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+# Index backwards compatibility
+
+This README describes the approach to maintaining compatibility with indices
+from previous versions and gives guidelines for making format changes.
+
+## Compatibility strategy
+
+Codecs and file formats are versioned according to the minor version in which
+they were created. For example Lucene87Codec represents the codec used for
+creating Lucene 8.7 indices, and potentially later index versions too. Each
+segment records the codec name that was used to write it.
+
+Lucene supports the ability to read segments created in older versions by
+maintaining old codec classes. These older codecs live in the backwards-codecs
+package along with their file formats. When making a change to a file format,
+we create fresh copies of the codec and format, and move the existing ones
+into backwards-codecs.
+
+Older codecs are tested in two ways:
+* Through unit tests like TestLucene80NormsFormat, which checks we can write
+then read data using each old format
+* Through TestBackwardsCompatibility, which loads indices created in previous
+versions and checks that we can search them
+
+## Making index format changes
+
+As an example, let's say we're making a change to the norms file format, and
+the current class in core is Lucene80NormsFormat. We'd perform the following
+steps:
+
+1. Create a new format with the target version for the changes, for example
+Lucene90NormsFormat. This includes creating copies of its writer and reader
+classes, as well as any helper classes. Make sure to copy unit tests too, like
+TestLucene80NormsFormat.
+2. Move the old Lucene80NormsFormat, along with its writer, reader, tests, and
+helper classes to the backwards-codecs package. If the format will only be
+used for reading, then delete the write-side logic and move it to a test-only
+class like Lucene80RWNormsFormat to support unit tests. Note that most formats
+only need read logic, but a small set including DocValuesFormat and
+FieldInfosFormat will need to retain write logic since they can be used to
+update old segments.
+3. Update the current codec, for example Lucene90Codec, to use the new file
+format. If this new codec doesn't exist yet, then create it first and move the
+existing one to backwards-codecs.
+4. Make a change to the new format!
+
+## Internal format versions
+
+Each format class maintains an internal version which is written into the
+file header. Generally these internal versions should not be used to make
+format changes. For any significant change, we prefer to use the
+'copy-on-write' approach described above, even if it produces a fair amount of
+duplicated code. This keeps the versioning strategy simple and clear, and
+ensures that we unit test all older index formats.