Merge pull request #1246 from druid-io/new-paper

A new paper on how to architect an analytics stack

publications/radstack/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.aux
+*.out
+*.bbl
+*.blg

publications/radstack/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+all : radstack.pdf
+
+clean :
+	@rm -f *.aux *.bbl *.blg *.log
+
+%.tex : %.bib
+
+%.pdf : %.tex %.bib
+	lualatex $(*F)
+	bibtex $(*F)
+	lualatex $(*F)
+	lualatex $(*F)

publications/radstack/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Download [MacTeX](http://tug.org/mactex/)
+```bash
+make
+```

publications/radstack/radstack.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,536 @@
+  @article{cattell2011scalable,
+    title={Scalable SQL and NoSQL data stores},
+    author={Cattell, Rick},
+    journal={ACM SIGMOD Record},
+    volume={39},
+    number={4},
+    pages={12--27},
+    year={2011},
+    publisher={ACM}
+  }
+
+  @article{chang2008bigtable,
+    title={Bigtable: A distributed storage system for structured data},
+    author={Chang, Fay and Dean, Jeffrey and Ghemawat, Sanjay and Hsieh, Wilson C and Wallach, Deborah A and Burrows, Mike and Chandra, Tushar and Fikes, Andrew and Gruber, Robert E},
+    journal={ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)},
+    volume={26},
+    number={2},
+    pages={4},
+    year={2008},
+    publisher={ACM}
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{decandia2007dynamo,
+    title={Dynamo: amazon's highly available key-value store},
+    author={DeCandia, Giuseppe and Hastorun, Deniz and Jampani, Madan and Kakulapati, Gunavardhan and Lakshman, Avinash and Pilchin, Alex and Sivasubramanian, Swaminathan and Vosshall, Peter and Vogels, Werner},
+    booktitle={ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review},
+    volume={41},
+    number={6},
+    pages={205--220},
+    year={2007},
+    organization={ACM}
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{abadi2008column,
+    title={Column-Stores vs. Row-Stores: How different are they really?},
+    author={Abadi, Daniel J and Madden, Samuel R and Hachem, Nabil},
+    booktitle={Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data},
+    pages={967--980},
+    year={2008},
+    organization={ACM}
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{bear2012vertica,
+    title={The vertica database: SQL RDBMS for managing big data},
+    author={Bear, Chuck and Lamb, Andrew and Tran, Nga},
+    booktitle={Proceedings of the 2012 workshop on Management of big data systems},
+    pages={37--38},
+    year={2012},
+    organization={ACM}
+  }
+
+  @article{lakshman2010cassandra,
+    title={Cassandra—A decentralized structured storage system},
+    author={Lakshman, Avinash and Malik, Prashant},
+    journal={Operating systems review},
+    volume={44},
+    number={2},
+    pages={35},
+    year={2010}
+  }
+
+  @article{melnik2010dremel,
+    title={Dremel: interactive analysis of web-scale datasets},
+    author={Melnik, Sergey and Gubarev, Andrey and Long, Jing Jing and Romer, Geoffrey and Shivakumar, Shiva and Tolton, Matt and Vassilakis, Theo},
+    journal={Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment},
+    volume={3},
+    number={1-2},
+    pages={330--339},
+    year={2010},
+    publisher={VLDB Endowment}
+  }
+
+  @article{hall2012processing,
+    title={Processing a trillion cells per mouse click},
+    author={Hall, Alexander and Bachmann, Olaf and B{\"u}ssow, Robert and G{\u{a}}nceanu, Silviu and Nunkesser, Marc},
