|dataSource|A String or Object defining the data source to query, very similar to a table in a relational database. See [DataSource](../querying/datasource.md) for more information.|yes|
|dimensions|A JSON list of dimensions to do the groupBy over; or see [DimensionSpec](../querying/dimensionspecs.md) for ways to extract dimensions. |yes|
|virtualColumns|A JSON list of [virtual columns](./virtual-columns.md). You can reference the virtual columns in `dimensions`, `aggregations`, or `postAggregations`.| no (default none)|
|subtotalsSpec| A JSON array of arrays to return additional result sets for groupings of subsets of top level `dimensions`. It is [described later](groupbyquery.md#more-on-subtotalsspec) in more detail.|no|
|context|An additional JSON Object which can be used to specify certain flags.|no|
To pull it all together, the above query would return *n\*m* data points, up to a maximum of 5000 points, where n is the cardinality of the `country` dimension, m is the cardinality of the `device` dimension, each day between 2012-01-01 and 2012-01-03, from the `sample_datasource` table. Each data point contains the (long) sum of `total_usage` if the value of the data point is greater than 100, the (double) sum of `data_transfer` and the (double) result of `total_usage` divided by `data_transfer` for the filter set for a particular grouping of `country` and `device`. The output looks like this:
The subtotals feature allows computation of multiple sub-groupings in a single query. To use this feature, add a "subtotalsSpec" to your query as a list of subgroup dimension sets. It should contain the `outputName` from dimensions in your `dimensions` attribute, in the same order as they appear in the `dimensions` attribute (although, of course, you may skip some).
For example, consider a groupBy query like this one:
The result of the subtotalsSpec would be equivalent to concatenating the result of three groupBy queries, with the "dimensions" field being `["D1", "D2", D3"]`, `["D1", "D3"]` and `["D3"]`, given the `DimensionSpec` shown above.
The response for the query above would look something like:
Notice that dimensions that are not included in an individual subtotalsSpec grouping are returned with a `null` value. This response format represents a behavior change as of Apache Druid 0.18.0.
In release 0.17.0 and earlier, such dimensions were entirely excluded from the result. If you were relying on this old behavior to determine whether a particular dimension was not part of
a subtotal grouping, you can now use [Grouping aggregator](aggregations.md#grouping-aggregator) instead.
Brokers do not need merge buffers for basic groupBy queries. Queries with subqueries (using a `query` dataSource) require one merge buffer if there is a single subquery, or two merge buffers if there is more than one layer of nested subqueries. Queries with [subtotals](groupbyquery.md#more-on-subtotalsspec) need one merge buffer. These can stack on top of each other: a groupBy query with multiple layers of nested subqueries, and that also uses subtotals, will need three merge buffers.
Historicals and ingestion tasks need one merge buffer for each groupBy query, unless [parallel combination](groupbyquery.md#parallel-combine) is enabled, in which case they need two merge buffers per query.
Druid pushes down the `limit` spec in groupBy queries to the segments on Historicals wherever possible to early prune unnecessary intermediate results and minimize the amount of data transferred to Brokers. By default, this technique is applied only when all fields in the `orderBy` spec is a subset of the grouping keys. This is because the `limitPushDown` doesn't guarantee the exact results if the `orderBy` spec includes any fields that are not in the grouping keys. However, you can enable this technique even in such cases if you can sacrifice some accuracy for fast query processing like in topN queries. See `forceLimitPushDown` in [advanced configurations](#advanced-configurations).
The groupBy engine uses an open addressing hash table for aggregation. The hash table is initialized with a given initial bucket number and gradually grows on buffer full. On hash collisions, the linear probing technique is used.
The default number of initial buckets is 1024 and the default max load factor of the hash table is 0.7. If you can see too many collisions in the hash table, you can adjust these numbers. See `bufferGrouperInitialBuckets` and `bufferGrouperMaxLoadFactor` in [advanced configurations](#advanced-configurations).
