LUCENE-8757: Improving Default Segments To Thread Mapping Algorithm

The current slicing algorithm assigns a thread per segment, which
can be detrimental to performance in case the distribution has
a large number of small segments. The patch introduces a slicing
algorithm which coalesces smaller segments to a single thread,
thus reducing the impact of context switching by limiting the
number of threads

Signed-off-by: Adrien Grand <jpountz@gmail.com>

lucene/CHANGES.txt

@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ Improvements
 * LUCENE-8770: BlockMaxConjunctionScorer now leverages two-phase iterators in order to avoid
   executing the second phase when scorers don't intersect. (Adrien Grand, Jim Ferenczi)
 
+* LUCENE-8757: When provided with an ExecutorService to run queries across
+  multiple threads, IndexSearcher now groups small segments together, up to
+  250k docs per slice. (Atri Sharma via Adrien Grand)
+
 ======================= Lucene 8.1.1 =======================
 (No Changes)
 

lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/search/IndexSearcher.java

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -100,6 +101,13 @@ public class IndexSearcher {
    */
   private static final int TOTAL_HITS_THRESHOLD = 1000;
 
+  /**
+   * Thresholds for index slice allocation logic. To change the default, extend
+   * <code> IndexSearcher</code> and use custom values
+   */
+  private static final int MAX_DOCS_PER_SLICE = 250_000;
+  private static final int MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_SLICE = 5;
+
   final IndexReader reader; // package private for testing!
   
   // NOTE: these members might change in incompatible ways
@@ -268,17 +276,60 @@ public class IndexSearcher {
 
   /**
    * Expert: Creates an array of leaf slices each holding a subset of the given leaves.
-   * Each {@link LeafSlice} is executed in a single thread. By default there
-   * will be one {@link LeafSlice} per leaf ({@link org.apache.lucene.index.LeafReaderContext}).
+   * Each {@link LeafSlice} is executed in a single thread. By default, segments with more than
+   * MAX_DOCS_PER_SLICE will get their own thread
    */
   protected LeafSlice[] slices(List<LeafReaderContext> leaves) {
-    LeafSlice[] slices = new LeafSlice[leaves.size()];
-    for (int i = 0; i < slices.length; i++) {
-      slices[i] = new LeafSlice(leaves.get(i));
+    return slices(leaves, MAX_DOCS_PER_SLICE, MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_SLICE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Static method to segregate LeafReaderContexts amongst multiple slices
+   */
+  public static LeafSlice[] slices (List<LeafReaderContext> leaves, int maxDocsPerSlice,
+                                    int maxSegmentsPerSlice) {
+    // Make a copy so we can sort:
+    List<LeafReaderContext> sortedLeaves = new ArrayList<>(leaves);
+
+    // Sort by maxDoc, descending:
+    Collections.sort(sortedLeaves,
+        Collections.reverseOrder(Comparator.comparingInt(l -> l.reader().maxDoc())));
+
+    final List<List<LeafReaderContext>> groupedLeaves = new ArrayList<>();
+    long docSum = 0;
+    List<LeafReaderContext> group = null;
+    for (LeafReaderContext ctx : sortedLeaves) {
+      if (ctx.reader().maxDoc() > maxDocsPerSlice) {
+        assert group == null;
+        groupedLeaves.add(Collections.singletonList(ctx));
+      } else {
+        if (group == null) {
+          group = new ArrayList<>();
+          group.add(ctx);
+
+          groupedLeaves.add(group);
+        } else {
+          group.add(ctx);
+        }
+
+        docSum += ctx.reader().maxDoc();
+        if (group.size() >= maxSegmentsPerSlice || docSum > maxDocsPerSlice) {
+          group = null;
+          docSum = 0;
+        }
+      }
     }
+
+    LeafSlice[] slices = new LeafSlice[groupedLeaves.size()];
+    int upto = 0;
+    for (List<LeafReaderContext> currentLeaf : groupedLeaves) {
+      slices[upto] = new LeafSlice(currentLeaf);
+      ++upto;
+    }
+
     return slices;
   }
-  
+
   /** Return the {@link IndexReader} this searches. */
   public IndexReader getIndexReader() {
     return reader;
@@ -743,8 +794,9 @@ public class IndexSearcher {
      *  @lucene.experimental */
     public final LeafReaderContext[] leaves;
     
-    public LeafSlice(LeafReaderContext... leaves) {
-      this.leaves = leaves;
+    public LeafSlice(List<LeafReaderContext> leavesList) {
+      Collections.sort(leavesList, Comparator.comparingInt(l -> l.docBase));
+      this.leaves = leavesList.toArray(new LeafReaderContext[0]);
     }
   }
 

lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestSegmentToThreadMapping.java