+    journal={Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment},
+    volume={5},
+    number={11},
+    pages={1436--1446},
+    year={2012},
+    publisher={VLDB Endowment}
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{shvachko2010hadoop,
+    title={The hadoop distributed file system},
+    author={Shvachko, Konstantin and Kuang, Hairong and Radia, Sanjay and Chansler, Robert},
+    booktitle={Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST), 2010 IEEE 26th Symposium on},
+    pages={1--10},
+    year={2010},
+    organization={IEEE}
+  }
+
+  @article{colantonio2010concise,
+    title={Concise: Compressed ‘n’Composable Integer Set},
+    author={Colantonio, Alessandro and Di Pietro, Roberto},
+    journal={Information Processing Letters},
+    volume={110},
+    number={16},
+    pages={644--650},
+    year={2010},
+    publisher={Elsevier}
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{stonebraker2005c,
+    title={C-store: a column-oriented DBMS},
+    author={Stonebraker, Mike and Abadi, Daniel J and Batkin, Adam and Chen, Xuedong and Cherniack, Mitch and Ferreira, Miguel and Lau, Edmond and Lin, Amerson and Madden, Sam and O'Neil, Elizabeth and others},
+    booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st international conference on Very large data bases},
+    pages={553--564},
+    year={2005},
+    organization={VLDB Endowment}
+  }
+
+@article{stonebraker1987extendability,
+  title={Extendability in POSTGRES.},
+  author={Stonebraker, Michael and Anton, Jeff and Hirohama, Michael},
+  journal={IEEE Data Eng. Bull.},
+  volume={10},
+  number={2},
+  pages={16--23},
+  year={1987}
+}
+
+@book{george2011hbase,
+  title={HBase: the definitive guide},
+  author={George, Lars},
+  year={2011},
+  publisher={" O'Reilly Media, Inc."}
+}
+
+  @inproceedings{engle2012shark,
+    title={Shark: fast data analysis using coarse-grained distributed memory},
+    author={Engle, Cliff and Lupher, Antonio and Xin, Reynold and Zaharia, Matei and Franklin, Michael J and Shenker, Scott and Stoica, Ion},
+    booktitle={Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Management of Data},
+    pages={689--692},
+    year={2012},
+    organization={ACM}
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{zaharia2012discretized,
+    title={Discretized streams: an efficient and fault-tolerant model for stream processing on large clusters},
+    author={Zaharia, Matei and Das, Tathagata and Li, Haoyuan and Shenker, Scott and Stoica, Ion},
+    booktitle={Proceedings of the 4th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing},
+    pages={10--10},
+    year={2012},
+    organization={USENIX Association}
+  }
+
+  @misc{marz2013storm,
+  author = {Marz, Nathan},
+  title = {Storm: Distributed and Fault-Tolerant Realtime Computation},
+  month = {February},
+  year = {2013},
+  howpublished = "\url{http://storm-project.net/}"
+  }
+
+  @misc{2014samza,
+  title = {Apache Samza},
+  year = {2014},
+  howpublished = "\url{http://samza.apache.org/}"
+  }
+
+  @misc{2013linkedin,
+  title = {Camus},
+  year = {2013},
+  howpublished = "\url{https://github.com/linkedin/camus}"
+  }
+
+
+  @misc{yang2014radstack,
+  title = {Real Time Analytics with Open Source Technologies},
+  year = {2014},
+  howpublished = "\url{https://speakerdeck.com/druidio/real-time-analytics-with-open-source-technologies-1}"
+  }
+
+@inproceedings{yang2014druid,
+  title={Druid: a real-time analytical data store},
