druid/docs/content/development/extensions-core/kafka-ingestion.md

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# Kafka Indexing Service

The Kafka indexing service enables the configuration of *supervisors* on the Overlord, which facilitate ingestion from
Kafka by managing the creation and lifetime of Kafka indexing tasks. These indexing tasks read events using Kafka's own
partition and offset mechanism and are therefore able to provide guarantees of exactly-once ingestion. They are also
able to read non-recent events from Kafka and are not subject to the window period considerations imposed on other
ingestion mechanisms. The supervisor oversees the state of the indexing tasks to coordinate handoffs, manage failures,
and ensure that the scalability and replication requirements are maintained.

This service is provided in the `druid-kafka-indexing-service` core extension (see
[Including Extensions](../../operations/including-extensions.html)). Please note that the Kafka indexing service is
currently designated as an *experimental feature* and is subject to the usual
[experimental caveats](../experimental.html).

<div class="note info">
The Kafka indexing service uses the Java consumer that was introduced in Kafka 0.10.x. As there were protocol changes
made in this version, Kafka 0.10.x consumers might not be compatible with older brokers. Ensure that your Kafka brokers are
version 0.10.x or better before using this service. Refer <a href="https://kafka.apache.org/documentation/#upgrade">Kafka upgrade guide</a> if you are using older version of kafka brokers.
</div>

## Submitting a Supervisor Spec

The Kafka indexing service requires that the `druid-kafka-indexing-service` extension be loaded on both the overlord and the
middle managers. A supervisor for a dataSource is started by submitting a supervisor spec via HTTP POST to
`http://<OVERLORD_IP>:<OVERLORD_PORT>/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor`, for example:

```
curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d @supervisor-spec.json http://localhost:8090/druid/indexer/v1/supervisor
```

A sample supervisor spec is shown below:

```json
{
  "type": "kafka",
  "dataSchema": {
    "dataSource": "metrics-kafka",
    "parser": {
      "type": "string",
      "parseSpec": {
        "format": "json",
        "timestampSpec": {
          "column": "timestamp",
          "format": "auto"
        },
        "dimensionsSpec": {
          "dimensions": [],
          "dimensionExclusions": [
            "timestamp",
            "value"
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    "metricsSpec": [
      {
        "name": "count",
        "type": "count"
      },
      {
        "name": "value_sum",
        "fieldName": "value",
        "type": "doubleSum"
      },
      {
        "name": "value_min",
        "fieldName": "value",
        "type": "doubleMin"
      },
      {
        "name": "value_max",
        "fieldName": "value",
        "type": "doubleMax"
      }
    ],
    "granularitySpec": {
      "type": "uniform",
      "segmentGranularity": "HOUR",
      "queryGranularity": "NONE"
    }
  },
  "tuningConfig": {
    "type": "kafka",
    "maxRowsPerSegment": 5000000
  },
  "ioConfig": {
    "topic": "metrics",
    "consumerProperties": {
      "bootstrap.servers": "localhost:9092"
    },
    "taskCount": 1,
    "replicas": 1,
    "taskDuration": "PT1H"
  }
}
```

## Supervisor Configuration

|Field|Description|Required|
|--------|-----------|---------|
|`type`|The supervisor type, this should always be `kafka`.|yes|
|`dataSchema`|The schema that will be used by the Kafka indexing task during ingestion, see [Ingestion Spec](../../ingestion/index.html).|yes|
|`tuningConfig`|A KafkaSupervisorTuningConfig to configure the supervisor and indexing tasks, see below.|no|
|`ioConfig`|A KafkaSupervisorIOConfig to configure the supervisor and indexing tasks, see below.|yes|

### KafkaSupervisorTuningConfig

The tuningConfig is optional and default parameters will be used if no tuningConfig is specified.

