Use `ReadAdvice#RANDOM` when appropriate. (#13222)

This switches the following files to `ReadAdvice.RANDOM`:
 - Stored fields data file.
 - Term vectors data file.
 - HNSW graph.
 - Temporary file storing vectors at merge time that we use to construct the
   merged HNSW graph.
 - Vector data files, including quantized data files.

I hesitated using `ReadAdvice.RANDOM` on terms, since they have a random access
pattern when running term queries, but a more sequential access pattern when
running multi-term queries. I erred on the conservative side and did not switch
them to `ReadAdvice.RANDOM` for now.

For simplicity, I'm only touching the current codec, not previous codecs. There
are also some known issues:
 - These files will keep using a `RANDOM` `ReadAdvice` at merge time. We need
   some way for merge instances to get an updated `IOContext`? We have the same
   problem with `IOContext#LOAD` today.
 - With quantized vectors, raw vectors don't have random access pattern, but it
   was challenging to give raw vectors a sequential access pattern when there
   are quantized vectors and a random access pattern otherwise. So they assume a
   random access pattern all the time.

lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene90/compressing/Lucene90CompressingStoredFieldsReader.java

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ import org.apache.lucene.store.DataInput;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.Directory;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.IOContext;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexInput;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.ReadAdvice;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.ArrayUtil;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.BitUtil;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRef;
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ public final class Lucene90CompressingStoredFieldsReader extends StoredFieldsRea
     ChecksumIndexInput metaIn = null;
     try {
       // Open the data file
-      fieldsStream = d.openInput(fieldsStreamFN, context);
+      fieldsStream = d.openInput(fieldsStreamFN, context.withReadAdvice(ReadAdvice.RANDOM));
       version =
           CodecUtil.checkIndexHeader(
               fieldsStream, formatName, VERSION_START, VERSION_CURRENT, si.getId(), segmentSuffix);

lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene90/compressing/Lucene90CompressingTermVectorsReader.java

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ import org.apache.lucene.store.Directory;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.IOContext;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexInput;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.RandomAccessInput;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.ReadAdvice;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.ArrayUtil;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRef;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.IOUtils;
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ public final class Lucene90CompressingTermVectorsReader extends TermVectorsReade
       // Open the data file
       final String vectorsStreamFN =
           IndexFileNames.segmentFileName(segment, segmentSuffix, VECTORS_EXTENSION);
-      vectorsStream = d.openInput(vectorsStreamFN, context);
+      vectorsStream = d.openInput(vectorsStreamFN, context.withReadAdvice(ReadAdvice.RANDOM));
       version =
           CodecUtil.checkIndexHeader(
               vectorsStream, formatName, VERSION_START, VERSION_CURRENT, si.getId(), segmentSuffix);

lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene99/Lucene99FlatVectorsReader.java

@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ import org.apache.lucene.index.SegmentReadState;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.VectorEncoding;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.VectorSimilarityFunction;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.ChecksumIndexInput;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.IOContext;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexInput;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.ReadAdvice;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.Accountable;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.IOUtils;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.RamUsageEstimator;
@@ -66,7 +68,10 @@ public final class Lucene99FlatVectorsReader extends FlatVectorsReader {
               state,
               versionMeta,
               Lucene99FlatVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_EXTENSION,
-              Lucene99FlatVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_CODEC_NAME);
+              Lucene99FlatVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_CODEC_NAME,
+              // Flat formats are used to randomly access vectors from their node ID that is stored
+              // in the HNSW graph.
+              state.context.withReadAdvice(ReadAdvice.RANDOM));
       success = true;
     } finally {
       if (success == false) {
@@ -102,11 +107,15 @@ public final class Lucene99FlatVectorsReader extends FlatVectorsReader {
   }
 
   private static IndexInput openDataInput(
-      SegmentReadState state, int versionMeta, String fileExtension, String codecName)
+      SegmentReadState state,
+      int versionMeta,
+      String fileExtension,
+      String codecName,
+      IOContext context)
       throws IOException {
     String fileName =
         IndexFileNames.segmentFileName(state.segmentInfo.name, state.segmentSuffix, fileExtension);
-    IndexInput in = state.directory.openInput(fileName, state.context);
+    IndexInput in = state.directory.openInput(fileName, context);
     boolean success = false;
     try {
       int versionVectorData =

lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene99/Lucene99FlatVectorsWriter.java

