Apache Druid can ingest denormalized data in JSON, CSV, or a delimited form such as TSV, or any custom format. While most examples in the documentation use data in JSON format, it is not difficult to configure Druid to ingest any other delimited data.
Druid supports custom data formats and can use the `Regex` parser or the `JavaScript` parsers to parse these formats. Please note that using any of these parsers for
All forms of Druid ingestion require some form of schema object. The format of the data to be ingested is specified using the `inputFormat` entry in your [`ioConfig`](index.md#ioconfig).
The JSON `inputFormat` has the following components:
| Field | Type | Description | Required |
|-------|------|-------------|----------|
| type | String | This should say `json`. | yes |
| flattenSpec | JSON Object | Specifies flattening configuration for nested JSON data. See [`flattenSpec`](#flattenspec) for more info. | no |
| featureSpec | JSON Object | [JSON parser features](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-core/wiki/JsonParser-Features) supported by Jackson library. Those features will be applied when parsing the input JSON data. | no |
### CSV
The `inputFormat` to load data of the CSV format. An example is:
| columns | JSON array | Specifies the columns of the data. The columns should be in the same order with the columns of your data. | yes if `findColumnsFromHeader` is false or missing |
| findColumnsFromHeader | Boolean | If this is set, the task will find the column names from the header row. Note that `skipHeaderRows` will be applied before finding column names from the header. For example, if you set `skipHeaderRows` to 2 and `findColumnsFromHeader` to true, the task will skip the first two lines and then extract column information from the third line. `columns` will be ignored if this is set to true. | no (default = false if `columns` is set; otherwise null) |
| skipHeaderRows | Integer | If this is set, the task will skip the first `skipHeaderRows` rows. | no (default = 0) |
| columns | JSON array | Specifies the columns of the data. The columns should be in the same order with the columns of your data. | yes if `findColumnsFromHeader` is false or missing |
| findColumnsFromHeader | Boolean | If this is set, the task will find the column names from the header row. Note that `skipHeaderRows` will be applied before finding column names from the header. For example, if you set `skipHeaderRows` to 2 and `findColumnsFromHeader` to true, the task will skip the first two lines and then extract column information from the third line. `columns` will be ignored if this is set to true. | no (default = false if `columns` is set; otherwise null) |
| skipHeaderRows | Integer | If this is set, the task will skip the first `skipHeaderRows` rows. | no (default = 0) |
Be sure to change the `delimiter` to the appropriate delimiter for your data. Like CSV, you must specify the columns and which subset of the columns you want indexed.
### ORC
> You need to include the [`druid-orc-extensions`](../development/extensions-core/orc.md) as an extension to use the ORC input format.
> If you are considering upgrading from earlier than 0.15.0 to 0.15.0 or a higher version,
> please read [Migration from 'contrib' extension](../development/extensions-core/orc.md#migration-from-contrib-extension) carefully.
The `inputFormat` to load data of ORC format. An example is:
| flattenSpec | JSON Object | Specifies flattening configuration for nested ORC data. See [`flattenSpec`](#flattenspec) for more info. | no |
| binaryAsString | Boolean | Specifies if the binary orc column which is not logically marked as a string should be treated as a UTF-8 encoded string. | no (default = false) |
The Parquet `inputFormat` has the following components:
| Field | Type | Description | Required |
|-------|------|-------------|----------|
|type| String| This should be set to `parquet` to read Parquet file| yes |
|flattenSpec| JSON Object |Define a [`flattenSpec`](#flattenspec) to extract nested values from a Parquet file. Note that only 'path' expression are supported ('jq' is unavailable).| no (default will auto-discover 'root' level properties) |
| binaryAsString | Boolean | Specifies if the bytes parquet column which is not logically marked as a string or enum type should be treated as a UTF-8 encoded string. | no (default = false) |
|type| String| This should be set to `avro_ocf` to read Avro OCF file| yes |
|flattenSpec| JSON Object |Define a [`flattenSpec`](#flattenspec) to extract nested values from a Avro records. Note that only 'path' expression are supported ('jq' is unavailable).| no (default will auto-discover 'root' level properties) |
|schema| JSON Object |Define a reader schema to be used when parsing Avro records, this is useful when parsing multiple versions of Avro OCF file data | no (default will decode using the writer schema contained in the OCF file) |
| binaryAsString | Boolean | Specifies if the bytes parquet column which is not logically marked as a string or enum type should be treated as a UTF-8 encoded string. | no (default = false) |
> Conceptually, after input data records are read, the `flattenSpec` is applied first before
> any other specs such as [`timestampSpec`](./index.md#timestampspec), [`transformSpec`](./index.md#transformspec),
> [`dimensionsSpec`](./index.md#dimensionsspec), or [`metricsSpec`](./index.md#metricsspec). Keep this in mind when writing
> your ingestion spec.