|Field|Type|Description|Required|
|-----|----|-----------|--------|
|`type`|String|The indexing task type, this should always be `kafka`.|yes|
|`maxRowsInMemory`|Integer|The number of rows to aggregate before persisting. This number is the post-aggregation rows, so it is not equivalent to the number of input events, but the number of aggregated rows that those events result in. This is used to manage the required JVM heap size. Maximum heap memory usage for indexing scales with maxRowsInMemory * (2 + maxPendingPersists).|no (default == 75000)|
|`maxRowsPerSegment`|Integer|The number of rows to aggregate into a segment; this number is post-aggregation rows.|no (default == 5000000)|
|`intermediatePersistPeriod`|ISO8601 Period|The period that determines the rate at which intermediate persists occur.|no (default == PT10M)|
|`maxPendingPersists`|Integer|Maximum number of persists that can be pending but not started. If this limit would be exceeded by a new intermediate persist, ingestion will block until the currently-running persist finishes. Maximum heap memory usage for indexing scales with maxRowsInMemory * (2 + maxPendingPersists).|no (default == 0, meaning one persist can be running concurrently with ingestion, and none can be queued up)|
|`indexSpec`|Object|Tune how data is indexed, see 'IndexSpec' below for more details.|no|
|`reportParseExceptions`|Boolean|If true, exceptions encountered during parsing will be thrown and will halt ingestion; if false, unparseable rows and fields will be skipped.|no (default == false)|
|`handoffConditionTimeout`|Long|Milliseconds to wait for segment handoff. It must be >= 0, where 0 means to wait forever. This option is deprecated. Use `completionTimeout` of KafkaSupervisorIOConfig instead.|no (default == 0)|
|`resetOffsetAutomatically`|Boolean|Whether to reset the consumer offset if the next offset that it is trying to fetch is less than the earliest available offset for that particular partition. The consumer offset will be reset to either the earliest or latest offset depending on `useEarliestOffset` property of `KafkaSupervisorIOConfig` (see below). This situation typically occurs when messages in Kafka are no longer available for consumption and therefore won't be ingested into Druid. If set to false then ingestion for that particular partition will halt and manual intervention is required to correct the situation, please see `Reset Supervisor` API below.|no (default == false)|
|`workerThreads`|Integer|The number of threads that will be used by the supervisor for asynchronous operations.|no (default == min(10, taskCount))|
|`chatThreads`|Integer|The number of threads that will be used for communicating with indexing tasks.|no (default == min(10, taskCount * replicas))|
|`chatRetries`|Integer|The number of times HTTP requests to indexing tasks will be retried before considering tasks unresponsive.|no (default == 8)|
|`httpTimeout`|ISO8601 Period|How long to wait for a HTTP response from an indexing task.|no (default == PT10S)|
|`shutdownTimeout`|ISO8601 Period|How long to wait for the supervisor to attempt a graceful shutdown of tasks before exiting.|no (default == PT80S)|
|`offsetFetchPeriod`|ISO8601 Period|How often the supervisor queries Kafka and the indexing tasks to fetch current offsets and calculate lag.|no (default == PT30S, min == PT5S)|

#### IndexSpec

|Field|Type|Description|Required|
|-----|----|-----------|--------|
|bitmap|Object|Compression format for bitmap indexes. Should be a JSON object; see below for options.|no (defaults to Concise)|
|dimensionCompression|String|Compression format for dimension columns. Choose from `LZ4`, `LZF`, or `uncompressed`.|no (default == `LZ4`)|
|metricCompression|String|Compression format for metric columns. Choose from `LZ4`, `LZF`, `uncompressed`, or `none`.|no (default == `LZ4`)|
|longEncoding|String|Encoding format for metric and dimension columns with type long. Choose from `auto` or `longs`. `auto` encodes the values using offset or lookup table depending on column cardinality, and store them with variable size. `longs` stores the value as is with 8 bytes each.|no (default == `longs`)|

##### Bitmap types

For Concise bitmaps:

|Field|Type|Description|Required|
|-----|----|-----------|--------|
|`type`|String|Must be `concise`.|yes|

For Roaring bitmaps:

|Field|Type|Description|Required|
|-----|----|-----------|--------|
|`type`|String|Must be `roaring`.|yes|
|`compressRunOnSerialization`|Boolean|Use a run-length encoding where it is estimated as more space efficient.|no (default == `true`)|

