubleArray.java
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ public class ResizableDoubleArray implements DoubleArray, Serializable {
      * Specification of expansion algorithm.
      * @since 3.1
      */
-    public static enum ExpansionMode {
+    public enum ExpansionMode {
         /** Multiplicative expansion mode. */
         MULTIPLICATIVE,
         /** Additive expansion mode. */