Flattening is only supported for [data formats](data-formats.md) that support nesting, including `avro`, `json`, `orc`,
and `parquet`.
A `flattenSpec` can have the following components:
| Field | Description | Default |
|-------|-------------|---------|
| useFieldDiscovery | If true, interpret all root-level fields as available fields for usage by [`timestampSpec`](./index.md#timestampspec), [`transformSpec`](./index.md#transformspec), [`dimensionsSpec`](./index.md#dimensionsspec), and [`metricsSpec`](./index.md#metricsspec).<br><br>If false, only explicitly specified fields (see `fields`) will be available for use. | `true` |
| fields | Specifies the fields of interest and how they are accessed. [See below for details.](#field-flattening-specifications) | `[]` |
#### Field flattening specifications
Each entry in the `fields` list can have the following components:
| Field | Description | Default |
|-------|-------------|---------|
| type | Options are as follows:<br><br><ul><li>`root`, referring to a field at the root level of the record. Only really useful if `useFieldDiscovery` is false.</li><li>`path`, referring to a field using [JsonPath](https://github.com/jayway/JsonPath) notation. Supported by most data formats that offer nesting, including `avro`, `json`, `orc`, and `parquet`.</li><li>`jq`, referring to a field using [jackson-jq](https://github.com/eiiches/jackson-jq) notation. Only supported for the `json` format.</li></ul> | none (required) |
| name | Name of the field after flattening. This name can be referred to by the [`timestampSpec`](./index.md#timestampspec), [`transformSpec`](./index.md#transformspec), [`dimensionsSpec`](./index.md#dimensionsspec), and [`metricsSpec`](./index.md#metricsspec).| none (required) |
| expr | Expression for accessing the field while flattening. For type `path`, this should be [JsonPath](https://github.com/jayway/JsonPath). For type `jq`, this should be [jackson-jq](https://github.com/eiiches/jackson-jq) notation. For other types, this parameter is ignored. | none (required for types `path` and `jq`) |
#### Notes on flattening
* For convenience, when defining a root-level field, it is possible to define only the field name, as a string, instead of a JSON object. For example, `{"name": "baz", "type": "root"}` is equivalent to `"baz"`.
* Enabling `useFieldDiscovery` will only automatically detect "simple" fields at the root level that correspond to data types that Druid supports. This includes strings, numbers, and lists of strings or numbers. Other types will not be automatically detected, and must be specified explicitly in the `fields` list.
* Duplicate field `name`s are not allowed. An exception will be thrown.
* If `useFieldDiscovery` is enabled, any discovered field with the same name as one already defined in the `fields` list will be skipped, rather than added twice.
* [http://jsonpath.herokuapp.com/](http://jsonpath.herokuapp.com/) is useful for testing `path`-type expressions.
* jackson-jq supports a subset of the full [jq](https://stedolan.github.io/jq/) syntax. Please refer to the [jackson-jq documentation](https://github.com/eiiches/jackson-jq) for details.
## Parser
> The Parser is deprecated for [native batch tasks](./native-batch.md), [Kafka indexing service](../development/extensions-core/kafka-ingestion.md),
and [Kinesis indexing service](../development/extensions-core/kinesis-ingestion.md).