### KafkaSupervisorIOConfig

|Field|Type|Description|Required|
|-----|----|-----------|--------|
|`topic`|String|The Kafka topic to read from. This must be a specific topic as topic patterns are not supported.|yes|
|`consumerProperties`|Map<String, String>|A map of properties to be passed to the Kafka consumer. This must contain a property `bootstrap.servers` with a list of Kafka brokers in the form: `<BROKER_1>:<PORT_1>,<BROKER_2>:<PORT_2>,...`.|yes|
|`replicas`|Integer|The number of replica sets, where 1 means a single set of tasks (no replication). Replica tasks will always be assigned to different workers to provide resiliency against node failure.|no (default == 1)|
|`taskCount`|Integer|The maximum number of *reading* tasks in a *replica set*. This means that the maximum number of reading tasks will be `taskCount * replicas` and the total number of tasks (*reading* + *publishing*) will be higher than this. See 'Capacity Planning' below for more details. The number of reading tasks will be less than `taskCount` if `taskCount > {numKafkaPartitions}`.|no (default == 1)|
|`taskDuration`|ISO8601 Period|The length of time before tasks stop reading and begin publishing their segment. Note that segments are only pushed to deep storage and loadable by historical nodes when the indexing task completes.|no (default == PT1H)|
|`startDelay`|ISO8601 Period|The period to wait before the supervisor starts managing tasks.|no (default == PT5S)|
|`period`|ISO8601 Period|How often the supervisor will execute its management logic. Note that the supervisor will also run in response to certain events (such as tasks succeeding, failing, and reaching their taskDuration) so this value specifies the maximum time between iterations.|no (default == PT30S)|
|`useEarliestOffset`|Boolean|If a supervisor is managing a dataSource for the first time, it will obtain a set of starting offsets from Kafka. This flag determines whether it retrieves the earliest or latest offsets in Kafka. Under normal circumstances, subsequent tasks will start from where the previous segments ended so this flag will only be used on first run.|no (default == false)|
|`completionTimeout`|ISO8601 Period|The length of time to wait before declaring a publishing task as failed and terminating it. If this is set too low, your tasks may never publish. The publishing clock for a task begins roughly after `taskDuration` elapses.|no (default == PT30M)|
|`lateMessageRejectionPeriod`|ISO8601 Period|Configure tasks to reject messages with timestamps earlier than this period before the task was created; for example if this is set to `PT1H` and the supervisor creates a task at *2016-01-01T12:00Z*, messages with timestamps earlier than *2016-01-01T11:00Z* will be dropped. This may help prevent concurrency issues if your data stream has late messages and you have multiple pipelines that need to operate on the same segments (e.g. a realtime and a nightly batch ingestion pipeline).|no (default == none)|
|`earlyMessageRejectionPeriod`|ISO8601 Period|Configure tasks to reject messages with timestamps later than this period after the task was created; for example if this is set to `PT1H` and the supervisor creates a task at *2016-01-01T12:00Z*, messages with timestamps later than *2016-01-01T13:00Z* will be dropped.|no (default == none)|
|`skipOffsetGaps`|Boolean|Whether or not to allow gaps of missing offsets in the Kafka stream. This is required for compatibility with implementations such as MapR Streams which does not guarantee consecutive offsets. If this is false, an exception will be thrown if offsets are not consecutive.|no (default == false)|

## Supervisor API

The following endpoints are available on the Overlord:

#### Create Supervisor
```
POST /druid/indexer/v1/supervisor
```
Use `Content-Type: application/json` and provide a supervisor spec in the request body.

Calling this endpoint when there is already an existing supervisor for the same dataSource will cause:

- The running supervisor to signal its managed tasks to stop reading and begin publishing.
- The running supervisor to exit.
- A new supervisor to be created using the configuration provided in the request body. This supervisor will retain the
existing publishing tasks and will create new tasks starting at the offsets the publishing tasks ended on.

Seamless schema migrations can thus be achieved by simply submitting the new schema using this endpoint.

#### Shutdown Supervisor
```
POST /druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/<supervisorId>/shutdown
```
Note that this will cause all indexing tasks managed by this supervisor to immediately stop and begin publishing their segments.

