HADOOP-13655. document object store use with fs shell and distcp. Contributed by Steve Loughran
This closes #131
This commit is contained in:
Mingliang Liu
parent
83cc7263af
commit
beb70fed4f
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@ -53,10 +53,14 @@ Returns 0 on success and 1 on error.
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cat
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---
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Usage: `hadoop fs -cat URI [URI ...]`
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Usage: `hadoop fs -cat [-ignoreCrc] URI [URI ...]`
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Copies source paths to stdout.
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Options
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* The `-ignoreCrc` option disables checkshum verification.
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Example:
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* `hadoop fs -cat hdfs://nn1.example.com/file1 hdfs://nn2.example.com/file2`
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@ -116,11 +120,16 @@ copyFromLocal
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Usage: `hadoop fs -copyFromLocal <localsrc> URI`
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Similar to put command, except that the source is restricted to a local file reference.
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Similar to the `fs -put` command, except that the source is restricted to a local file reference.
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Options:
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* The -f option will overwrite the destination if it already exists.
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* `-p` : Preserves access and modification times, ownership and the permissions.
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(assuming the permissions can be propagated across filesystems)
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* `-f` : Overwrites the destination if it already exists.
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* `-l` : Allow DataNode to lazily persist the file to disk, Forces a replication
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factor of 1. This flag will result in reduced durability. Use with care.
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* `-d` : Skip creation of temporary file with the suffix `._COPYING_`.
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copyToLocal
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-----------
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@ -300,7 +309,7 @@ Returns 0 on success and -1 on error.
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get
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---
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Usage: `hadoop fs -get [-ignorecrc] [-crc] <src> <localdst> `
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Usage: `hadoop fs -get [-ignorecrc] [-crc] [-p] [-f] <src> <localdst> `
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Copy files to the local file system. Files that fail the CRC check may be copied with the -ignorecrc option. Files and CRCs may be copied using the -crc option.
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@ -315,7 +324,11 @@ Returns 0 on success and -1 on error.
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Options:
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The -f option will overwrite the destination if it already exists.
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* `-p` : Preserves access and modification times, ownership and the permissions.
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(assuming the permissions can be propagated across filesystems)
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* `-f` : Overwrites the destination if it already exists.
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* `-ignorecrc` : Skip CRC checks on the file(s) downloaded.
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* `-crc`: write CRC checksums for the files downloaded.
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getfacl
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-------
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@ -483,13 +496,28 @@ Returns 0 on success and -1 on error.
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put
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---
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Usage: `hadoop fs -put <localsrc> ... <dst> `
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Usage: `hadoop fs -put [-f] [-p] [-l] [-d] [ - | <localsrc1> .. ]. <dst>`
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Copy single src, or multiple srcs from local file system to the destination file system. Also reads input from stdin and writes to destination file system.
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Copy single src, or multiple srcs from local file system to the destination file system.
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Also reads input from stdin and writes to destination file system if the source is set to "-"
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Copying fails if the file already exists, unless the -f flag is given.
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Options:
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* `-p` : Preserves access and modification times, ownership and the permissions.
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(assuming the permissions can be propagated across filesystems)
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* `-f` : Overwrites the destination if it already exists.
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* `-l` : Allow DataNode to lazily persist the file to disk, Forces a replication
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factor of 1. This flag will result in reduced durability. Use with care.
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* `-d` : Skip creation of temporary file with the suffix `._COPYING_`.
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Examples:
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* `hadoop fs -put localfile /user/hadoop/hadoopfile`
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* `hadoop fs -put localfile1 localfile2 /user/hadoop/hadoopdir`
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* `hadoop fs -put localfile hdfs://nn.example.com/hadoop/hadoopfile`
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* `hadoop fs -put -f localfile1 localfile2 /user/hadoop/hadoopdir`
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* `hadoop fs -put -d localfile hdfs://nn.example.com/hadoop/hadoopfile`
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* `hadoop fs -put - hdfs://nn.example.com/hadoop/hadoopfile` Reads the input from stdin.
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Exit Code:
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@ -696,7 +724,7 @@ touchz
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Usage: `hadoop fs -touchz URI [URI ...]`
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Create a file of zero length.
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Create a file of zero length. An error is returned if the file exists with non-zero length.