Consider using the [input format](#input-format) instead for these types of ingestion.
This section lists all default and core extension parsers.
For community extension parsers, please see our [community extensions list](../development/extensions.html#community-extensions).
### String Parser
`string` typed parsers operate on text based inputs that can be split into individual records by newlines.
Each line can be further parsed using [`parseSpec`](#parsespec).
| Field | Type | Description | Required |
|-------|------|-------------|----------|
| type | String | This should say `string` in general, or `hadoopyString` when used in a Hadoop indexing job. | yes |
| parseSpec | JSON Object | Specifies the format, timestamp, and dimensions of the data. | yes |
### Avro Hadoop Parser
> You need to include the [`druid-avro-extensions`](../development/extensions-core/avro.md) as an extension to use the Avro Hadoop Parser.
|parseSpec | JSON Object | Specifies the timestamp and dimensions of the data (`timeAndDims` and `orc` format) and a `flattenSpec` (`orc` format) | yes|
The parser supports two `parseSpec` formats: `orc` and `timeAndDims`.
`orc` supports auto field discovery and flattening, if specified with a [`flattenSpec`](#flattenspec).
If no `flattenSpec` is specified, `useFieldDiscovery` will be enabled by default. Specifying a `dimensionSpec` is
optional if `useFieldDiscovery` is enabled: if a `dimensionSpec` is supplied, the list of `dimensions` it defines will be
the set of ingested dimensions, if missing the discovered fields will make up the list.
`timeAndDims` parse spec must specify which fields will be extracted as dimensions through the `dimensionSpec`.
[All column types](https://orc.apache.org/docs/types.html) are supported, with the exception of `union` types. Columns of
`list` type, if filled with primitives, may be used as a multi-value dimension, or specific elements can be extracted with
`flattenSpec` expressions. Likewise, primitive fields may be extracted from `map` and `struct` types in the same manner.
Auto field discovery will automatically create a string dimension for every (non-timestamp) primitive or `list` of
primitives, as well as any flatten expressions defined in the `flattenSpec`.
#### Hadoop job properties
Like most Hadoop jobs, the best outcomes will add `"mapreduce.job.user.classpath.first": "true"` or
`"mapreduce.job.classloader": "true"` to the `jobProperties` section of `tuningConfig`. Note that it is likely if using
`"mapreduce.job.classloader": "true"` that you will need to set `mapreduce.job.classloader.system.classes` to include
`-org.apache.hadoop.hive.` to instruct Hadoop to load `org.apache.hadoop.hive` classes from the application jars instead
| type | String | This should say `parquet`.| yes |
| parseSpec | JSON Object | Specifies the timestamp and dimensions of the data, and optionally, a flatten spec. Valid parseSpec formats are `timeAndDims` and `parquet` | yes |
| binaryAsString | Boolean | Specifies if the bytes parquet column which is not logically marked as a string or enum type should be treated as a UTF-8 encoded string. | no(default = false) |
| binaryAsString | Boolean | Specifies if the bytes parquet column which is not logically marked as a string or enum type should be treated as a UTF-8 encoded string. | no(default = false) |
This decoder can be used if all the input events can be read using the same schema. In this case, specify the schema in the input task JSON itself, as described below.
Use this decoder if different input events can have different read schemas. In this case, specify the schema in the input task JSON itself, as described below.
This Avro bytes decoder first extracts `subject` and `id` from the input message bytes, and then uses them to look up the Avro schema used to decode the Avro record from bytes. For details, see the [schema repo](https://github.com/schema-repo/schema-repo) and [AVRO-1124](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/AVRO-1124). You will need an http service like schema repo to hold the avro schema. For information on registering a schema on the message producer side, see `org.apache.druid.data.input.AvroStreamInputRowParserTest#testParse()`.
This Avro bytes decoder first extracts a unique `id` from input message bytes, and then uses it to look up the schema in the Schema Registry used to decode the Avro record from bytes.