#### Get Supervisor IDs
```
GET /druid/indexer/v1/supervisor
```
Returns a list of the currently active supervisors.

#### Get Supervisor Spec
```
GET /druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/<supervisorId>
```
Returns the current spec for the supervisor with the provided ID.

#### Get Supervisor Status Report
```
GET /druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/<supervisorId>/status
```
Returns a snapshot report of the current state of the tasks managed by the given supervisor. This includes the latest
offsets as reported by Kafka, the consumer lag per partition, as well as the aggregate lag of all partitions. The
consumer lag per partition may be reported as negative values if the supervisor has not received a recent latest offset
response from Kafka. The aggregate lag value will always be >= 0.

#### Get All Supervisor History
```
GET /druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/history
```
Returns an audit history of specs for all supervisors (current and past).

#### Get Supervisor History
```
GET /druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/<supervisorId>/history
```
Returns an audit history of specs for the supervisor with the provided ID.

#### Reset Supervisor
```
POST /druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/<supervisorId>/reset
```
The indexing service keeps track of the latest persisted Kafka offsets in order to provide exactly-once ingestion
guarantees across tasks. Subsequent tasks must start reading from where the previous task completed in order for the
generated segments to be accepted. If the messages at the expected starting offsets are no longer available in Kafka
(typically because the message retention period has elapsed or the topic was removed and re-created) the supervisor will
refuse to start and in-flight tasks will fail.

This endpoint can be used to clear the stored offsets which will cause the supervisor to start reading from
either the earliest or latest offsets in Kafka (depending on the value of `useEarliestOffset`). The supervisor must be
running for this endpoint to be available. After the stored offsets are cleared, the supervisor will automatically kill
and re-create any active tasks so that tasks begin reading from valid offsets.

Note that since the stored offsets are necessary to guarantee exactly-once ingestion, resetting them with this endpoint
may cause some Kafka messages to be skipped or to be read twice.

## Capacity Planning

Kafka indexing tasks run on middle managers and are thus limited by the resources available in the middle manager
cluster. In particular, you should make sure that you have sufficient worker capacity (configured using the
`druid.worker.capacity` property) to handle the configuration in the supervisor spec. Note that worker capacity is
shared across all types of indexing tasks, so you should plan your worker capacity to handle your total indexing load
(e.g. batch processing, realtime tasks, merging tasks, etc.). If your workers run out of capacity, Kafka indexing tasks
will queue and wait for the next available worker. This may cause queries to return partial results but will not result
in data loss (assuming the tasks run before Kafka purges those offsets).

A running task will normally be in one of two states: *reading* or *publishing*. A task will remain in reading state for
`taskDuration`, at which point it will transition to publishing state. A task will remain in publishing state for as long
as it takes to generate segments, push segments to deep storage, and have them be loaded and served by a historical node
(or until `completionTimeout` elapses).

The number of reading tasks is controlled by `replicas` and `taskCount`. In general, there will be `replicas * taskCount`
reading tasks, the exception being if taskCount > {numKafkaPartitions} in which case {numKafkaPartitions} tasks will
be used instead. When `taskDuration` elapses, these tasks will transition to publishing state and `replicas * taskCount`
new reading tasks will be created. Therefore to allow for reading tasks and publishing tasks to run concurrently, there
should be a minimum capacity of:

```
workerCapacity = 2 * replicas * taskCount
```

This value is for the ideal situation in which there is at most one set of tasks publishing while another set is reading.
In some circumstances, it is possible to have multiple sets of tasks publishing simultaneously. This would happen if the
time-to-publish (generate segment, push to deep storage, loaded on historical) > `taskDuration`. This is a valid
scenario (correctness-wise) but requires additional worker capacity to support. In general, it is a good idea to have
`taskDuration` be large enough that the previous set of tasks finishes publishing before the current set begins.

## Supervisor Persistence

When a supervisor spec is submitted via the `POST /druid/indexer/v1/supervisor` endpoint, it is persisted in the
configured metadata database. There can only be a single supervisor per dataSource, and submitting a second spec for
the same dataSource will overwrite the previous one.