+  author={Yang, Fangjin and Tschetter, Eric and L{\'e}aut{\'e}, Xavier and Ray, Nelson and Merlino, Gian and Ganguli, Deep},
+  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data},
+  pages={157--168},
+  year={2014},
+  organization={ACM}
+}
+
+  @misc{2014yahoo,
+  title = {Pushing the limits of Realtime Analytics using Druid},
+  year = {2014},
+  howpublished = "\url{http://www.slideshare.net/ydn/pushing-thelimitsofrealtimeanalyticswithdruidv3}"
+  }
+
+  @misc{tschetter2011druid,
+  author = {Eric Tschetter},
+  title = {Introducing Druid: Real-Time Analytics at a Billion Rows Per Second},
+  month = {April},
+  year = {2011},
+  howpublished = "\url{http://druid.io/blog/2011/04/30/introducing-druid.html}"
+  }
+
+  @article{farber2012sap,
+    title={SAP HANA database: data management for modern business applications},
+    author={F{\"a}rber, Franz and Cha, Sang Kyun and Primsch, J{\"u}rgen and Bornh{\"o}vd, Christof and Sigg, Stefan and Lehner, Wolfgang},
+    journal={ACM Sigmod Record},
+    volume={40},
+    number={4},
+    pages={45--51},
+    year={2012},
+    publisher={ACM}
+  }
+
+  @misc{voltdb2010voltdb,
+    title={VoltDB Technical Overview},
+    author={VoltDB, LLC},
+    year={2010},
+  howpublished = "\url{https://voltdb.com/}"
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{macnicol2004sybase,
+    title={Sybase IQ multiplex-designed for analytics},
+    author={MacNicol, Roger and French, Blaine},
+    booktitle={Proceedings of the Thirtieth international conference on Very large data bases-Volume 30},
+    pages={1227--1230},
+    year={2004},
+    organization={VLDB Endowment}
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{singh2011introduction,
+    title={Introduction to the IBM Netezza warehouse appliance},
+    author={Singh, Malcolm and Leonhardi, Ben},
+    booktitle={Proceedings of the 2011 Conference of the Center for Advanced Studies on Collaborative Research},
+    pages={385--386},
+    year={2011},
+    organization={IBM Corp.}
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{miner2012unified,
+    title={Unified analytics platform for big data},
+    author={Miner, Donald},
+    booktitle={Proceedings of the WICSA/ECSA 2012 Companion Volume},
+    pages={176--176},
+    year={2012},
+    organization={ACM}
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{fink2012distributed,
+    title={Distributed computation on dynamo-style distributed storage: riak pipe},
+    author={Fink, Bryan},
+    booktitle={Proceedings of the eleventh ACM SIGPLAN workshop on Erlang workshop},
+    pages={43--50},
+    year={2012},
+    organization={ACM}
+  }
+
+  @misc{paraccel2013,
+  key = {ParAccel Analytic Database},
+  title = {ParAccel Analytic Database},
+  month = {March},
+  year = {2013},
+  howpublished = "\url{http://www.paraccel.com/resources/Datasheets/ParAccel-Core-Analytic-Database.pdf}"
+  }
+
+  @misc{cloudera2013,
+  key = {Cloudera Impala},
+  title = {Cloudera Impala},
+  month = {March},
+  year = {2013},
+  url = {},
+  howpublished = "\url{http://blog.cloudera.com/blog}"
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{hunt2010zookeeper,
+    title={ZooKeeper: Wait-free coordination for Internet-scale systems},
+    author={Hunt, Patrick and Konar, Mahadev and Junqueira, Flavio P and Reed, Benjamin},
+    booktitle={USENIX ATC},
+    volume={10},
+    year={2010}
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{kreps2011kafka,
+    title={Kafka: A distributed messaging system for log processing},