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Example:
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@ -729,3 +757,279 @@ usage
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Usage: `hadoop fs -usage command`
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Return the help for an individual command.
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<a name="ObjectStores" />Working with Object Storage
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====================================================
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The Hadoop FileSystem shell works with Object Stores such as Amazon S3,
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Azure WASB and OpenStack Swift.
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```bash
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# Create a directory
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hadoop fs -mkdir s3a://bucket/datasets/
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# Upload a file from the cluster filesystem
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hadoop fs -put /datasets/example.orc s3a://bucket/datasets/
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# touch a file
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hadoop fs -touchz wasb://yourcontainer@youraccount.blob.core.windows.net/touched
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```
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Unlike a normal filesystem, renaming files and directories in an object store
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usually takes time proportional to the size of the objects being manipulated.
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As many of the filesystem shell operations
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use renaming as the final stage in operations, skipping that stage
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can avoid long delays.
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In particular, the `put` and `copyFromLocal` commands should
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both have the `-d` options set for a direct upload.
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```bash
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# Upload a file from the cluster filesystem
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hadoop fs -put -d /datasets/example.orc s3a://bucket/datasets/
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# Upload a file from under the user's home directory in the local filesystem.
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# Note it is the shell expanding the "~", not the hadoop fs command
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hadoop fs -copyFromLocal -d -f ~/datasets/devices.orc s3a://bucket/datasets/
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# create a file from stdin
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# the special "-" source means "use stdin"
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echo "hello" | hadoop fs -put -d -f - wasb://yourcontainer@youraccount.blob.core.windows.net/hello.txt
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```
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Objects can be downloaded and viewed:
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```bash
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# copy a directory to the local filesystem
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hadoop fs -copyToLocal s3a://bucket/datasets/
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# copy a file from the object store to the cluster filesystem.
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hadoop fs -get wasb://yourcontainer@youraccount.blob.core.windows.net/hello.txt /examples
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# print the object
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hadoop fs -cat wasb://yourcontainer@youraccount.blob.core.windows.net/hello.txt
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# print the object, unzipping it if necessary
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hadoop fs -text wasb://yourcontainer@youraccount.blob.core.windows.net/hello.txt
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## download log files into a local file
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hadoop fs -getmerge wasb://yourcontainer@youraccount.blob.core.windows.net/logs\* log.txt
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```
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Commands which list many files tend to be significantly slower than when
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working with HDFS or other filesystems
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```bash
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hadoop fs -count s3a://bucket/
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hadoop fs -du s3a://bucket/
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```
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Other slow commands include `find`, `mv`, `cp` and `rm`.
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**Find**
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This can be very slow on a large store with many directories under the path
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supplied.
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```bash
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# enumerate all files in the object store's container.
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hadoop fs -find s3a://bucket/ -print
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# remember to escape the wildcards to stop the shell trying to expand them first
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hadoop fs -find s3a://bucket/datasets/ -name \*.txt -print
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```
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**Rename**
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The time to rename a file depends on its size.
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The time to rename a directory depends on the number and size of all files
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beneath that directory.
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```bash
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hadoop fs -mv s3a://bucket/datasets s3a://bucket/historical
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```
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If the operation is interrupted, the object store will be in an undefined
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state.
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**Copy**
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```bash
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hadoop fs -cp s3a://bucket/datasets s3a://bucket/historical
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```
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The copy operation reads each file and then writes it back to the object store;
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the time to complete depends on the amount of data to copy, and the bandwidth
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in both directions between the local computer and the object store.
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**The further the computer is from the object store, the longer the copy takes**
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Deleting objects
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----------------
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The `rm` command will delete objects and directories full of objects.
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If the object store is *eventually consistent*, `fs ls` commands
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and other accessors may briefly return the details of the now-deleted objects; this
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is an artifact of object stores which cannot be avoided.
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If the filesystem client is configured to copy files to a trash directory,
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this will be in the bucket; the `rm` operation will then take time proportional
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to the size of the data. Furthermore, the deleted files will continue to incur
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storage costs.
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To avoid this, use the the `-skipTrash` option.
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```bash
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hadoop fs -rm -skipTrash s3a://bucket/dataset
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```
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Data moved to the `.Trash` directory can be purged using the `expunge` command.
