diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/search/ConjunctionDISI.java b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/search/ConjunctionDISI.java
index 780e854033a..30bdabbfd44 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/search/ConjunctionDISI.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/search/ConjunctionDISI.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import org.apache.lucene.util.BitSetIterator;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.CollectionUtil;
 
 /** A conjunction of DocIdSetIterators.
+ * Requires that all of its sub-iterators must be on the same document all the time.
  * This iterates over the doc ids that are present in each given DocIdSetIterator.
  * <br>Public only for use in {@link org.apache.lucene.search.spans}.
  * @lucene.internal
@@ -140,6 +141,15 @@ public final class ConjunctionDISI extends DocIdSetIterator {
   private static DocIdSetIterator createConjunction(
       List<DocIdSetIterator> allIterators,
       List<TwoPhaseIterator> twoPhaseIterators) {
+
+    // check that all sub-iterators are on the same doc ID
+    int curDoc = allIterators.size() > 0 ? allIterators.get(0).docID() : twoPhaseIterators.get(0).approximation.docID();
+    boolean iteratorsOnTheSameDoc = allIterators.stream().allMatch(it -> it.docID() == curDoc);
+    iteratorsOnTheSameDoc = iteratorsOnTheSameDoc && twoPhaseIterators.stream().allMatch(it -> it.approximation().docID() == curDoc);
+    if (iteratorsOnTheSameDoc == false) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Sub-iterators of ConjunctionDISI are not on the same document!");
+    }
+
     long minCost = allIterators.stream().mapToLong(DocIdSetIterator::cost).min().getAsLong();
     List<BitSetIterator> bitSetIterators = new ArrayList<>();
     List<DocIdSetIterator> iterators = new ArrayList<>();
@@ -177,6 +187,7 @@ public final class ConjunctionDISI extends DocIdSetIterator {
 
   private ConjunctionDISI(List<? extends DocIdSetIterator> iterators) {
     assert iterators.size() >= 2;
+
     // Sort the array the first time to allow the least frequent DocsEnum to
     // lead the matching.
     CollectionUtil.timSort(iterators, new Comparator<DocIdSetIterator>() {
@@ -227,6 +238,7 @@ public final class ConjunctionDISI extends DocIdSetIterator {
 
   @Override
   public int advance(int target) throws IOException {
+    assert assertItersOnSameDoc() : "Sub-iterators of ConjunctionDISI are not one the same document!";
     return doNext(lead1.advance(target));
   }
 
@@ -237,6 +249,7 @@ public final class ConjunctionDISI extends DocIdSetIterator {
 
   @Override
   public int nextDoc() throws IOException {
+    assert assertItersOnSameDoc() : "Sub-iterators of ConjunctionDISI are not on the same document!";
     return doNext(lead1.nextDoc());
   }
 
@@ -245,6 +258,16 @@ public final class ConjunctionDISI extends DocIdSetIterator {
     return lead1.cost(); // overestimate
   }
 
+  // Returns {@code true} if all sub-iterators are on the same doc ID, {@code false} otherwise
+  private boolean assertItersOnSameDoc() {
+    int curDoc = lead1.docID();
+    boolean iteratorsOnTheSameDoc = (lead2.docID() == curDoc);
+    for (int i = 0; (i < others.length && iteratorsOnTheSameDoc); i++) {
+      iteratorsOnTheSameDoc = iteratorsOnTheSameDoc && (others[i].docID() == curDoc);
+    }
+    return iteratorsOnTheSameDoc;
+  }
+
   /** Conjunction between a {@link DocIdSetIterator} and one or more {@link BitSetIterator}s. */
   private static class BitSetConjunctionDISI extends DocIdSetIterator {
 
@@ -256,6 +279,7 @@ public final class ConjunctionDISI extends DocIdSetIterator {
     BitSetConjunctionDISI(DocIdSetIterator lead, Collection<BitSetIterator> bitSetIterators) {
       this.lead = lead;
       assert bitSetIterators.size() > 0;
+
       this.bitSetIterators = bitSetIterators.toArray(new BitSetIterator[0]);
       // Put the least costly iterators first so that we exit as soon as possible
       ArrayUtil.timSort(this.bitSetIterators, (a, b) -> Long.compare(a.cost(), b.cost()));
@@ -276,11 +300,13 @@ public final class ConjunctionDISI extends DocIdSetIterator {
 
     @Override
     public int nextDoc() throws IOException {
+      assert assertItersOnSameDoc() : "Sub-iterators of ConjunctionDISI are not on the same document!";
       return doNext(lead.nextDoc());
     }
 
     @Override
     public int advance(int target) throws IOException {
+      assert assertItersOnSameDoc() : "Sub-iterators of ConjunctionDISI are not on the same document!";
       return doNext(lead.advance(target));
     }
 
@@ -306,6 +332,16 @@ public final class ConjunctionDISI extends DocIdSetIterator {
       return lead.cost();
     }
 
+    // Returns {@code true} if all sub-iterators are on the same doc ID, {@code false} otherwise
+    private boolean assertItersOnSameDoc() {
+      int curDoc = lead.docID();
+      boolean iteratorsOnTheSameDoc = true;
+      for (int i = 0; (i < bitSetIterators.length && iteratorsOnTheSameDoc); i++) {
+        iteratorsOnTheSameDoc = iteratorsOnTheSameDoc && (bitSetIterators[i].docID() == curDoc);
+      }
+      return iteratorsOnTheSameDoc;
+    }
+
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/search/TestConjunctionDISI.java b/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/search/TestConjunctionDISI.java
index e729ed61872..43cfbe68fe8 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/search/TestConjunctionDISI.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/search/TestConjunctionDISI.java
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public class TestConjunctionDISI extends LuceneTestCase {
     return new TwoPhaseIterator(approximation) {
 
       @Override
-      public boolean matches() throws IOException {
+      public boolean matches() {
         return confirmed.get(approximation.docID());
       }
 
@@ -391,4 +391,21 @@ public class TestConjunctionDISI extends LuceneTestCase {
   public void testCollapseSubConjunctionScorers() throws IOException {
     testCollapseSubConjunctions(true);
   }
+
+  public void testIllegalAdvancementOfSubIteratorsTripsAssertion() throws IOException {
+    assumeTrue("Assertions must be enabled for this test!", LuceneTestCase.assertsAreEnabled);
+    int maxDoc = 100;
+    final int numIterators = TestUtil.nextInt(random(), 2, 5);
+    FixedBitSet set = randomSet(maxDoc);
+
+    DocIdSetIterator[] iterators = new DocIdSetIterator[numIterators];
+    for (int i = 0; i < iterators.length; ++i) {
+      iterators[i] = new BitDocIdSet(set).iterator();
+    }
+    final DocIdSetIterator conjunction = ConjunctionDISI.intersectIterators(Arrays.asList(iterators));
+    int idx = TestUtil.nextInt(random() , 0, iterators.length-1);
+    iterators[idx].nextDoc(); // illegally advancing one of the sub-iterators outside of the conjunction iterator
+    AssertionError ex = expectThrows(AssertionError.class, () -> conjunction.nextDoc());
+    assertEquals("Sub-iterators of ConjunctionDISI are not on the same document!", ex.getMessage());
+  }
 }