+    author={Kreps, Jay and Narkhede, Neha and Rao, Jun},
+    booktitle={Proceedings of 6th International Workshop on Networking Meets Databases (NetDB), Athens, Greece},
+    year={2011}
+  }
+
+  @misc{liblzf2013,
+  title = {LibLZF},
+  key = {LibLZF},
+  month = {March},
+  year = {2013},
+  howpublished = "\url{http://freecode.com/projects/liblzf}"
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{tomasic1993performance,
+    title={Performance of inverted indices in shared-nothing distributed text document information retrieval systems},
+    author={Tomasic, Anthony and Garcia-Molina, Hector},
+    booktitle={Parallel and Distributed Information Systems, 1993., Proceedings of the Second International Conference on},
+    pages={8--17},
+    year={1993},
+    organization={IEEE}
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{antoshenkov1995byte,
+    title={Byte-aligned bitmap compression},
+    author={Antoshenkov, Gennady},
+    booktitle={Data Compression Conference, 1995. DCC'95. Proceedings},
+    pages={476},
+    year={1995},
+    organization={IEEE}
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{van2011memory,
+    title={A memory efficient reachability data structure through bit vector compression},
+    author={van Schaik, Sebastiaan J and de Moor, Oege},
+    booktitle={Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Management of data},
+    pages={913--924},
+    year={2011},
+    organization={ACM}
+  }
+
+  @inproceedings{o1993lru,
+    title={The LRU-K page replacement algorithm for database disk buffering},
+    author={O'neil, Elizabeth J and O'neil, Patrick E and Weikum, Gerhard},
+    booktitle={ACM SIGMOD Record},
+    volume={22},
+    number={2},
+    pages={297--306},
+    year={1993},
+    organization={ACM}
+  }
+
+  @article{kim2001lrfu,
+    title={LRFU: A spectrum of policies that subsumes the least recently used and least frequently used policies},
+    author={Kim, Chong Sang},
+    journal={IEEE Transactions on Computers},
+    volume={50},
+    number={12},
+    year={2001}
+  }
+
+  @article{wu2006optimizing,
+    title={Optimizing bitmap indices with efficient compression},
+    author={Wu, Kesheng and Otoo, Ekow J and Shoshani, Arie},
+    journal={ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)},
+    volume={31},
+    number={1},
+    pages={1--38},
+    year={2006},
+    publisher={ACM}
+  }
+
+  @misc{twitter2013,
+  key = {Twitter Public Streams},
+  title = {Twitter Public Streams},
+  month = {March},
+  year = {2013},
+  howpublished = "\url{https://dev.twitter.com/docs/streaming-apis/streams/public}"
+  }
+
+  @article{fitzpatrick2004distributed,
+    title={Distributed caching with memcached},
+    author={Fitzpatrick, Brad},
+    journal={Linux journal},
+    number={124},
+    pages={72--74},
+    year={2004}
+  }
+  @inproceedings{amdahl1967validity,
+    title={Validity of the single processor approach to achieving large scale computing capabilities},
+    author={Amdahl, Gene M},
+    booktitle={Proceedings of the April 18-20, 1967, spring joint computer conference},
+    pages={483--485},
+    year={1967},
+    organization={ACM}
+  }
+  @book{sarawagi1998discovery,
+    title={Discovery-driven exploration of OLAP data cubes},
+    author={Sarawagi, Sunita and Agrawal, Rakesh and Megiddo, Nimrod},
+    year={1998},
+    publisher={Springer}
+  }
+  @article{hu2011stream,
+    title={Stream Database Survey},
+    author={Hu, Bo},
+    year={2011}
+  }
+
+  @article{dean2008mapreduce,