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As this command only works with the default filesystem, it must be configured to
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make the default filesystem the target object store.
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```bash
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hadoop fs -expunge -D fs.defaultFS=s3a://bucket/
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```
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Overwriting Objects
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----------------
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If an object store is *eventually consistent*, then any operation which
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overwrites existing objects may not be immediately visible to all clients/queries.
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That is: later operations which query the same object's status or contents
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may get the previous object. This can sometimes surface within the same client,
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while reading a single object.
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Avoid having a sequence of commands which overwrite objects and then immediately
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work on the updated data; there is a risk that the previous data will be used
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instead.
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Timestamps
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----------
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Timestamps of objects and directories in Object Stores
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may not follow the behavior of files and directories in HDFS.
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1. The creation and initial modification times of an object will be the
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time it was created on the object store; this will be at the end of the write process,
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not the beginning.
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1. The timestamp will be taken from the object store infrastructure's clock, not that of
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the client.
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1. If an object is overwritten, the modification time will be updated.
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1. Directories may or may not have valid timestamps. They are unlikely
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to have their modification times updated when an object underneath is updated.
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1. The `atime` access time feature is not supported by any of the object stores
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found in the Apache Hadoop codebase.
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Consult the `DistCp` documentation for details on how this may affect the
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`distcp -update` operation.
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Security model and operations
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-----------------------------
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The security and permissions models of object stores are usually very different
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from those of a Unix-style filesystem; operations which query or manipulate
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permissions are generally unsupported.
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Operations to which this applies include: `chgrp`, `chmod`, `chown`,
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`getfacl`, and `setfacl`. The related attribute commands `getfattr` and`setfattr`
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are also usually unavailable.
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* Filesystem commands which list permission and user/group details, usually
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simulate these details.
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* Operations which try to preserve permissions (example `fs -put -p`)
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do not preserve permissions for this reason. (Special case: `wasb://`, which preserves
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permissions but does not enforce them).
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When interacting with read-only object stores, the permissions found in "list"
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and "stat" commands may indicate that the user has write access, when in fact they do not.
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Object stores usually have permissions models of their own,
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models can be manipulated through store-specific tooling.
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Be aware that some of the permissions which an object store may provide
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(such as write-only paths, or different permissions on the root path) may
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be incompatible with the Hadoop filesystem clients. These tend to require full
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read and write access to the entire object store bucket/container into which they write data.
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As an example of how permissions are mocked, here is a listing of Amazon's public,
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read-only bucket of Landsat images:
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```bash
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$ hadoop fs -ls s3a://landsat-pds/
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Found 10 items
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drwxrwxrwx - mapred 0 2016-09-26 12:16 s3a://landsat-pds/L8
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-rw-rw-rw- 1 mapred 23764 2015-01-28 18:13 s3a://landsat-pds/index.html
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drwxrwxrwx - mapred 0 2016-09-26 12:16 s3a://landsat-pds/landsat-pds_stats
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-rw-rw-rw- 1 mapred 105 2016-08-19 18:12 s3a://landsat-pds/robots.txt
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-rw-rw-rw- 1 mapred 38 2016-09-26 12:16 s3a://landsat-pds/run_info.json
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drwxrwxrwx - mapred 0 2016-09-26 12:16 s3a://landsat-pds/runs
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-rw-rw-rw- 1 mapred 27458808 2016-09-26 12:16 s3a://landsat-pds/scene_list.gz
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drwxrwxrwx - mapred 0 2016-09-26 12:16 s3a://landsat-pds/tarq
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drwxrwxrwx - mapred 0 2016-09-26 12:16 s3a://landsat-pds/tarq_corrupt
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drwxrwxrwx - mapred 0 2016-09-26 12:16 s3a://landsat-pds/test
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```
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1. All files are listed as having full read/write permissions.
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1. All directories appear to have full `rwx` permissions.
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1. The replication count of all files is "1".
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1. The owner of all files and directories is declared to be the current user (`mapred`).
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1. The timestamp of all directories is actually that of the time the `-ls` operation
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was executed. This is because these directories are not actual objects in the store;
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they are simulated directories based on the existence of objects under their paths.