@@ -44,8 +44,10 @@ import org.apache.lucene.index.SegmentWriteState;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.Sorter;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.VectorEncoding;
 import org.apache.lucene.search.DocIdSetIterator;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.IOContext;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexInput;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexOutput;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.ReadAdvice;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.ArrayUtil;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.IOUtils;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.RamUsageEstimator;
@@ -283,10 +285,13 @@ public final class Lucene99FlatVectorsWriter extends FlatVectorsWriter {
       CodecUtil.writeFooter(tempVectorData);
       IOUtils.close(tempVectorData);
 
-      // copy the temporary file vectors to the actual data file
+      // This temp file will be accessed in a random-access fashion to construct the HNSW graph.
+      // Note: don't use the context from the state, which is a flush/merge context, not expecting
+      // to perform random reads.
       vectorDataInput =
           segmentWriteState.directory.openInput(
-              tempVectorData.getName(), segmentWriteState.context);
+              tempVectorData.getName(), IOContext.DEFAULT.withReadAdvice(ReadAdvice.RANDOM));
+      // copy the temporary file vectors to the actual data file
       vectorData.copyBytes(vectorDataInput, vectorDataInput.length() - CodecUtil.footerLength());
       CodecUtil.retrieveChecksum(vectorDataInput);
       long vectorDataLength = vectorData.getFilePointer() - vectorDataOffset;

lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene99/Lucene99HnswVectorsReader.java

@@ -40,8 +40,10 @@ import org.apache.lucene.index.VectorSimilarityFunction;
 import org.apache.lucene.search.KnnCollector;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.ChecksumIndexInput;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.DataInput;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.IOContext;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexInput;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.RandomAccessInput;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.ReadAdvice;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.Accountable;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.Bits;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.IOUtils;
@@ -102,7 +104,8 @@ public final class Lucene99HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader
               state,
               versionMeta,
               Lucene99HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_INDEX_EXTENSION,
-              Lucene99HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_INDEX_CODEC_NAME);
+              Lucene99HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_INDEX_CODEC_NAME,
+              state.context.withReadAdvice(ReadAdvice.RANDOM));
       success = true;
     } finally {
       if (success == false) {
@@ -112,11 +115,15 @@ public final class Lucene99HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader
   }
 
   private static IndexInput openDataInput(
-      SegmentReadState state, int versionMeta, String fileExtension, String codecName)
+      SegmentReadState state,
+      int versionMeta,
+      String fileExtension,
+      String codecName,
+      IOContext context)
       throws IOException {
     String fileName =
         IndexFileNames.segmentFileName(state.segmentInfo.name, state.segmentSuffix, fileExtension);
-    IndexInput in = state.directory.openInput(fileName, state.context);
+    IndexInput in = state.directory.openInput(fileName, context);
     boolean success = false;
     try {
       int versionVectorData =

lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene99/Lucene99ScalarQuantizedVectorsReader.java

@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ import org.apache.lucene.index.SegmentReadState;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.VectorEncoding;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.VectorSimilarityFunction;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.ChecksumIndexInput;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.IOContext;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexInput;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.ReadAdvice;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.Accountable;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.IOUtils;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.RamUsageEstimator;
@@ -93,7 +95,10 @@ public final class Lucene99ScalarQuantizedVectorsReader extends FlatVectorsReade
               state,
               versionMeta,
               Lucene99ScalarQuantizedVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_EXTENSION,
-              Lucene99ScalarQuantizedVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_CODEC_NAME);
+              Lucene99ScalarQuantizedVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_CODEC_NAME,
+              // Quantized vectors are accessed randomly from their node ID stored in the HNSW
+              // graph.
+              state.context.withReadAdvice(ReadAdvice.RANDOM));
       success = true;
     } finally {
       if (success == false) {
@@ -166,11 +171,15 @@ public final class Lucene99ScalarQuantizedVectorsReader extends FlatVectorsReade
   }
 
   private static IndexInput openDataInput(
-      SegmentReadState state, int versionMeta, String fileExtension, String codecName)
+      SegmentReadState state,
+      int versionMeta,
+      String fileExtension,
+      String codecName,
+      IOContext context)
       throws IOException {
     String fileName =
         IndexFileNames.segmentFileName(state.segmentInfo.name, state.segmentSuffix, fileExtension);
-    IndexInput in = state.directory.openInput(fileName, state.context);
+    IndexInput in = state.directory.openInput(fileName, context);
     boolean success = false;
     try {
       int versionVectorData =