+    title={MapReduce: simplified data processing on large clusters},
+    author={Dean, Jeffrey and Ghemawat, Sanjay},
+    journal={Communications of the ACM},
+    volume={51},
+    number={1},
+    pages={107--113},
+    year={2008},
+    publisher={ACM}
+  }
+
+  @misc{linkedin2013senseidb,
+  author = {LinkedIn},
+  title = {SenseiDB},
+  month = {July},
+  year = {2013},
+  howpublished = "\url{http://www.senseidb.com/}"
+  }
+
+  @misc{apache2013solr,
+  author = {Apache},
+  title = {Apache Solr},
+  month = {February},
+  year = {2013},
+  howpublished = "\url{http://lucene.apache.org/solr/}"
+  }
+
+  @misc{banon2013elasticsearch,
+  author = {Banon, Shay},
+  title = {ElasticSearch},
+  month = {July},
+  year = {2013},
+  howpublished = "\url{http://www.elasticseach.com/}"
+  }
+
+@book{oehler2012ibm,
+  title={IBM Cognos TM1: The Official Guide},
+  author={Oehler, Karsten and Gruenes, Jochen and Ilacqua, Christopher and Perez, Manuel},
+  year={2012},
+  publisher={McGraw-Hill}
+}
+
+@book{schrader2009oracle,
+  title={Oracle Essbase \& Oracle OLAP},
+  author={Schrader, Michael and Vlamis, Dan and Nader, Mike and Claterbos, Chris and Collins, Dave and Campbell, Mitch and Conrad, Floyd},
+  year={2009},
+  publisher={McGraw-Hill, Inc.}
+}
+
+@book{lachev2005applied,
+  title={Applied Microsoft Analysis Services 2005: And Microsoft Business Intelligence Platform},
+  author={Lachev, Teo},
+  year={2005},
+  publisher={Prologika Press}
+}
+
+@article{o1996log,
+  title={The log-structured merge-tree (LSM-tree)},
+  author={O’Neil, Patrick and Cheng, Edward and Gawlick, Dieter and O’Neil, Elizabeth},
+  journal={Acta Informatica},
+  volume={33},
+  number={4},
+  pages={351--385},
+  year={1996},
+  publisher={Springer}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{o1997improved,
+  title={Improved query performance with variant indexes},
+  author={O'Neil, Patrick and Quass, Dallan},
+  booktitle={ACM Sigmod Record},
+  volume={26},
+  number={2},
+  pages={38--49},
+  year={1997},
+  organization={ACM}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{cipar2012lazybase,
+  title={LazyBase: trading freshness for performance in a scalable database},
+  author={Cipar, James and Ganger, Greg and Keeton, Kimberly and Morrey III, Charles B and Soules, Craig AN and Veitch, Alistair},
+  booktitle={Proceedings of the 7th ACM european conference on Computer Systems},
+  pages={169--182},
+  year={2012},
+  organization={ACM}
+}
+
+@article{collet2013lz4,
+  title={LZ4: Extremely fast compression algorithm},
+  author={Collet, Yann},
+  journal={code. google. com},
+  year={2013}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{beyer1999bottom,
+  title={Bottom-up computation of sparse and iceberg cube},
+  author={Beyer, Kevin and Ramakrishnan, Raghu},
+  booktitle={ACM SIGMOD Record},
+  volume={28},
+  number={2},
+  pages={359--370},
+  year={1999},
+  organization={ACM}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{vavilapalli2013apache,
+  title={Apache hadoop yarn: Yet another resource negotiator},
+  author={Vavilapalli, Vinod Kumar and Murthy, Arun C and Douglas, Chris and Agarwal, Sharad and Konar, Mahadev and Evans, Robert and Graves, Thomas and Lowe, Jason and Shah, Hitesh and Seth, Siddharth and others},
+  booktitle={Proceedings of the 4th annual Symposium on Cloud Computing},
+  pages={5},
+  year={2013},
+  organization={ACM}
+}
+
+@article{boykin2014summingbird,
+  title={Summingbird: A Framework for Integrating Batch and Online MapReduce Computations},