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When an attempt is made to delete one of the files, the operation fails —despite
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the permissions shown by the `ls` command:
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```bash
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$ hadoop fs -rm s3a://landsat-pds/scene_list.gz
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rm: s3a://landsat-pds/scene_list.gz: delete on s3a://landsat-pds/scene_list.gz:
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com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.AmazonS3Exception: Access Denied (Service: Amazon S3;
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Status Code: 403; Error Code: AccessDenied; Request ID: 1EF98D5957BCAB3D),
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S3 Extended Request ID: wi3veOXFuFqWBUCJgV3Z+NQVj9gWgZVdXlPU4KBbYMsw/gA+hyhRXcaQ+PogOsDgHh31HlTCebQ=
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```
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This demonstrates that the listed permissions cannot
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be taken as evidence of write access; only object manipulation can determine
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this.
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Note that the Microsoft Azure WASB filesystem does allow permissions to be set and checked,
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however the permissions are not actually enforced. This feature offers
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the ability for a HDFS directory tree to be backed up with DistCp, with
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its permissions preserved, permissions which may be restored when copying
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the directory back into HDFS. For securing access to the data in the object
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store, however, Azure's [own model and tools must be used](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/storage-security-guide/).
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Commands of limited value
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---------------------------
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Here is the list of shell commands which generally have no effect —and may
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actually fail.
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| command | limitations |
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|-----------|-------------|
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| `appendToFile` | generally unsupported |
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| `checksum` | the usual checksum is "NONE" |
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| `chgrp` | generally unsupported permissions model; no-op |
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| `chmod` | generally unsupported permissions model; no-op|
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| `chown` | generally unsupported permissions model; no-op |
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| `createSnapshot` | generally unsupported |
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| `deleteSnapshot` | generally unsupported |
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| `df` | default values are normally displayed |
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| `getfacl` | may or may not be supported |
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| `getfattr` | generally supported |
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| `renameSnapshot` | generally unsupported |
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| `setfacl` | generally unsupported permissions model |
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| `setfattr` | generally unsupported permissions model |
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| `setrep`| has no effect |
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| `truncate` | generally unsupported |
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Different object store clients *may* support these commands: do consult the
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documentation and test against the target store.
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@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ are places where HDFS diverges from the expected behaviour of a POSIX
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filesystem.
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The behaviour of other Hadoop filesystems are not as rigorously tested.
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The bundled S3 FileSystem makes Amazon's S3 Object Store ("blobstore")
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The bundled S3N and S3A FileSystem clients make Amazon's S3 Object Store ("blobstore")
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accessible through the FileSystem API. The Swift FileSystem driver provides similar
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functionality for the OpenStack Swift blobstore. The Azure object storage
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FileSystem in branch-1-win talks to Microsoft's Azure equivalent. All of these
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FileSystem talks to Microsoft's Azure equivalent. All of these
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bind to object stores, which do have different behaviors, especially regarding
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consistency guarantees, and atomicity of operations.
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|
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@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ $H3 Basic Usage
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This will expand the namespace under `/foo/bar` on nn1 into a temporary file,
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partition its contents among a set of map tasks, and start a copy on each
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NodeManager from nn1 to nn2.
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NodeManager from `nn1` to `nn2`.
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One can also specify multiple source directories on the command line:
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@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ $H3 Basic Usage
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It's also worth noting that if another client is still writing to a source
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file, the copy will likely fail. Attempting to overwrite a file being written
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at the destination should also fail on HDFS. If a source file is (re)moved
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before it is copied, the copy will fail with a FileNotFoundException.
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before it is copied, the copy will fail with a `FileNotFoundException`.
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Please refer to the detailed Command Line Reference for information on all
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the options available in DistCp.
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@ -196,20 +196,20 @@ $H3 raw Namespace Extended Attribute Preservation
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This section only applies to HDFS.
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If the target and all of the source pathnames are in the /.reserved/raw
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If the target and all of the source pathnames are in the `/.reserved/raw`
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hierarchy, then 'raw' namespace extended attributes will be preserved.
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'raw' xattrs are used by the system for internal functions such as encryption
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meta data. They are only visible to users when accessed through the
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/.reserved/raw hierarchy.
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`/.reserved/raw` hierarchy.
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raw xattrs are preserved based solely on whether /.reserved/raw prefixes are
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supplied. The -p (preserve, see below) flag does not impact preservation of
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raw xattrs.