For details, see the Schema Registry [documentation](http://docs.confluent.io/current/schema-registry/docs/) and [repository](https://github.com/confluentinc/schema-registry).
This parser is for [stream ingestion](./index.md#streaming) and reads Protocol buffer data from a stream directly.
| Field | Type | Description | Required |
|-------|------|-------------|----------|
| type | String | This should say `protobuf`. | yes |
| descriptor | String | Protobuf descriptor file name in the classpath or URL. | yes |
| protoMessageType | String | Protobuf message type in the descriptor. Both short name and fully qualified name are accepted. The parser uses the first message type found in the descriptor if not specified. | no |
| parseSpec | JSON Object | Specifies the timestamp and dimensions of the data. The format must be JSON. See [JSON ParseSpec](./index.md) for more configuration options. Note that timeAndDims parseSpec is no longer supported. | yes |
> The _jsonLowercase_ parser is deprecated and may be removed in a future version of Druid.
This is a special variation of the JSON ParseSpec that lower cases all the column names in the incoming JSON data. This parseSpec is required if you are updating to Druid 0.7.x from Druid 0.6.x, are directly ingesting JSON with mixed case column names, do not have any ETL in place to lower case those column names, and would like to make queries that include the data you created using 0.6.x and 0.7.x.
| Field | Type | Description | Required |
|-------|------|-------------|----------|
| format | String | This should say `jsonLowercase`. | yes |
| timestampSpec | JSON Object | Specifies the column and format of the timestamp. | yes |
| dimensionsSpec | JSON Object | Specifies the dimensions of the data. | yes |
Be sure to change the `delimiter` to the appropriate delimiter for your data. Like CSV, you must specify the columns and which subset of the columns you want indexed.
Instead, you can set the `hasHeaderRow` field to true, which makes Druid automatically extract the column information from the header.
Otherwise, you must set the `columns` field and ensure that field must match the columns of your input data in the same order.
Also, you can skip some header rows by setting `skipHeaderRows` in your parseSpec. If both `skipHeaderRows` and `hasHeaderRow` options are set,
`skipHeaderRows` is first applied. For example, if you set `skipHeaderRows` to 2 and `hasHeaderRow` to true, Druid will
skip the first two lines and then extract column information from the third line.
Note that `hasHeaderRow` and `skipHeaderRows` are effective only for non-Hadoop batch index tasks. Other types of index
tasks will fail with an exception.
#### Other TSV (Delimited) Ingestion Tasks
The `columns` field must be included and and ensure that the order of the fields matches the columns of your input data in the same order.
### Multi-value dimensions
Dimensions can have multiple values for TSV and CSV data. To specify the delimiter for a multi-value dimension, set the `listDelimiter` in the `parseSpec`.
JSON data can contain multi-value dimensions as well. The multiple values for a dimension must be formatted as a JSON array in the ingested data. No additional `parseSpec` configuration is needed.
### Regex ParseSpec
```json
"parseSpec":{
"format" : "regex",
"timestampSpec" : {
"column" : "timestamp"
},
"dimensionsSpec" : {
"dimensions" : [<your_list_of_dimensions>]
},
"columns" : [<your_columns_here>],
"pattern" : <regexpatternforpartitioningdata>
}
```
The `columns` field must match the columns of your regex matching groups in the same order. If columns are not provided, default
columns names ("column_1", "column2", ... "column_n") will be assigned. Ensure that your column names include all your dimensions.
"function" : "function(str) { var parts = str.split(\"-\"); return { one: parts[0], two: parts[1] } }"
}
```
Note with the JavaScript parser that data must be fully parsed and returned as a `{key:value}` format in the JS logic.
This means any flattening or parsing multi-dimensional values must be done here.
> JavaScript-based functionality is disabled by default. Please refer to the Druid [JavaScript programming guide](../development/javascript.md) for guidelines about using Druid's JavaScript functionality, including instructions on how to enable it.