+  author={Boykin, Oscar and Ritchie, Sam and O’Connell, Ian and Lin, Jimmy},
+  journal={Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment},
+  volume={7},
+  number={13},
+  year={2014}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{zaharia2012resilient,
+  title={Resilient distributed datasets: A fault-tolerant abstraction for in-memory cluster computing},
+  author={Zaharia, Matei and Chowdhury, Mosharaf and Das, Tathagata and Dave, Ankur and Ma, Justin and McCauley, Murphy and Franklin, Michael J and Shenker, Scott and Stoica, Ion},
+  booktitle={Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation},
+  pages={2--2},
+  year={2012},
+  organization={USENIX Association}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{stonebraker2009requirements,
+  title={Requirements for Science Data Bases and SciDB.},
+  author={Stonebraker, Michael and Becla, Jacek and DeWitt, David J and Lim, Kian-Tat and Maier, David and Ratzesberger, Oliver and Zdonik, Stanley B},
+  booktitle={CIDR},
+  volume={7},
+  pages={173--184},
+  year={2009}
+}
+
+@article{stonebraker2010mapreduce,
+  title={MapReduce and parallel DBMSs: friends or foes?},
+  author={Stonebraker, Michael and Abadi, Daniel and DeWitt, David J and Madden, Sam and Paulson, Erik and Pavlo, Andrew and Rasin, Alexander},
+  journal={Communications of the ACM},
+  volume={53},
+  number={1},
+  pages={64--71},
+  year={2010},
+  publisher={ACM}
+}

publications/radstack/src/druid_plot.R

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+library(ggplot2)
+library(stringr)
+library(plyr)
+
+x <-
+"Dimension	Cardinality	Concise compressed size (bytes)
+Has_mention	2	586,400
+Has_links	2	580,872
+Has_geo	2	144,004
+Is_retweet	2	584,592
+Is_viral	2	358,380
+User_lang	21	1,414,000
+User_time_zone	142	3,876,244
+URL_domain	31,165	1,562,428
+First_hashtag	100,728	1,837,144
+Rt_name	182,704	2,235,288
+Reply_to_name	620,421	5,673,504
+User_location	637,774	9,511,844
+User_mention_name	923,842	9,086,416
+User_name	1,784,369	16,000,028"
+
+foo <- function(x){
+  m <- matrix(unlist(str_split(x, "\t|\n")), ncol = 3, byrow = TRUE)
+  df <- data.frame(m[-1, ], stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
+  names(df) <- m[1, ]
+  df[, 2] <- as.numeric(str_replace_all(df[, 2], ",", ""))
+  df[, 3] <- as.numeric(str_replace_all(df[, 3], ",", ""))
+  df <- transform(df, ytext = `Concise\ compressed\ size\ (bytes)`)
+  names(df) <- c(m[1, ], "ytext")
+  df
+}
+df <- foo(x)
+## df$ytext[12] <- 1.05 * df$ytext[12]
+## df$ytext[13] <- .93 * df$ytext[13]
+## df$ytext[1] <- 1.13 * df$ytext[1]
+## df$ytext[4] <- .87 * df$ytext[4]
+
+## qplot(x = Cardinality, y = `Concise\ compressed\ size\ (bytes)`, data = df, geom = "point") +
+##   geom_text(aes(x = Cardinality * 1.2, y = ytext, label = Dimension), hjust = 0, size = 4) +
+##   scale_x_log10(limits = c(1, 10^8.5)) + 
+##   scale_y_log10() +
+##   geom_hline(aes(yintercept = 9089180)) +
+##   geom_text(aes(x = 1e2, y = 9089180 * 1.1, label = "Integer array size (bytes)"), hjust = 0, size = 4) +
+##   ggtitle("The Relationship of Compressed Size to Cardinality")
+
+  
+y <- 
+"Dimension	Cardinality	Concise compressed size (bytes)
+Has_mention	2	744
+Has_links	2	1,504
+Has_geo	2	2,840
+Is_retweet	2	1,616
+Is_viral	2	1,488
+User_lang	21	38,416
+User_time_zone	142	319,644
+URL_domain	31,165	700,752
+First_hashtag	100,728	1,505,292
+Rt_name	182,704	1,874,180
+Reply_to_name	620,421	5,404,108
+User_location	637,774	9,091,016