When an overlord gains leadership, either by being started or as a result of another overlord failing, it will spawn
a supervisor for each supervisor spec in the metadata database. The supervisor will then discover running Kafka indexing
tasks and will attempt to adopt them if they are compatible with the supervisor's configuration. If they are not
compatible because they have a different ingestion spec or partition allocation, the tasks will be killed and the
supervisor will create a new set of tasks. In this way, the supervisors are persistent across overlord restarts and
fail-overs.

A supervisor is stopped via the `POST /druid/indexer/v1/supervisor/<supervisorId>/shutdown` endpoint. This places a
tombstone marker in the database (to prevent the supervisor from being reloaded on a restart) and then gracefully
shuts down the currently running supervisor. When a supervisor is shut down in this way, it will instruct its
managed tasks to stop reading and begin publishing their segments immediately. The call to the shutdown endpoint will
return after all tasks have been signalled to stop but before the tasks finish publishing their segments.

## Schema/Configuration Changes

Schema and configuration changes are handled by submitting the new supervisor spec via the same
`POST /druid/indexer/v1/supervisor` endpoint used to initially create the supervisor. The overlord will initiate a
graceful shutdown of the existing supervisor which will cause the tasks being managed by that supervisor to stop reading
and begin publishing their segments. A new supervisor will then be started which will create a new set of tasks that
will start reading from the offsets where the previous now-publishing tasks left off, but using the updated schema.
In this way, configuration changes can be applied without requiring any pause in ingestion.

## Deployment Notes

### On the Subject of Segments

The Kafka indexing service may generate a significantly large number of segments which over time will cause query
performance issues if not properly managed. One important characteristic to understand is that the Kafka indexing task
will generate a Druid partition in each segment granularity interval for each partition in the Kafka topic. As an
example, if you are ingesting realtime data and your segment granularity is 15 minutes with 10 partitions in the Kafka
topic, you would generate a minimum of 40 segments an hour. This is a limitation imposed by the Kafka architecture which
guarantees delivery order within a partition but not across partitions. Therefore as a consumer of Kafka, in order to
generate segments deterministically (and be able to provide exactly-once ingestion semantics) partitions need to be
handled separately.

Compounding this, if your taskDuration was also set to 15 minutes, you would actually generate 80 segments an hour since
any given 15 minute interval would be handled by two tasks. For an example of this behavior, let's say we started the
supervisor at 9:05 with a 15 minute segment granularity. The first task would create a segment for 9:00-9:15 and a
segment for 9:15-9:30 before stopping at 9:20. A second task would be created at 9:20 which would create another segment
for 9:15-9:30 and a segment for 9:30-9:45 before stopping at 9:35. Hence, if taskDuration and segmentGranularity are the
same duration, you will get two tasks generating a segment for each segment granularity interval.

Understanding this behavior is the first step to managing the number of segments produced. Some recommendations for
keeping the number of segments low are:

  * Keep the number of Kafka partitions to the minimum required to sustain the required throughput for your event streams.
  * Increase segment granularity and task duration so that more events are written into the same segment. One
    consideration here is that segments are only handed off to historical nodes after the task duration has elapsed.
    Since workers tend to be configured with less query-serving resources than historical nodes, query performance may
    suffer if tasks run excessively long without handing off segments.

In many production installations which have been ingesting events for a long period of time, these suggestions alone
will not be sufficient to keep the number of segments at an optimal level. It is recommended that scheduled re-indexing
tasks be run to merge segments together into new segments of an ideal size (in the range of ~500-700 MB per segment).
Currently, the recommended way of doing this is by running periodic Hadoop batch ingestion jobs and using a `dataSource`
inputSpec to read from the segments generated by the Kafka indexing tasks. Details on how to do this can be found under
['Updating Existing Data'](../../ingestion/update-existing-data.html). Note that the Merge Task and Append Task described
[here](../../ingestion/tasks.html) will not work as they require unsharded segments while Kafka indexing tasks always
generated sharded segments.

There is ongoing work to support automatic segment compaction of sharded segments as well as compaction not requiring
Hadoop (see [here](https://github.com/druid-io/druid/pull/1998) and [here](https://github.com/druid-io/druid/pull/3611)
for related PRs).