By default, security features in Druid are disabled, which simplifies the initial deployment experience. However, security features must be configured in a production deployment. These features include TLS, authentication, and authorization.
The following recommendations apply to the Druid cluster setup:
* Run Druid as an unprivileged Unix user. Do not run Druid as the root user.
> **WARNING!** \
Druid administrators have the same OS permissions as the Unix user account running Druid. See [Authentication and authorization model](security-user-auth.md#authentication-and-authorization-model). If the Druid process is running under the OS root user account, then Druid administrators can read or write all files that the root account has access to, including sensitive files such as `/etc/passwd`.
* Enable authentication to the Druid cluster for production environments and other environments that can be accessed by untrusted networks.
* Enable authorization and do not expose the Druid Console without authorization enabled. If authorization is not enabled, any user that has access to the web console has the same privileges as the operating system user that runs the Druid Console process.
* Grant users the minimum permissions necessary to perform their functions. For instance, do not allow users who only need to query data to write to data sources or view state.
* Disable JavaScript, as noted in the [Security section](https://druid.apache.org/docs/latest/development/javascript.html#security) of the JavaScript guide.
The following recommendations apply to the network where Druid runs:
* Enable TLS to encrypt communication within the cluster.
* Use an API gateway to:
- Restrict access from untrusted networks
- Create an allow list of specific APIs that your users need to access
- Implement account lockout and throttling features.
* When possible, use firewall and other network layer filtering to only expose Druid services and ports specifically required for your use case. For example, only expose Broker ports to downstream applications that execute queries. You can limit access to a specific IP address or IP range to further tighten and enhance security.
The following recommendation applies to Druids authorization and authentication model:
* Only grant `WRITE` permissions to any `DATASOURCE` to trusted users. Druid's trust model assumes those users have the same privileges as the operating system user that runs the Druid Console process.
* Only grant `STATE READ`, `STATE WRITE`, `CONFIG WRITE`, and `DATASOURCE WRITE` permissions to highly-trusted users. These permissions allow users to access resources on behalf of the Druid server process regardless of the datasource.
* If your Druid client application allows less-trusted users to control the input source or firehose of an ingestion task, validate the URLs from the users. It is possible to point unchecked URLs to other locations and resources within your network or local file system.
Before you enable TLS in Druid, generate the KeyStore and truststore. When one Druid process, e.g. Broker, contacts another Druid process , e.g. Historical, the first service is a client for the second service, considered the server.
The following example demonstrates how to use Java keytool to generate the KeyStore for the server and then create a trustStore to trust the key for the client:
> WARNING: Do not use use self-signed certificates for production environments. Instead, rely on your current public key infrastructure to generate and distribute trusted keys.
Edit `common.runtime.properties` for all Druid services on all nodes. Add or update the following TLS options. Restart the cluster when you are finished.
```
# Turn on TLS globally
druid.enableTlsPort=true
# Disable non-TLS communicatoins
druid.enablePlaintextPort=false
# For Druid processes acting as a client
# Load simple-client-sslcontext to enable client side TLS
For more information, see [TLS support](tls-support.md) and [Simple SSLContext Provider Module](../development/extensions-core/simple-client-sslcontext.md).
You can configure authentication and authorization to control access to the the Druid APIs. Then configure users, roles, and permissions, as described in the following sections. Make the configuration changes in the `common.runtime.properties` file on all Druid servers in the cluster.
Within Druid's operating context, authenticators control the way user identities are verified. Authorizers employ user roles to relate authenticated users to the datasources they are permitted to access. You can set the finest-grained permissions on a per-datasource basis.
The following graphic depicts the course of request through the authentication process:
To authenticate requests in Druid, you configure an Authenticator. Authenticator extensions exist for HTTP basic authentication, LDAP, and Kerberos.
The following takes you through sample configuration steps for enabling basic auth:
1. Add the `druid-basic-security` extension to `druid.extensions.loadList` in `common.runtime.properties`. For the quickstart installation, for example, the properties file is at `conf/druid/cluster/_common`:
2. Configure the basic Authenticator, Authorizer, and Escalator settings in the same common.runtime.properties file. The Escalator defines how Druid processes authenticate with one another.