+User_mention_name	923,842	8,686,384
+User_name	1,784,369	16,204,900"
+df2 <- foo(y)
+
+df$sorted <- "unsorted"
+df2$sorted <- "sorted"
+dat <- rbind(df, df2)
+
+
+ggplot(data = dat, aes(x = Cardinality, y = `Concise\ compressed\ size\ (bytes)`)) +
+  geom_point(aes(color = sorted, shape = sorted), alpha = .9, size = 4) + 
+  scale_x_log10(limits = c(1, 10^8.5)) + 
+  scale_y_log10() +
+  geom_hline(aes(yintercept = 9089180)) +
+  geom_text(aes(x = 1e1, y = 9089180 * 1.4, label = "Integer array size (bytes)"), hjust = 0, size = 5)
+#ggsave("concise_plot.png", width = 10, height = 8)
+ggsave("../figures/concise_plot.pdf", width = 6, height = 4.5)

publications/radstack/src/druid_tables.R

@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+library(stringr)
+library(xtable)
+library(plyr)
+library(ggplot2)
+
+stringToDF <- function(x, ncol){
+  m <- matrix(unlist(str_split(x, "\t|\n")), ncol = ncol, byrow = TRUE)
+  df <- data.frame(m[-1, ], stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
+  names(df) <- m[1, ]
+  df
+}
+
+##print(xtable(stringToDF(x, 3)), include.rownames = FALSE)
+
+stringToDF2 <- function(x, query){
+  m <- matrix(unlist(str_split(x, "\t|\n")), ncol = 3, byrow = TRUE)
+  df <- data.frame(m[-1, ], stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
+  names(df) <- m[1, ]
+  df[, 2] <- as.numeric(str_replace_all(df[, 2], ",", ""))
+  df[, 3] <- as.numeric(str_replace_all(df[, 3], ",", ""))
+  df2 <- ldply(1:nrow(df), function(i) gsub("^\\s+|\\s+$", "", str_split(df[i, 1], ",")[[1]]))
+  names(df2) <- c("cores", "nodes", "configuration")
+  df2$query <- query
+  cbind(df, df2)
+}
+
+x2 <- "Cluster
+Cluster scan rate (rows/sec)
+Core scan rate
+15-core, 100 nodes, in-memory 
+26,610,386,635
+17,740,258
+15-core, 75 nodes, mmap
+25,224,873,928
+22,422,110
+15-core, 50 nodes, mmap
+20,387,152,160
+27,182,870
+15-core, 25 nodes, mmap
+11,910,388,894
+31,761,037
+4-core, 131 nodes, in-memory
+10,008,730,163
+19,100,630
+4-core, 131 nodes, mmap
+10,129,695,120
+19,331,479
+4-core, 50 nodes, mmap
+6,626,570,688
+33,132,853"
+
+
+x3 <- "Cluster
+Cluster scan rate (rows/sec)
+Core scan rate
+15-core, 100 nodes, in-memory 
+16,223,081,703 
+10,815,388
+15-core, 75 nodes, mmap
+9,860,968,285
+8,765,305
+15-core, 50 nodes, mmap
+8,093,611,909
+10,791,483
+15-core, 25 nodes, mmap
+4,126,502,352
+11,004,006
+4-core, 131 nodes, in-memory
+5,755,274,389
+10,983,348
+4-core, 131 nodes, mmap
+5,032,185,657
+9,603,408
+4-core, 50 nodes, mmap
+1,720,238,609
+8,601,193"
+
+x4 <- "Cluster
+Cluster scan rate (rows/sec)
+Core scan rate
+15-core, 100 nodes, in-memory 
+7,591,604,822
+5,061,070
+15-core, 75 nodes, mmap
+4,319,179,995
+3,839,271
+15-core, 50 nodes, mmap
+3,406,554,102
+4,542,072
+15-core, 25 nodes, mmap
+1,826,451,888
+4,870,538
+4-core, 131 nodes, in-memory
+1,936,648,601
+3,695,894
+4-core, 131 nodes, mmap
+2,210,367,152
+4,218,258
+4-core, 50 nodes, mmap
+1,002,291,562
+5,011,458"
+
+x5 <- "Cluster
+Cluster scan rate (rows/sec)
+Core scan rate
+15-core, 100 nodes, in-memory 
+10,241,183,745
+6,827,456
+15-core, 75 nodes, mmap
+4,891,097,559
+4,347,642
+15-core, 50 nodes, mmap
+3,616,707,511
+4,822,277
+15-core, 25 nodes, mmap
+1,665,053,263
+4,440,142
+4-core, 131 nodes, in-memory
+4,388,159,569
+8,374,350
+4-core, 131 nodes, mmap
+2,444,344,232
+4,664,779
+4-core, 50 nodes, mmap
+1,215,737,558
+6,078,688"
+
+x6 <- "Cluster
+Cluster scan rate (rows/sec)
+Core scan rate
+15-core, 100 nodes, in-memory 
+7,309,984,688
+4,873,323
+15-core, 75 nodes, mmap