This section describes the configurations for groupBy queries. You can set the runtime properties in the `runtime.properties` file on Broker, Historical, and Middle Manager processes. You can set the query context parameters through the [query context](query-context.md).
|`druid.query.groupBy.maxSelectorDictionarySize`|Maximum amount of heap space (approximately) to use for per-segment string dictionaries. If set to `0` (automatic), each query's dictionary can use 10% of the Java heap divided by `druid.processing.numMergeBuffers`, or 1GB, whichever is smaller.<br/><br/>See [Memory tuning and resource limits](#memory-tuning-and-resource-limits) for details on changing this property.|0 (automatic)|
|`druid.query.groupBy.maxMergingDictionarySize`|Maximum amount of heap space (approximately) to use for per-query string dictionaries. When the dictionary exceeds this size, a spill to disk will be triggered. If set to `0` (automatic), each query's dictionary uses 30% of the Java heap divided by `druid.processing.numMergeBuffers`, or 1GB, whichever is smaller.<br/><br/>See [Memory tuning and resource limits](#memory-tuning-and-resource-limits) for details on changing this property.|0 (automatic)|
|`druid.query.groupBy.maxOnDiskStorage`|Maximum amount of disk space to use, per-query, for spilling result sets to disk when either the merging buffer or the dictionary fills up. Queries that exceed this limit will fail. Set to zero to disable disk spilling.|0 (disabled)|
|`druid.query.groupBy.intermediateResultAsMapCompat`|Whether Brokers are able to understand map-based result rows. Setting this to `true` adds some overhead to all groupBy queries. It is required for compatibility with data servers running versions older than 0.16.0, which introduced [array-based result rows](#array-based-result-rows).|false|
|`druid.query.groupBy.bufferGrouperInitialBuckets`|Initial number of buckets in the off-heap hash table used for grouping results. Set to 0 to use a reasonable default (1024).|0|
|`druid.query.groupBy.bufferGrouperMaxLoadFactor`|Maximum load factor of the off-heap hash table used for grouping results. When the load factor exceeds this size, the table will be grown or spilled to disk. Set to 0 to use a reasonable default (0.7).|0|
|`druid.query.groupBy.forceHashAggregation`|Force to use hash-based aggregation.|false|
|`druid.query.groupBy.intermediateCombineDegree`|Number of intermediate nodes combined together in the combining tree. Higher degrees will need less threads which might be helpful to improve the query performance by reducing the overhead of too many threads if the server has sufficiently powerful cpu cores.|8|
|`druid.query.groupBy.numParallelCombineThreads`|Hint for the number of parallel combining threads. This should be larger than 1 to turn on the parallel combining feature. The actual number of threads used for parallel combining is min(`druid.query.groupBy.numParallelCombineThreads`, `druid.processing.numThreads`).|1 (disabled)|
|`druid.query.groupBy.applyLimitPushDownToSegment`|If Broker pushes limit down to queryable data server (historicals, peons) then limit results during segment scan. If typically there are a large number of segments taking part in a query on a data server, this setting may counterintuitively reduce performance if enabled.|false (disabled)|
|`mergeThreadLocal`|Whether merge buffers should always be split into thread-local buffers. Setting this to `true` reduces thread contention, but uses memory less efficiently. This tradeoff is beneficial when memory is plentiful. |false|
|`forceLimitPushDown`|When all fields in the orderby are part of the grouping key, the Broker will push limit application down to the Historical processes. When the sorting order uses fields that are not in the grouping key, applying this optimization can result in approximate results with unknown accuracy, so this optimization is disabled by default in that case. Enabling this context flag turns on limit push down for limit/orderbys that contain non-grouping key columns.|false|
|`applyLimitPushDownToSegment`|If Broker pushes limit down to queryable nodes (historicals, peons) then limit results during segment scan. This context value can be used to override `druid.query.groupBy.applyLimitPushDownToSegment`.|true|
|`groupByEnableMultiValueUnnesting`|Safety flag to enable/disable the implicit unnesting on multi value column's as part of the grouping key. 'true' indicates multi-value grouping keys are unnested. 'false' returns an error if a multi value column is found as part of the grouping key.|true|
|`deferExpressionDimensions`|When an entry in `dimensions` references an `expression` virtual column, this property influences whether expression evaluation is deferred from cursor processing to the merge step. Options are:<ul><li>`fixedWidth`: Defer expressions with fixed-width inputs (numeric and dictionary-encoded string).</li><li>`fixedWidthNonNumeric`: Defer expressions with fixed-width inputs (numeric and dictionary-encoded string), unless the expression output and all inputs are numeric.</li><li>`singleString`: Defer string-typed expressions with a single dictionary-encoded string input.</li><li>`always`: Defer all expressions. May require building dictionaries for expression inputs.</li></ul><br/>These properties only take effect when the `groupBy` query can be vectorized. Non-vectorized queries only defer string-typed expressions of single string inputs.|`fixedWidthNonNumeric`|