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.lucene.index;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+
+import org.apache.lucene.document.Document;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.IndexSearcher;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.MatchAllDocsQuery;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.Query;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.Directory;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.Bits;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.LuceneTestCase;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.NamedThreadFactory;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.Version;
+
+public class TestSegmentToThreadMapping extends LuceneTestCase {
+
+  public LeafReader dummyIndexReader(final int maxDoc) {
+    return new LeafReader() {
+      @Override
+      public int maxDoc() {
+        return maxDoc;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public int numDocs() {
+        return maxDoc;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public FieldInfos getFieldInfos() {
+        return FieldInfos.EMPTY;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public Bits getLiveDocs() {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public Terms terms(String field) throws IOException {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public Fields getTermVectors(int doc) {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public NumericDocValues getNumericDocValues(String field) {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public BinaryDocValues getBinaryDocValues(String field) {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public SortedDocValues getSortedDocValues(String field) {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public SortedNumericDocValues getSortedNumericDocValues(String field) {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public SortedSetDocValues getSortedSetDocValues(String field) {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public NumericDocValues getNormValues(String field) {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public PointValues getPointValues(String field) {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      protected void doClose() {
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void document(int doc, StoredFieldVisitor visitor) {
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void checkIntegrity() throws IOException {
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public LeafMetaData getMetaData() {
+        return new LeafMetaData(Version.LATEST.major, Version.LATEST, null);
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public CacheHelper getCoreCacheHelper() {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public CacheHelper getReaderCacheHelper() {
+        return null;
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  public void testSingleSlice() {
+    LeafReader largeSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(50_000);
+    LeafReader firstMediumSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(30_000);
+    LeafReader secondMediumSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(30__000);
+    LeafReader thirdMediumSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(30_000);
+    List<LeafReaderContext> leafReaderContexts = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(largeSegmentReader));
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(firstMediumSegmentReader));
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(secondMediumSegmentReader));
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(thirdMediumSegmentReader));
+
+    IndexSearcher.LeafSlice[] resultSlices = IndexSearcher.slices(leafReaderContexts, 250_000, 5);
+
+    assertTrue(resultSlices.length == 1);
+
+    final LeafReaderContext[] leaves = resultSlices[0].leaves;
+
+    assertTrue(leaves.length == 4);
+  }
+
+  public void testSmallSegments() {
+    LeafReader firstMediumSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(10_000);
+    LeafReader secondMediumSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(10_000);
+    LeafReader thirdMediumSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(10_000);
+    LeafReader fourthMediumSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(10_000);
+    LeafReader fifthMediumSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(10_000);
+    LeafReader sixthMediumSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(10_000);
+    LeafReader seventhLargeSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(130_000);
+    LeafReader eigthLargeSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(130_000);
+    List<LeafReaderContext> leafReaderContexts = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(firstMediumSegmentReader));
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(secondMediumSegmentReader));
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(thirdMediumSegmentReader));
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(fourthMediumSegmentReader));
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(fifthMediumSegmentReader));
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(sixthMediumSegmentReader));
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(seventhLargeSegmentReader));
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(eigthLargeSegmentReader));
+
+    IndexSearcher.LeafSlice[] resultSlices = IndexSearcher.slices(leafReaderContexts, 250_000, 5);
+
+    assertTrue(resultSlices.length == 3);
+
+    final LeafReaderContext[] firstSliceleaves = resultSlices[0].leaves;
+    final LeafReaderContext[] secondSliceleaves = resultSlices[1].leaves;
+    final LeafReaderContext[] thirdSliceleaves = resultSlices[2].leaves;
+
+    assertTrue(firstSliceleaves.length == 2);
+    assertTrue(secondSliceleaves.length == 5);
+    assertTrue(thirdSliceleaves.length == 1);
+  }
+
+  public void testLargeSlices() {
+    LeafReader largeSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(290_900);
+    LeafReader firstMediumSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(170_000);
+    LeafReader secondMediumSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(170_000);
+    LeafReader thirdMediumSegmentReader = dummyIndexReader(170_000);
+    List<LeafReaderContext> leafReaderContexts = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(largeSegmentReader));
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(firstMediumSegmentReader));
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(secondMediumSegmentReader));
+    leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(thirdMediumSegmentReader));
+
+    IndexSearcher.LeafSlice[] resultSlices = IndexSearcher.slices(leafReaderContexts, 250_000, 5);
+
+    assertTrue(resultSlices.length == 3);
+
+    final LeafReaderContext[] firstSliceleaves = resultSlices[0].leaves;
+    final LeafReaderContext[] secondSliceleaves = resultSlices[1].leaves;
+    final LeafReaderContext[] thirdSliceleaves = resultSlices[2].leaves;
+
+    assertTrue(firstSliceleaves.length == 1);
+    assertTrue(secondSliceleaves.length == 2);
+    assertTrue(thirdSliceleaves.length == 1);
+  }
+
+  public void testIntraSliceDocIDOrder() throws Exception {
+    Directory dir = newDirectory();
+    RandomIndexWriter w = new RandomIndexWriter(random(), dir);
+    w.addDocument(new Document());
+    w.addDocument(new Document());
+    w.commit();
+    w.addDocument(new Document());
+    w.addDocument(new Document());
+    w.commit();
+    IndexReader r = w.getReader();
+    w.close();
+
+    ExecutorService service = new ThreadPoolExecutor(4, 4, 0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
+        new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
+        new NamedThreadFactory("TestSegmentToThreadMapping"));
+    IndexSearcher s = new IndexSearcher(r, service);
+    Query query = new MatchAllDocsQuery();
+
+    s.search(query, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+
+    IndexSearcher.LeafSlice[] slices = s.getSlices();
+    assertNotNull(slices);
+
+    for (IndexSearcher.LeafSlice leafSlice : slices) {
+      LeafReaderContext[] leafReaderContexts = leafSlice.leaves;
+      int previousDocBase = leafReaderContexts[0].docBase;
+
+      for (LeafReaderContext leafReaderContext : leafReaderContexts) {
+        assertTrue(previousDocBase <= leafReaderContext.docBase);
+        previousDocBase = leafReaderContext.docBase;
+      }
+    }
+
+    service.shutdown();
+    IOUtils.close(r, dir);
+  }
+
+  public void testRandom() {
+    List<LeafReaderContext> leafReaderContexts = new ArrayList<>();
+    int max = 500_000;
+    int min = 10_000;
+    int numSegments = random().nextInt(50);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < numSegments; i++) {
+      leafReaderContexts.add(new LeafReaderContext(dummyIndexReader(random().nextInt((max - min) + 1) + min)));
+    }
+
+    IndexSearcher.LeafSlice[] resultSlices = IndexSearcher.slices(leafReaderContexts, 250_000, 5);
+
+    assertTrue(resultSlices.length > 0);
+  }
+}

lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/search/AssertingCollector.java

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import org.apache.lucene.index.LeafReaderContext;
 class AssertingCollector extends FilterCollector {
 
   private int maxDoc = -1;
+  private int previousLeafMaxDoc = 0;
 
   /** Wrap the given collector in order to add assertions. */
   public static Collector wrap(Collector in) {
@@ -41,6 +42,9 @@ class AssertingCollector extends FilterCollector {
 
   @Override
   public LeafCollector getLeafCollector(LeafReaderContext context) throws IOException {
+    assert context.docBase >= previousLeafMaxDoc;
+    previousLeafMaxDoc = context.docBase + context.reader().maxDoc();
+
     final LeafCollector in = super.getLeafCollector(context);
     final int docBase = context.docBase;
     return new AssertingLeafCollector(in, 0, DocIdSetIterator.NO_MORE_DOCS) {
@@ -50,6 +54,7 @@ class AssertingCollector extends FilterCollector {
         // not only per segment
         assert docBase + doc >= maxDoc : "collection is not in order: current doc="
             + (docBase + doc) + " while " + maxDoc + " has already been collected";
+
         super.collect(doc);
         maxDoc = docBase + doc;
       }

lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/util/LuceneTestCase.java

@@ -1932,6 +1932,15 @@ public abstract class LuceneTestCase extends Assert {
         ret = random.nextBoolean()
             ? new AssertingIndexSearcher(random, r, ex)
             : new AssertingIndexSearcher(random, r.getContext(), ex);
+      } else if (random.nextBoolean()) {
+        int maxDocPerSlice = 1 + random.nextInt(100000);
+        int maxSegmentsPerSlice = 1 + random.nextInt(20);
+        ret = new IndexSearcher(r, ex) {
+          @Override
+          protected LeafSlice[] slices(List<LeafReaderContext> leaves) {
+            return slices(leaves, maxDocPerSlice, maxSegmentsPerSlice);
+          }
+        };
       } else {
         ret = random.nextBoolean()
             ? new IndexSearcher(r, ex)