+3,333,628,777
+2,963,226
+15-core, 50 nodes, mmap
+2,555,300,237
+3,407,067
+15-core, 25 nodes, mmap
+1,384,674,717
+3,692,466
+4-core, 131 nodes, in-memory
+3,237,907,984
+6,179,214
+4-core, 131 nodes, mmap
+1,740,481,380
+3,321,529
+4-core, 50 nodes, mmap
+863,170,420
+4,315,852"
+
+x7 <- "Cluster
+Cluster scan rate (rows/sec)
+Core scan rate
+15-core, 100 nodes, in-memory 
+4,064,424,274                         
+2,709,616
+15-core,  75 nodes, mmap
+2,014,067,386
+1,790,282
+15-core,  50 nodes, mmap
+1,499,452,617
+1,999,270
+15-core,  25 nodes, mmap
+810,143,518
+2,160,383
+4-core, 131 nodes, in-memory
+1,670,214,695
+3,187,433
+4-core, 131 nodes, mmap
+1,116,635,690
+2,130,984
+4-core, 50 nodes, mmap
+531,389,163
+2,656,946"
+
+dat <- ldply(2:7, function(i){
+  df <- eval(parse(text = paste("x", i, sep = "")))
+  stringToDF2(df, paste("Query", i - 1, sep = " "))
+})
+
+ggplot(data = dat, aes(
+         x = as.numeric(str_extract(nodes, "[0-9]+")),
+         y = `Cluster scan rate (rows/sec)` / 1e9,
+         shape = configuration,
+         color = query,
+         size = factor(cores, levels = c("4-core", "15-core"))
+         )) +
+  scale_size_manual(values = c(3, 6), guide = guide_legend(title = "Cores Per Node")) +
+  scale_color_discrete(guide = guide_legend(title = "Query")) +
+  scale_shape_discrete(guide = guide_legend(title = "Configuration")) + 
+  geom_point() +
+  scale_y_log10(breaks = 2^(-1:5)) +
+  facet_grid(configuration~.) + 
+  xlab("Number of Nodes") +
+  ylab("Cluster Scan Rate (billion rows/sec.)")
+
+dat2 <- subset(dat, cores == "15-core" & configuration == "mmap")
+dat2$x <- as.numeric(str_extract(dat2$nodes, "[0-9]+"))
+baseRate <- list()
+d_ply(subset(dat2, x == 25), .(query), function(df) baseRate[df$query] <<- df$`Cluster scan rate (rows/sec)`)
+dat2 <- ddply(dat2, .(query, x), function(df){
+  df$projected <- df$x / 25 * unlist(baseRate[df$query])
+  df
+})
+
+ggplot(data = dat2, aes(
+         x = as.numeric(str_extract(nodes, "[0-9]+")),
+         y = `Cluster scan rate (rows/sec)` / 1e9,
+         color = query,
+         shape = query
+         )) +
+#    scale_y_log10(breaks = 2^(-1:5)) +
+#  scale_color_discrete(guide = guide_legend(title = "Query")) +
+  geom_point(size = 3) +
+#  geom_path(aes(y = projected)) +
+  geom_line(aes(y = projected / 1e9)) + 
+#  scale_y_log10() +
+  xlab("Number of Nodes") +
+  ylab("Cluster Scan Rate (billion rows/sec.)")
+ggsave("../figures/cluster_scan_rate.pdf", width = 4, height = 3)
+
+
+
+## ggplot(data = dat, aes(
+##          x = as.numeric(str_extract(nodes, "[0-9]+")),
+##          y = `Core scan rate` / 1e6,
+##          shape = configuration,
+##          color = query,
+##          size = factor(cores, levels = c("4-core", "15-core"))
+##          )) +
+##   scale_size_manual(values = c(3, 6), guide = guide_legend(title = "Cores Per Node")) +
+##   scale_color_discrete(guide = guide_legend(title = "Query")) +
+##   scale_shape_discrete(guide = guide_legend(title = "Configuration")) + 
+##   geom_point() +
+##   scale_y_log10(breaks = 2^(-1:5)) +
+##   xlab("Number of Nodes") +
+##   ylab("Core Scan Rate (million rows/sec.)")
+
+ggplot(data = dat2, aes(
+         x = as.numeric(str_extract(nodes, "[0-9]+")),
+         y = `Core scan rate` / 1e6,
+         color = query,
+         shape = query
+         )) +
+
+  geom_point(size = 3) +
+  xlab("Number of Nodes") +
+  ylab("Core Scan Rate (million rows/sec.)")
+ggsave("../figures/core_scan_rate.pdf", width = 4, height = 3)
+
+