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To prevent raw xattrs from being preserved, simply do not use the
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/.reserved/raw prefix on any of the source and target paths.
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`/.reserved/raw` prefix on any of the source and target paths.
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If the /.reserved/raw prefix is specified on only a subset of the source and
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If the `/.reserved/raw `prefix is specified on only a subset of the source and
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target paths, an error will be displayed and a non-0 exit code returned.
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Command Line Options
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@ -288,27 +288,27 @@ $H3 Copy-listing Generator
|
|||
that need copy into a SequenceFile, for consumption by the DistCp Hadoop
|
||||
Job. The main classes in this module include:
|
||||
|
||||
1. CopyListing: The interface that should be implemented by any
|
||||
1. `CopyListing`: The interface that should be implemented by any
|
||||
copy-listing-generator implementation. Also provides the factory method by
|
||||
which the concrete CopyListing implementation is chosen.
|
||||
2. SimpleCopyListing: An implementation of CopyListing that accepts multiple
|
||||
2. `SimpleCopyListing`: An implementation of `CopyListing` that accepts multiple
|
||||
source paths (files/directories), and recursively lists all the individual
|
||||
files and directories under each, for copy.
|
||||
3. GlobbedCopyListing: Another implementation of CopyListing that expands
|
||||
3. `GlobbedCopyListing`: Another implementation of `CopyListing` that expands
|
||||
wild-cards in the source paths.
|
||||
4. FileBasedCopyListing: An implementation of CopyListing that reads the
|
||||
4. `FileBasedCopyListing`: An implementation of `CopyListing` that reads the
|
||||
source-path list from a specified file.
|
||||
|
||||
Based on whether a source-file-list is specified in the DistCpOptions, the
|
||||
source-listing is generated in one of the following ways:
|
||||
|
||||
1. If there's no source-file-list, the GlobbedCopyListing is used. All
|
||||
1. If there's no source-file-list, the `GlobbedCopyListing` is used. All
|
||||
wild-cards are expanded, and all the expansions are forwarded to the
|
||||
SimpleCopyListing, which in turn constructs the listing (via recursive
|
||||
descent of each path).
|
||||
2. If a source-file-list is specified, the FileBasedCopyListing is used.
|
||||
2. If a source-file-list is specified, the `FileBasedCopyListing` is used.
|
||||
Source-paths are read from the specified file, and then forwarded to the
|
||||
GlobbedCopyListing. The listing is then constructed as described above.
|
||||
`GlobbedCopyListing`. The listing is then constructed as described above.
|
||||
|
||||
One may customize the method by which the copy-listing is constructed by
|
||||
providing a custom implementation of the CopyListing interface. The behaviour
|
||||
|
|
@ -343,13 +343,13 @@ $H3 InputFormats and MapReduce Components
|
|||
implementation keeps the setup-time low.
|
||||
|
||||
* **DynamicInputFormat and DynamicRecordReader:**
|
||||
The DynamicInputFormat implements org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputFormat,
|
||||
The DynamicInputFormat implements `org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputFormat`,
|
||||
and is new to DistCp. The listing-file is split into several "chunk-files",
|
||||
the exact number of chunk-files being a multiple of the number of maps
|
||||
requested for in the Hadoop Job. Each map task is "assigned" one of the
|
||||
chunk-files (by renaming the chunk to the task's id), before the Job is
|
||||
launched.
|
||||
Paths are read from each chunk using the DynamicRecordReader, and
|
||||
Paths are read from each chunk using the `DynamicRecordReader`, and
|
||||
processed in the CopyMapper. After all the paths in a chunk are processed,
|
||||
the current chunk is deleted and a new chunk is acquired. The process
|
||||
continues until no more chunks are available.
|
||||
|
|
@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ $H3 Map sizing
|
|||
slower nodes. While this distribution isn't uniform, it is fair with regard
|
||||
to each mapper's capacity.
|
||||
|
||||
The dynamic-strategy is implemented by the DynamicInputFormat. It provides
|
||||
The dynamic-strategy is implemented by the `DynamicInputFormat`. It provides
|
||||
superior performance under most conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
Tuning the number of maps to the size of the source and destination clusters,
|
||||
|
|
@ -432,6 +432,105 @@ $H3 MapReduce and other side-effects
|
|||
* If `mapreduce.map.speculative` is set set final and true, the result of the
|
||||
copy is undefined.