See [Authentication and Authorization](../design/auth.md) for more information about the Authenticator, Escalator, and Authorizer concepts. See [Basic Security](../development/extensions-core/druid-basic-security.md) for more information about the extension used in the examples above, and [Kerberos](../development/extensions-core/druid-kerberos.md) for Kerberos authentication.
## Enable authorizers
After enabling the basic auth extension, you can add users, roles, and permissions via the Druid Coordinator `user` endpoint. Note that you cannot assign permissions directly to individual users. They must be assigned through roles.
The following diagram depicts the authorization model, and the relationship between users, roles, permissions, and resources.
1. Create a user by issuing a POST request to `druid-ext/basic-security/authentication/db/MyBasicMetadataAuthenticator/users/<USERNAME>`, replacing USERNAME with the *new* username you are trying to create. For example:
> If you have TLS enabled, be sure to adjust the curl command accordingly. For example, if your Druid servers use self-signed certificates, you may choose to include the `insecure` curl option to forgo certificate checking for the curl command.
2. Add a credential for the user by issuing a POST to `druid-ext/basic-security/authentication/db/MyBasicMetadataAuthenticator/users/<USERNAME>/credentials`. For example:
2. For each authenticator user you create, create a corresponding authorizer user by issuing a POST request to `druid-ext/basic-security/authorization/db/MyBasicMetadataAuthorizer/users/<USERNAME>`. For example:
3. Create authorizer roles to control permissions by issuing a POST request to `druid-ext/basic-security/authorization/db/MyBasicMetadataAuthorizer/roles/<ROLENAME>`. For example:
4. Assign roles to users by issuing a POST request to `druid-ext/basic-security/authorization/db/MyBasicMetadataAuthorizer/users/<USERNAME>/roles/<ROLENAME>`. For example:
5. Finally, attach permissions to the roles to control how they can interact with Druid at `druid-ext/basic-security/authorization/db/MyBasicMetadataAuthorizer/roles/<ROLENAME>/permissions`.
> Note: Druid treats the resource name as a regular expression (regex). You can use a specific datasource name or regex to grant permissions for multiple datasources at a time.
As an alternative to using the basic metadata authenticator, you can use LDAP to authenticate users. The following steps provide an overview of the setup procedure. For more information on these settings, see [Properties for LDAP user authentication](../development/extensions-core/druid-basic-security.md#properties-for-ldap-user-authentication).
3. Use the Druid API to create the group mapping and allocate initial roles. For example, using curl and given a group named `group1` in the directory, run:
Within Druid's trust model there users can have different authorization levels:
- Users with resource write permissions are allowed to do anything that the druid process can do.
- Authenticated read only users can execute queries against resources to which they have permissions.
- An authenticated user without any permissions is allowed to execute queries that don't require access to a resource.
Additionally, Druid operates according to the following principles:
From the inner most layer:
1. Druid processes have the same access to the local files granted to the specified system user running the process.
2. The Druid ingestion system can create new processes to execute tasks. Those tasks inherit the user of their parent process. This means that any user authorized to submit an ingestion task can use the ingestion task permissions to read or write any local files or external resources that the Druid process has access to.
> Note: Only grant the `DATASOURCE WRITE` to trusted users because they can act as the Druid process.
Within the cluster:
1. Druid assumes it operates on an isolated, protected network where no reachable IP within the network is under adversary control. When you implement Druid, take care to setup firewalls and other security measures to secure both inbound and outbound connections.
Druid assumes network traffic within the cluster is encrypted, including API calls and data transfers. The default encryption implementation uses TLS.
3. Druid assumes auxiliary services such as the metadata store and ZooKeeper nodes are not under adversary control.
Cluster to deep storage:
1. Druid does not make assumptions about the security for deep storage. It follows the system's native security policies to authenticate and authorize with deep storage.
2. Druid does not encrypt files for deep storage. Instead, it relies on the storage system's native encryption capabilities to ensure compatibility with encryption schemes across all storage types.
Cluster to client:
1. Druid authenticates with the client based on the configured authenticator.
2. Druid only performs actions when an authorizer grants permission. The default configuration is `allowAll authorizer`.