|
||||
|
||||
$H3 DistCp and Object Stores
|
||||
|
||||
DistCp works with Object Stores such as Amazon S3, Azure WASB and OpenStack Swift.
|
||||
|
||||
Prequisites
|
||||
|
||||
1. The JAR containing the object store implementation is on the classpath,
|
||||
along with all of its dependencies.
|
||||
1. Unless the JAR automatically registers its bundled filesystem clients,
|
||||
the configuration may need to be modified to state the class which
|
||||
implements the filesystem schema. All of the ASF's own object store clients
|
||||
are self-registering.
|
||||
1. The relevant object store access credentials must be available in the cluster
|
||||
configuration, or be otherwise available in all cluster hosts.
|
||||
|
||||
DistCp can be used to upload data
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
hadoop distcp hdfs://nn1:8020/datasets/set1 s3a://bucket/datasets/set1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To download data
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
hadoop distcp s3a://bucket/generated/results hdfs://nn1:8020/results
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To copy data between object stores
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
hadoop distcp s3a://bucket/generated/results \
|
||||
wasb://updates@example.blob.core.windows.net
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And do copy data within an object store
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
hadoop distcp wasb://updates@example.blob.core.windows.net/current \
|
||||
wasb://updates@example.blob.core.windows.net/old
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And to use `-update` to only copy changed files.
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
hadoop distcp -update -numListstatusThreads 20 \
|
||||
swift://history.cluster1/2016 \
|
||||
hdfs://nn1:8020/history/2016
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Because object stores are slow to list files, consider setting the `-numListstatusThreads` option when performing a `-update` operation
|
||||
on a large directory tree (the limit is 40 threads).
|
||||
|
||||
When `DistCp -update` is used with object stores,
|
||||
generally only the modification time and length of the individual files are compared,
|
||||
not any checksums. The fact that most object stores do have valid timestamps
|
||||
for directories is irrelevant; only the file timestamps are compared.
|
||||
However, it is important to have the clock of the client computers close
|
||||
to that of the infrastructure, so that timestamps are consistent between
|
||||
the client/HDFS cluster and that of the object store. Otherwise, changed files may be
|
||||
missed/copied too often.
|
||||
|
||||
**Notes**
|
||||
|
||||
* The `-atomic` option causes a rename of the temporary data, so significantly
|
||||
increases the time to commit work at the end of the operation. Furthermore,
|
||||
as Object Stores other than (optionally) `wasb://` do not offer atomic renames of directories
|
||||
the `-atomic` operation doesn't actually deliver what is promised. *Avoid*.
|
||||
|
||||
* The `-append` option is not supported.
|
||||
|
||||
* The `-diff` and `rdiff` options are not supported
|
||||
|
||||
* CRC checking will not be performed, irrespective of the value of the `-skipCrc`
|
||||
flag.
|
||||
|
||||
* All `-p` options, including those to preserve permissions, user and group information, attributes
|
||||
checksums and replication are generally ignored. The `wasb://` connector will
|
||||
preserve the information, but not enforce the permissions.
|
||||
|
||||
* Some object store connectors offer an option for in-memory buffering of
|
||||
output —for example the S3A connector. Using such option while copying
|
||||
large files may trigger some form of out of memory event,
|
||||
be it a heap overflow or a YARN container termination.
|
||||
This is particularly common if the network bandwidth
|
||||
between the cluster and the object store is limited (such as when working
|
||||
with remote object stores). It is best to disable/avoid such options and
|
||||
rely on disk buffering.
|
||||
|
||||
* Copy operations within a single object store still take place in the Hadoop cluster
|
||||
—even when the object store implements a more efficient COPY operation internally
|
||||
|
||||
That is, an operation such as
|
||||
|
||||
hadoop distcp s3a://bucket/datasets/set1 s3a://bucket/datasets/set2
|
||||
|
||||
Copies each byte down to the Hadoop worker nodes and back to the
|
||||
bucket. As well as being slow, it means that charges may be incurred.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Frequently Asked Questions
|
||||
--------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue