[MNG-8084] New model builder and resolver provider

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/Packaging.java

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
  */
 package org.apache.maven.api;
 
+import java.util.Map;
+
 import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Experimental;
 import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Immutable;
 import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
@@ -55,9 +57,9 @@ public interface Packaging extends ExtensibleEnum {
     Type type();
 
     /**
-     * Returns the binding to use specifically for this packaging.
+     * Returns the binding to use specifically for this packaging keyed by lifecycle id.
-     * This will be merged to the default packaging definition.
+     * This will be used instead of the default packaging definition.
      */
     @Nonnull
-    PluginContainer plugins();
+    Map<String, PluginContainer> plugins();
 }

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelBuilder.java

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.Service;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+
+public interface ModelBuilder extends Service {
+
+    List<String> VALID_MODEL_VERSIONS = List.of("4.0.0", "4.1.0");
+
+    ModelBuilderResult build(ModelBuilderRequest request) throws ModelBuilderException;
+
+    ModelTransformerContextBuilder newTransformerContextBuilder();
+
+    Model buildRawModel(ModelBuilderRequest request);
+}

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelBuilderException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Experimental;
+
+/**
+ * The Exception class throw by the {@link ProjectBuilder} service.
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+@Experimental
+public class ModelBuilderException extends MavenException {
+
+    private final ModelBuilderResult result;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new exception from the specified interim result and its associated problems.
+     *
+     * @param result The interim result, may be {@code null}.
+     */
+    public ModelBuilderException(ModelBuilderResult result) {
+        super(result.toString());
+        this.result = result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the interim result of the model building up to the point where it failed.
+     *
+     * @return The interim model building result or {@code null} if not available.
+     */
+    public ModelBuilderResult getResult() {
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the identifier of the POM whose effective model could not be built. The general format of the identifier is
+     * {@code <groupId>:<artifactId>:<version>} but some of these coordinates may still be unknown at the point the
+     * exception is thrown so this information is merely meant to assist the user.
+     *
+     * @return The identifier of the POM or an empty string if not known, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    public String getModelId() {
+        if (result == null || result.getModelIds().isEmpty()) {
+            return "";
+        }
+        return result.getModelIds().get(0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the problems that caused this exception.
+     *
+     * @return The problems that caused this exception, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    public List<ModelProblem> getProblems() {
+        if (result == null) {
+            return Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(result.getProblems());
+    }
+}

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelBuilderRequest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.Session;
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Experimental;
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Immutable;
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.NotThreadSafe;
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+
+import static org.apache.maven.api.services.BaseRequest.nonNull;
+
+/**
+ * Request used to build a {@link org.apache.maven.api.Project} using
+ * the {@link ProjectBuilder} service.
+ *
+ * TODO: add validationLevel, activeProfileIds, inactiveProfileIds, resolveDependencies
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+@Experimental
+@Immutable
+public interface ModelBuilderRequest {
+
+    /**
+     * Denotes minimal validation of POMs. This validation level is meant for processing of POMs from repositories
+     * during metadata retrieval.
+     */
+    int VALIDATION_LEVEL_MINIMAL = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Denotes validation as performed by Maven 2.0. This validation level is meant as a compatibility mode to allow
+     * users to migrate their projects.
+     */
+    int VALIDATION_LEVEL_MAVEN_2_0 = 20;
+
+    /**
+     * Denotes validation as performed by Maven 3.0. This validation level is meant for existing projects.
+     */
+    int VALIDATION_LEVEL_MAVEN_3_0 = 30;
+
+    /**
+     * Denotes validation as performed by Maven 3.1. This validation level is meant for existing projects.
+     */
+    int VALIDATION_LEVEL_MAVEN_3_1 = 31;
+
+    /**
+     * Denotes validation as performed by Maven 4.0. This validation level is meant for new projects.
+     */
+    int VALIDATION_LEVEL_MAVEN_4_0 = 40;
+
+    /**
+     * Denotes strict validation as recommended by the current Maven version.
+     */
+    int VALIDATION_LEVEL_STRICT = VALIDATION_LEVEL_MAVEN_4_0;
+
+    @Nonnull
+    Session getSession();
+
+    @Nonnull
+    ModelSource getSource();
+
+    int getValidationLevel();
+
+    boolean isTwoPhaseBuilding();
+
+    boolean isLocationTracking();
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates if the model to be built is a local project or a dependency.
+     * In case the project is loaded externally from a remote repository (as a dependency or
+     * even as an external parent), the POM will be parsed in a lenient way.  Local POMs
+     * are parsed more strictly.
+     */
+    boolean isProjectBuild();
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies whether plugin processing should take place for the built model.
+     * This involves merging plugins specified by the {@link org.apache.maven.api.Packaging},
+     * configuration expansion (merging configuration defined globally for a given plugin
+     * using {@link org.apache.maven.api.model.Plugin#getConfiguration()}
+     * into the configuration for each {@link org.apache.maven.api.model.PluginExecution}.
+     */
+    boolean isProcessPlugins();
+
+    /**
+     * Defines external profiles that may be activated for the given model.
+     * Those are external profiles usually defined in {@link org.apache.maven.api.settings.Settings#getProfiles()}.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    Collection<Profile> getProfiles();
+
+    /**
+     * List of profile ids that have been explicitly activated by the user.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    List<String> getActiveProfileIds();
+
+    /**
+     * List of profile ids that have been explicitly deactivated by the user.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    List<String> getInactiveProfileIds();
+
+    /**
+     * Provides a map of system properties.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    Map<String, String> getSystemProperties();
+
+    /**
+     * Provides a map of user properties.
+     * User properties
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    Map<String, String> getUserProperties();
+
+    ModelResolver getModelResolver();
+
+    @Nullable
+    Object getListener();
+
+    @Nullable
+    ModelBuilderResult getInterimResult();
+
+    @Nullable
+    ModelTransformerContextBuilder getTransformerContextBuilder();
+
+    @Nonnull
+    static ModelBuilderRequest build(@Nonnull ModelBuilderRequest request, @Nonnull ModelSource source) {
+        return builder(nonNull(request, "request cannot be null"))
+                .source(nonNull(source, "source cannot be null"))
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    static ModelBuilderRequest build(@Nonnull Session session, @Nonnull ModelSource source) {
+        return builder()
+                .session(nonNull(session, "session cannot be null"))
+                .source(nonNull(source, "source cannot be null"))
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    static ModelBuilderRequest build(@Nonnull Session session, @Nonnull Path path) {
+        return builder()
+                .session(nonNull(session, "session cannot be null"))
+                .source(ModelSource.fromPath(path))
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    static ModelBuilderRequestBuilder builder() {
+        return new ModelBuilderRequestBuilder();
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    static ModelBuilderRequestBuilder builder(ModelBuilderRequest request) {
+        return new ModelBuilderRequestBuilder(request);
+    }
+
+    @NotThreadSafe
+    class ModelBuilderRequestBuilder {
+        Session session;
+        int validationLevel;
+        boolean locationTracking;
+        boolean twoPhaseBuilding;
+        ModelSource source;
+        boolean projectBuild;
+        boolean processPlugins = true;
+        Collection<Profile> profiles;
+        List<String> activeProfileIds;
+        List<String> inactiveProfileIds;
+        Map<String, String> systemProperties;
+        Map<String, String> userProperties;
+        ModelResolver modelResolver;
+        Object listener;
+        ModelBuilderResult interimResult;
+        ModelTransformerContextBuilder transformerContextBuilder;
+
+        ModelBuilderRequestBuilder() {}
+
+        ModelBuilderRequestBuilder(ModelBuilderRequest request) {
+            this.session = request.getSession();
+            this.validationLevel = request.getValidationLevel();
+            this.locationTracking = request.isLocationTracking();
+            this.twoPhaseBuilding = request.isTwoPhaseBuilding();
+            this.source = request.getSource();
+            this.projectBuild = request.isProjectBuild();
+            this.processPlugins = request.isProcessPlugins();
+            this.profiles = request.getProfiles();
+            this.activeProfileIds = request.getActiveProfileIds();
+            this.inactiveProfileIds = request.getInactiveProfileIds();
+            this.systemProperties = request.getSystemProperties();
+            this.userProperties = request.getUserProperties();
+            this.modelResolver = request.getModelResolver();
+            this.listener = request.getListener();
+            this.interimResult = request.getInterimResult();
+            this.transformerContextBuilder = request.getTransformerContextBuilder();
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder session(Session session) {
+            this.session = session;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder validationLevel(int validationLevel) {
+            this.validationLevel = validationLevel;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder twoPhaseBuilding(boolean twoPhaseBuilding) {
+            this.twoPhaseBuilding = twoPhaseBuilding;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder locationTracking(boolean locationTracking) {
+            this.locationTracking = locationTracking;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder source(ModelSource source) {
+            this.source = source;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder projectBuild(boolean projectBuild) {
+            this.projectBuild = projectBuild;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder processPlugins(boolean processPlugins) {
+            this.processPlugins = processPlugins;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder profiles(List<Profile> profiles) {
+            this.profiles = profiles;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder activeProfileIds(List<String> activeProfileIds) {
+            this.activeProfileIds = activeProfileIds;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder inactiveProfileIds(List<String> inactiveProfileIds) {
+            this.inactiveProfileIds = inactiveProfileIds;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder systemProperties(Map<String, String> systemProperties) {
+            this.systemProperties = systemProperties;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder userProperties(Map<String, String> userProperties) {
+            this.userProperties = userProperties;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder modelResolver(ModelResolver modelResolver) {
+            this.modelResolver = modelResolver;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder listener(Object listener) {
+            this.listener = listener;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder interimResult(ModelBuilderResult interimResult) {
+            this.interimResult = interimResult;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequestBuilder transformerContextBuilder(
+                ModelTransformerContextBuilder transformerContextBuilder) {
+            this.transformerContextBuilder = transformerContextBuilder;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ModelBuilderRequest build() {
+            return new DefaultModelBuilderRequest(
+                    session,
+                    validationLevel,
+                    locationTracking,
+                    twoPhaseBuilding,
+                    source,
+                    projectBuild,
+                    processPlugins,
+                    profiles,
+                    activeProfileIds,
+                    inactiveProfileIds,
+                    systemProperties,
+                    userProperties,
+                    modelResolver,
+                    listener,
+                    interimResult,
+                    transformerContextBuilder);
+        }
+
+        private static class DefaultModelBuilderRequest extends BaseRequest implements ModelBuilderRequest {
+            private final int validationLevel;
+            private final boolean locationTracking;
+            private final boolean twoPhaseBuilding;
+            private final ModelSource source;
+            private final boolean projectBuild;
+            private final boolean processPlugins;
+            private final Collection<Profile> profiles;
+            private final List<String> activeProfileIds;
+            private final List<String> inactiveProfileIds;
+            private final Map<String, String> systemProperties;
+            private final Map<String, String> userProperties;
+            private final ModelResolver modelResolver;
+            private final Object listener;
+            private final ModelBuilderResult interimResult;
+            private final ModelTransformerContextBuilder transformerContextBuilder;
+
+            @SuppressWarnings("checkstyle:ParameterNumber")
+            DefaultModelBuilderRequest(
+                    @Nonnull Session session,
+                    int validationLevel,
+                    boolean locationTracking,
+                    boolean twoPhaseBuilding,
+                    @Nonnull ModelSource source,
+                    boolean projectBuild,
+                    boolean processPlugins,
+                    Collection<Profile> profiles,
+                    List<String> activeProfileIds,
+                    List<String> inactiveProfileIds,
+                    Map<String, String> systemProperties,
+                    Map<String, String> userProperties,
+                    ModelResolver modelResolver,
+                    Object listener,
+                    ModelBuilderResult interimResult,
+                    ModelTransformerContextBuilder transformerContextBuilder) {
+                super(session);
+                this.validationLevel = validationLevel;
+                this.locationTracking = locationTracking;
+                this.twoPhaseBuilding = twoPhaseBuilding;
+                this.source = source;
+                this.projectBuild = projectBuild;
+                this.processPlugins = processPlugins;
+                this.profiles = profiles != null ? List.copyOf(profiles) : List.of();
+                this.activeProfileIds = activeProfileIds != null ? List.copyOf(activeProfileIds) : List.of();
+                this.inactiveProfileIds = inactiveProfileIds != null ? List.copyOf(inactiveProfileIds) : List.of();
+                this.systemProperties =
+                        systemProperties != null ? Map.copyOf(systemProperties) : session.getSystemProperties();
+                this.userProperties = userProperties != null ? Map.copyOf(userProperties) : session.getUserProperties();
+                this.modelResolver = modelResolver;
+                this.listener = listener;
+                this.interimResult = interimResult;
+                this.transformerContextBuilder = transformerContextBuilder;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getValidationLevel() {
+                return validationLevel;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isTwoPhaseBuilding() {
+                return twoPhaseBuilding;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isLocationTracking() {
+                return locationTracking;
+            }
+
+            @Nonnull
+            @Override
+            public ModelSource getSource() {
+                return source;
+            }
+
+            public boolean isProjectBuild() {
+                return projectBuild;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isProcessPlugins() {
+                return processPlugins;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Collection<Profile> getProfiles() {
+                return profiles;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public List<String> getActiveProfileIds() {
+                return activeProfileIds;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public List<String> getInactiveProfileIds() {
+                return inactiveProfileIds;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Map<String, String> getSystemProperties() {
+                return systemProperties;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Map<String, String> getUserProperties() {
+                return userProperties;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public ModelResolver getModelResolver() {
+                return modelResolver;
+            }
+
+            public Object getListener() {
+                return listener;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public ModelBuilderResult getInterimResult() {
+                return interimResult;
+            }
+
+            public ModelTransformerContextBuilder getTransformerContextBuilder() {
+                return transformerContextBuilder;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelBuilderResult.java

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Experimental;
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+
+/**
+ * Result of a project build call.
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+@Experimental
+public interface ModelBuilderResult {
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the sequence of model identifiers that denote the lineage of models from which the effective model was
+     * constructed. Model identifiers have the form {@code <groupId>:<artifactId>:<version>}. The first identifier from
+     * the list denotes the model on which the model builder was originally invoked. The last identifier will always be
+     * an empty string that by definition denotes the super POM.
+     *
+     * @return The model identifiers from the lineage of models, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    List<String> getModelIds();
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the file model.
+     *
+     * @return the file model, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    Model getFileModel();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the file model + profile injection.
+     *
+     * @return the activated file model, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    Model getActivatedFileModel();
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the file model + build pom transformation, without inheritance nor interpolation.
+     *
+     * @return The raw model, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    Model getRawModel();
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the assembled model with inheritance, interpolation and profile injection.
+     *
+     * @return The assembled model, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    Model getEffectiveModel();
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the specified raw model as it was read from a model source. Apart from basic validation, a raw model has not
+     * undergone any updates by the model builder, e.g. reflects neither inheritance nor interpolation. The model
+     * identifier should be from the collection obtained by {@link #getModelIds()}. As a special case, an empty string
+     * can be used as the identifier for the super POM.
+     *
+     * @param modelId The identifier of the desired raw model, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @return The raw model or {@code null} if the specified model id does not refer to a known model.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    Optional<Model> getRawModel(@Nonnull String modelId);
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the profiles from the specified model that were active during model building. The model identifier should be
+     * from the collection obtained by {@link #getModelIds()}. As a special case, an empty string can be used as the
+     * identifier for the super POM.
+     *
+     * @param modelId The identifier of the model whose active profiles should be retrieved, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @return The active profiles of the model or an empty list if the specified model id does
+     *         not refer to a known model or has no active profiles.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    List<Profile> getActivePomProfiles(@Nonnull String modelId);
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the external profiles that were active during model building. External profiles are those that were
+     * contributed by {@link ModelBuilderRequest#getProfiles()}.
+     *
+     * @return The active external profiles or an empty list if none, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    List<Profile> getActiveExternalProfiles();
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the problems that were encountered during the project building.
+     *
+     * @return the problems that were encountered during the project building, can be empty but never {@code null}
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    List<ModelProblem> getProblems();
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a human readable representation of these errors.
+     */
+    String toString();
+}

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelProblem.java

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+/**
+ * Describes a problem that was encountered during model building. A problem can either be an exception that was thrown
+ * or a simple string message. In addition, a problem carries a hint about its source, e.g. the POM file that exhibits
+ * the problem.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ModelProblem extends BuilderProblem {
+
+    /**
+     * Version
+     */
+    enum Version {
+        // based on ModeBuildingResult.validationLevel
+        BASE,
+        V20,
+        V30,
+        V31,
+        V40
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the identifier of the model from which the problem originated. While the general form of this identifier is
+     * <code>groupId:artifactId:version</code> the returned identifier need not be complete. The identifier is derived
+     * from the information that is available at the point the problem occurs and as such merely serves as a best effort
+     * to provide information to the user to track the problem back to its origin.
+     *
+     * @return The identifier of the model from which the problem originated or an empty string if unknown, never
+     *         {@code null}.
+     */
+    String getModelId();
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the applicable maven version/validation level of this problem
+     * @return The version, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    Version getVersion();
+}

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelProblemCollector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation;
+
+/**
+ * Collects problems that are encountered during model building. The primary purpose of this component is to account for
+ * the fact that the problem reporter has/should not have information about the calling context and hence cannot provide
+ * an expressive source hint for the model problem. Instead, the source hint is configured by the model builder before
+ * it delegates to other components that potentially encounter problems. Then, the problem reporter can focus on
+ * providing a simple error message, leaving the donkey work of creating a nice model problem to this component.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ModelProblemCollector {
+
+    /**
+     * The collected problems.
+     * @return a list of model problems encountered, never {@code null}
+     */
+    List<ModelProblem> getProblems();
+
+    boolean hasErrors();
+
+    boolean hasFatalErrors();
+
+    default void add(BuilderProblem.Severity severity, ModelProblem.Version version, String message) {
+        add(severity, version, message, null, null);
+    }
+
+    default void add(
+            BuilderProblem.Severity severity, ModelProblem.Version version, String message, InputLocation location) {
+        add(severity, version, message, location, null);
+    }
+
+    default void add(
+            BuilderProblem.Severity severity, ModelProblem.Version version, String message, Exception exception) {
+        add(severity, version, message, null, exception);
+    }
+
+    void add(
+            BuilderProblem.Severity severity,
+            ModelProblem.Version version,
+            String message,
+            InputLocation location,
+            Exception exception);
+
+    void add(ModelProblem problem);
+}

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelResolver.java

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.Service;
+import org.apache.maven.api.Session;
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Parent;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Repository;
+
+/**
+ * Resolves a POM from its coordinates. During the build process, the
+ * {@link org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilder} will add any relevant repositories to the model resolver. In
+ * other words, the model resolver is stateful and should not be reused across multiple model building requests.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ModelResolver extends Service {
+
+    /**
+     * Tries to resolve the POM for the specified coordinates.
+     *
+     * @param groupId The group identifier of the POM, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param artifactId The artifact identifier of the POM, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param version The version of the POM, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @return The source of the requested POM, never {@code null}.
+     * @throws ModelResolverException If the POM could not be resolved from any configured repository.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    ModelSource resolveModel(
+            @Nonnull Session session, @Nonnull String groupId, @Nonnull String artifactId, @Nonnull String version)
+            throws ModelResolverException;
+
+    /**
+     * Tries to resolve the POM for the specified parent coordinates possibly updating {@code parent}.
+     * <p>
+     * Unlike the {@link #resolveModel(Session, String, String, String)} method, this method
+     * supports version ranges and updates the given {@code parent} instance to match the returned {@code ModelSource}.
+     * If {@code parent} declares a version range, the version corresponding to the returned {@code ModelSource} will
+     * be set on the given {@code parent}.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param parent The parent coordinates to resolve, must not be {@code null}.
+     *
+     * @return The source of the requested POM, never {@code null}.
+     *
+     * @throws ModelResolverException If the POM could not be resolved from any configured repository.
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    ModelSource resolveModel(
+            @Nonnull Session session, @Nonnull Parent parent, @Nonnull AtomicReference<Parent> modified)
+            throws ModelResolverException;
+
+    /**
+     * Tries to resolve the POM for the specified dependency coordinates possibly updating {@code dependency}.
+     * <p>
+     * Unlike the {@link #resolveModel(Session, String, String, String)} method, this method
+     * supports version ranges and updates the given {@code dependency} instance to match the returned
+     * {@code ModelSource}. If {@code dependency} declares a version range, the version corresponding to the returned
+     * {@code ModelSource} will be set on the given {@code dependency}.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param dependency The dependency coordinates to resolve, must not be {@code null}.
+     *
+     * @return The source of the requested POM, never {@code null}.
+     *
+     * @throws ModelResolverException If the POM could not be resolved from any configured repository.
+     *
+     * @see Dependency#clone()
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    ModelSource resolveModel(
+            @Nonnull Session session, @Nonnull Dependency dependency, @Nonnull AtomicReference<Dependency> modified)
+            throws ModelResolverException;
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a repository to use for subsequent resolution requests. The order in which repositories are added matters,
+     * repositories that were added first should also be searched first. When multiple repositories with the same
+     * identifier are added, only the first repository being added will be used.
+     *
+     * @param repository The repository to add to the internal search chain, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @throws ModelResolverException If the repository could not be added (e.g. due to invalid URL or layout).
+     */
+    void addRepository(@Nonnull Session session, Repository repository) throws ModelResolverException;
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a repository to use for subsequent resolution requests. The order in which repositories are added matters,
+     * repositories that were added first should also be searched first. When multiple repositories with the same
+     * identifier are added, then the value of the replace argument determines the behaviour.
+     *
+     * If replace is false then any existing repository with the same Id will remain in use. If replace
+     * is true the new repository replaces the original.
+     *
+     * @param repository The repository to add to the internal search chain, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @throws ModelResolverException If the repository could not be added (e.g. due to invalid URL or layout).
+     */
+    void addRepository(@Nonnull Session session, Repository repository, boolean replace) throws ModelResolverException;
+
+    /**
+     * Clones this resolver for usage in a forked resolution process. In general, implementors need not provide a deep
+     * clone. The only requirement is that invocations of {@link #addRepository(Session, Repository)} on the clone do not affect
+     * the state of the original resolver and vice versa.
+     *
+     * @return The cloned resolver, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    ModelResolver newCopy();
+}

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelResolverException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+/**
+ * Signals an error when resolving the path to an external model.
+ *
+ */
+public class ModelResolverException extends MavenException {
+
+    /**
+     * The group id of the unresolvable model.
+     */
+    private final String groupId;
+
+    /**
+     * The artifact id of the unresolvable model.
+     */
+    private final String artifactId;
+
+    /**
+     * The version of the unresolvable model.
+     */
+    private final String version;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new exception with specified detail message and cause.
+     *
+     * @param message The detail message, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param groupId The group id of the unresolvable model, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param artifactId The artifact id of the unresolvable model, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param version The version of the unresolvable model, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param cause The cause, may be {@code null}.
+     */
+    public ModelResolverException(String message, String groupId, String artifactId, String version, Throwable cause) {
+        super(message, cause);
+        this.groupId = (groupId != null) ? groupId : "";
+        this.artifactId = (artifactId != null) ? artifactId : "";
+        this.version = (version != null) ? version : "";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new exception with specified detail message.
+     *
+     * @param message The detail message, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param groupId The group id of the unresolvable model, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param artifactId The artifact id of the unresolvable model, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param version The version of the unresolvable model, may be {@code null}.
+     */
+    public ModelResolverException(String message, String groupId, String artifactId, String version) {
+        super(message);
+        this.groupId = (groupId != null) ? groupId : "";
+        this.artifactId = (artifactId != null) ? artifactId : "";
+        this.version = (version != null) ? version : "";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new exception with specified cause
+     *
+     * @param cause
+     * @param groupId
+     * @param artifactId
+     * @param version
+     */
+    public ModelResolverException(Throwable cause, String groupId, String artifactId, String version) {
+        super(cause);
+        this.groupId = groupId;
+        this.artifactId = artifactId;
+        this.version = version;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the group id of the unresolvable model.
+     *
+     * @return The group id of the unresolvable model, can be empty but never {@code null}.
+     */
+    public String getGroupId() {
+        return groupId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the artifact id of the unresolvable model.
+     *
+     * @return The artifact id of the unresolvable model, can be empty but never {@code null}.
+     */
+    public String getArtifactId() {
+        return artifactId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the version of the unresolvable model.
+     *
+     * @return The version of the unresolvable model, can be empty but never {@code null}.
+     */
+    public String getVersion() {
+        return version;
+    }
+}

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelSource.java

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import static org.apache.maven.api.services.BaseRequest.nonNull;
+
+/**
+ * A Source specific to load POMs.  The {@link #resolve(ModelLocator, String)} method
+ * will be used to find POMs for children modules.
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+public interface ModelSource extends Source {
+
+    interface ModelLocator {
+        /**
+         * Returns the file containing the pom or null if a pom can not be
+         * found at the given file or in the given directory.
+         *
+         * @since 4.0.0
+         */
+        @Nullable
+        Path locateExistingPom(@Nonnull Path project);
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    ModelSource resolve(@Nonnull ModelLocator modelLocator, @Nonnull String relative);
+
+    @Nonnull
+    static ModelSource fromPath(@Nonnull Path path) {
+        return fromPath(path, null);
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    static ModelSource fromPath(@Nonnull Path path, @Nullable String location) {
+        return new PathSource(nonNull(path, "path cannot be null"), location);
+    }
+}

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelTransformer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+
+/**
+ * The ModelTransformer is a way to transform the local pom while streaming the input.
+ *
+ * The {@link #transform(ModelTransformerContext, Model, Path)} method uses a Path on purpose, to ensure the
+ * local pom is the original source.
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+public interface ModelTransformer {
+    /**
+     * @param context the context, cannot be null
+     * @param model   the model to transform
+     * @param path    the pom file, cannot be null
+     * @throws ModelTransformerException if the transformation fails
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    Model transform(@Nonnull ModelTransformerContext context, @Nonnull Model model, @Nonnull Path path)
+            throws ModelTransformerException;
+}

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelTransformerContext.java

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+
+/**
+ * Context used to transform a pom file.
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+public interface ModelTransformerContext {
+
+    /**
+     * Key to get the TransformerContext from the SessionData
+     */
+    Object KEY = ModelTransformerContext.class;
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of the Maven user property.
+     */
+    String getUserProperty(String key);
+
+    /**
+     * Get the model based on the path when resolving the parent based on relativePath.
+     *
+     * @param from    the requiring model
+     * @param pomFile the path to the pomFile
+     * @return the model, otherwise {@code null}
+     */
+    Model getRawModel(Path from, Path pomFile);
+
+    /**
+     * Get the model from the reactor based on the groupId and artifactId when resolving reactor dependencies.
+     *
+     * @param from    the requiring model
+     * @param groupId    the groupId
+     * @param artifactId the artifactId
+     * @return the model, otherwise {@code null}
+     * @throws IllegalStateException if multiple versions of the same GA are part of the reactor
+     */
+    Model getRawModel(Path from, String groupId, String artifactId);
+
+    /**
+     * Locate the POM file inside the given directory.
+     */
+    Path locate(Path path);
+}

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelTransformerContextBuilder.java

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+/**
+ * The transformerContextBuilder is responsible for initializing the TransformerContext.
+ * In case rawModels are missing, it could do new buildingRequests on the ModelBuilder.
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+public interface ModelTransformerContextBuilder {
+    /**
+     * This method is used to initialize the TransformerContext
+     *
+     * @param request the modelBuildingRequest
+     * @param problems the problemCollector
+     * @return the mutable transformerContext
+     */
+    ModelTransformerContext initialize(ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+
+    /**
+     * The immutable transformerContext, can be used after the buildplan is finished.
+     *
+     * @return the immutable transformerContext
+     */
+    ModelTransformerContext build();
+}

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelTransformerException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+public class ModelTransformerException extends MavenException {
+
+    public ModelTransformerException(Exception e) {
+        super(e);
+    }
+
+    public ModelTransformerException(String message, Throwable exception) {
+        super(message, exception);
+    }
+}

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/PathSource.java

@@ -18,17 +18,25 @@
  */
 package org.apache.maven.api.services;
 
+import java.io.File;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Objects;
 
-class PathSource implements Source {
+class PathSource implements ModelSource {
 
     private final Path path;
+    private final String location;
 
     PathSource(Path path) {
+        this(path, null);
+    }
+
+    PathSource(Path path, String location) {
         this.path = path;
+        this.location = location != null ? location : path.toString();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -43,11 +51,32 @@ class PathSource implements Source {
 
     @Override
     public String getLocation() {
-        return path.toString();
+        return location;
     }
 
     @Override
     public Source resolve(String relative) {
         return new PathSource(path.resolve(relative));
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public ModelSource resolve(ModelLocator locator, String relative) {
+        String norm = relative.replace('\\', File.separatorChar).replace('/', File.separatorChar);
+        Path path = getPath().getParent().resolve(norm);
+        Path relatedPom = locator.locateExistingPom(path);
+        if (relatedPom != null) {
+            return new PathSource(relatedPom.normalize(), null);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        return this == o || o instanceof PathSource ps && Objects.equals(path, ps.path);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(path);
+    }
 }

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/Source.java

@@ -87,7 +87,8 @@ public interface Source {
      * @param relative is the path of the requested source relative to this source
      * @return related source or <code>null</code> if no such source
      */
-    Source resolve(String relative);
+    @Nullable
+    Source resolve(@Nonnull String relative);
 
     /**
      * Creates a Source for the following Path

api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/TypeRegistry.java

@@ -39,5 +39,8 @@ public interface TypeRegistry extends ExtensibleEnumRegistry<Type> {
      * @return the type
      */
     @Nonnull
-    Type require(@Nonnull String id);
+    @Override
+    default Type require(@Nonnull String id) {
+        return lookup(id).orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown extensible enum value '" + id + "'"));
+    }
 }

api/maven-api-metadata/pom.xml

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ under the License.
   <dependencies>
     <dependency>
       <groupId>org.apache.maven</groupId>
-      <artifactId>maven-xml-impl</artifactId>
+      <artifactId>maven-api-xml</artifactId>
     </dependency>
   </dependencies>
 

api/maven-api-spi/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/spi/ModelParser.java

@@ -39,6 +39,11 @@ import org.apache.maven.api.services.Source;
 @Consumer
 public interface ModelParser extends SpiService {
 
+    /**
+     * Option that can be specified in the options map.  The value should be a Boolean.
+     */
+    String STRICT = "strict";
+
     /**
      * Locates the pom in the given directory.
      *

maven-api-impl/pom.xml

@@ -34,6 +34,14 @@ under the License.
       <groupId>org.apache.maven</groupId>
       <artifactId>maven-api-core</artifactId>
     </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.maven</groupId>
+      <artifactId>maven-api-spi</artifactId>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.maven</groupId>
+      <artifactId>maven-api-metadata</artifactId>
+    </dependency>
     <dependency>
       <groupId>org.apache.maven</groupId>
       <artifactId>maven-di</artifactId>
@@ -52,7 +60,15 @@ under the License.
     </dependency>
     <dependency>
       <groupId>org.apache.maven</groupId>
-      <artifactId>maven-resolver-provider</artifactId>
+      <artifactId>maven-xml-impl</artifactId>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.maven.resolver</groupId>
+      <artifactId>maven-resolver-impl</artifactId>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.codehaus.plexus</groupId>
+      <artifactId>plexus-interpolation</artifactId>
     </dependency>
 
     <dependency>
@@ -60,6 +76,21 @@ under the License.
       <artifactId>mockito-junit-jupiter</artifactId>
       <scope>test</scope>
     </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.maven.resolver</groupId>
+      <artifactId>maven-resolver-connector-basic</artifactId>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.maven.resolver</groupId>
+      <artifactId>maven-resolver-transport-file</artifactId>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.maven.resolver</groupId>
+      <artifactId>maven-resolver-transport-apache</artifactId>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
   </dependencies>
 
   <build>
@@ -123,6 +154,59 @@ under the License.
               </params>
             </configuration>
           </execution>
+          <execution>
+            <id>velocity-metadata</id>
+            <goals>
+              <goal>velocity</goal>
+            </goals>
+            <phase>generate-sources</phase>
+            <configuration>
+              <version>1.1.0</version>
+              <basedir>${project.basedir}/../api/maven-api-metadata</basedir>
+              <velocityBasedir>${project.basedir}/../src/mdo</velocityBasedir>
+              <models>
+                <model>src/main/mdo/metadata.mdo</model>
+              </models>
+              <templates>
+                <template>reader-stax.vm</template>
+                <template>writer-stax.vm</template>
+              </templates>
+              <params>
+                <param>packageModelV4=org.apache.maven.api.metadata</param>
+                <param>packageToolV4=org.apache.maven.metadata.v4</param>
+              </params>
+            </configuration>
+          </execution>
+          <execution>
+            <id>model-v4</id>
+            <goals>
+              <goal>velocity</goal>
+            </goals>
+            <phase>generate-sources</phase>
+            <configuration>
+              <version>4.1.0</version>
+              <basedir>${project.basedir}/../api/maven-api-model</basedir>
+              <velocityBasedir>${project.basedir}/../src/mdo</velocityBasedir>
+              <models>
+                <model>src/main/mdo/maven.mdo</model>
+              </models>
+              <templates>
+                <template>merger.vm</template>
+                <template>transformer.vm</template>
+                <template>reader-stax.vm</template>
+                <template>writer-stax.vm</template>
+                <template>model-version.vm</template>
+              </templates>
+              <params>
+                <param>forcedIOModelVersion=4.0.0</param>
+                <param>packageModelV3=org.apache.maven.model</param>
+                <param>packageModelV4=org.apache.maven.api.model</param>
+                <param>packageToolV4=org.apache.maven.model.v4</param>
+                <param>isMavenModel=true</param>
+                <param>minimalVersion=4.0.0</param>
+              </params>
+            </configuration>
+          </execution>
           <execution>
             <id>modello-site-docs</id>
             <phase>none</phase>

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/DependencyManagementImporter.java

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.DependencyManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Handles the import of dependency management from other models into the target model.
+ *
+ */
+public interface DependencyManagementImporter {
+
+    /**
+     * Imports the specified dependency management sections into the given target model.
+     *
+     * @param target The model into which to import the dependency management section, must not be <code>null</code>.
+     * @param sources The dependency management sections to import, may be <code>null</code>.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    Model importManagement(
+            Model target,
+            List<? extends DependencyManagement> sources,
+            ModelBuilderRequest request,
+            ModelProblemCollector problems);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/DependencyManagementInjector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Handles injection of dependency management into the model.
+ *
+ */
+public interface DependencyManagementInjector {
+
+    /**
+     * Merges default values from the dependency management section of the given model into itself.
+     *
+     * @param model The model into which to merge the values specified by its dependency management sections, must not
+     *            be <code>null</code>.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    Model injectManagement(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/InheritanceAssembler.java

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Handles inheritance of model values.
+ *
+ */
+public interface InheritanceAssembler {
+
+    /**
+     * Merges values from the specified parent model into the given child model. Implementations are expected to keep
+     * parent and child completely decoupled by injecting deep copies of objects into the child rather than the original
+     * objects from the parent.
+     *
+     * @param child The child model into which to merge the values inherited from the parent, must not be
+     *            <code>null</code>.
+     * @param parent The (read-only) parent model from which to inherit the values, may be <code>null</code>.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    Model assembleModelInheritance(
+            Model child, Model parent, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/LifecycleBindingsInjector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Handles injection of plugin executions induced by the lifecycle bindings for a packaging.
+ *
+ */
+public interface LifecycleBindingsInjector {
+
+    /**
+     * Injects plugin executions induced by lifecycle bindings into the specified model. The model has already undergone
+     * injection of plugin management so any plugins that are injected by lifecycle bindings and are not already present
+     * in the model's plugin section need to be subjected to the model's plugin management.
+     *
+     * @param model The model into which to inject the default plugin executions for its packaging, must not be
+     *            <code>null</code>.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    Model injectLifecycleBindings(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ModelBuildingEvent.java

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Holds data relevant for a model building event.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ModelBuildingEvent {
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the model being built. The precise state of this model depends on the event being fired.
+     *
+     * @return The model being built, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    Model model();
+
+    Consumer<Model> update();
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the model building request being processed.
+     *
+     * @return The model building request being processed, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    ModelBuilderRequest request();
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the container used to collect problems that were encountered while processing the event.
+     *
+     * @return The container used to collect problems that were encountered, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    ModelProblemCollector problems();
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ModelBuildingListener.java

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+/**
+ * Defines events that the model builder fires during construction of the effective model. When a listener encounters
+ * errors while processing the event, it can report these problems via {@link ModelBuildingEvent#problems()}.
+ */
+public interface ModelBuildingListener {
+
+    /**
+     * Notifies the listener that the model has been constructed to the extent where build extensions can be processed.
+     *
+     * @param event The details about the event.
+     */
+    default void buildExtensionsAssembled(ModelBuildingEvent event) {}
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ModelCache.java

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.Source;
+
+/**
+ * Caches auxiliary data used during model building like already processed raw/effective models. The data in the cache
+ * is meant for exclusive consumption by the model builder and is opaque to the cache implementation. The cache key is
+ * formed by a combination of group id, artifact id, version and tag. The first three components generally refer to the
+ * identity of a model. The tag allows for further classification of the associated data on the sole discretion of the
+ * model builder.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ModelCache {
+
+    <T> T computeIfAbsent(String groupId, String artifactId, String version, String tag, Supplier<T> data);
+
+    <T> T computeIfAbsent(Source path, String tag, Supplier<T> data);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ModelInterpolator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Replaces expressions of the form <code>${token}</code> with their effective values. Effective values are basically
+ * calculated from the elements of the model itself and the execution properties from the building request.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ModelInterpolator {
+
+    /**
+     * Interpolates expressions in the specified model. Note that implementations are free to either interpolate the
+     * provided model directly or to create a clone of the model and interpolate the clone. Callers should always use
+     * the returned model and must not rely on the input model being updated.
+     *
+     * @param model The model to interpolate, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param projectDir The project directory, may be {@code null} if the model does not belong to a local project but
+     *            to some artifact's metadata.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @return The interpolated model, never {@code null}.
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     */
+    Model interpolateModel(Model model, Path projectDir, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ModelNormalizer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Handles normalization of a model. In this context, normalization is the process of producing a canonical
+ * representation for models that physically look different but are semantically equivalent.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ModelNormalizer {
+
+    /**
+     * Merges duplicate elements like multiple declarations of the same build plugin in the specified model.
+     *
+     * @param model The model whose duplicate elements should be merged, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    Model mergeDuplicates(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+
+    /**
+     * Sets default values in the specified model that for technical reasons cannot be set directly in the Modello
+     * definition.
+     *
+     * @param model The model in which to set the default values, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    Model injectDefaultValues(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ModelPathTranslator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+
+/**
+ * Resolves relative paths of a model against a specific base directory.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ModelPathTranslator {
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves the well-known paths of the specified model against the given base directory. Paths within plugin
+     * configuration are not processed.
+     *
+     * @param model The model whose paths should be resolved, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param basedir The base directory to resolve relative paths against, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     */
+    Model alignToBaseDirectory(Model model, Path basedir, ModelBuilderRequest request);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ModelProcessor.java

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.xml.XmlReaderException;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.xml.XmlReaderRequest;
+
+/**
+ * ModelProcessor
+ */
+public interface ModelProcessor {
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the file containing the pom to be parsed or null if a pom can not be found
+     * at the given file or in the given directory.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    Path locateExistingPom(@Nonnull Path project);
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the model from the specified byte stream. The stream will be automatically closed before the method
+     * returns.
+     *
+     * @param request The reader request to deserialize the model, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @return The deserialized model, never {@code null}.
+     * @throws IOException If the model could not be deserialized.
+     * @throws XmlReaderException If the input format could not be parsed.
+     */
+    Model read(XmlReaderRequest request) throws IOException, XmlReaderException;
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ModelUrlNormalizer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+
+/**
+ * Normalizes URLs to remove the ugly parent references "../" that got potentially inserted by URL adjustment during
+ * model inheritance.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ModelUrlNormalizer {
+
+    /**
+     * Normalizes the well-known URLs of the specified model.
+     *
+     * @param model The model whose URLs should be normalized, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    Model normalize(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ModelValidator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Checks the model for missing or invalid values.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ModelValidator {
+    /**
+     * Checks the specified file model for missing or invalid values. This model is directly created from the POM
+     * file and has not been subjected to inheritance, interpolation or profile/default injection.
+     *
+     * @param model The model to validate, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    default void validateFileModel(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the specified (raw) model for missing or invalid values. The raw model is the file model + buildpom filter
+     * transformation and has not been subjected to inheritance, interpolation or profile/default injection.
+     *
+     * @param model The model to validate, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    void validateRawModel(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the specified (effective) model for missing or invalid values. The effective model is fully assembled and
+     * has undergone inheritance, interpolation and other model operations.
+     *
+     * @param model The model to validate, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    void validateEffectiveModel(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ModelVersionParser.java

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.Version;
+import org.apache.maven.api.VersionConstraint;
+import org.apache.maven.api.VersionRange;
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.VersionParserException;
+
+/**
+ * Model builder specific version parser. It is intentionally not
+ * {@link org.apache.maven.api.services.VersionParser} as this is not a service,
+ * but at Maven runtime it MAY actually use that service.
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+public interface ModelVersionParser {
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the specified version string, for example "1.0".
+     *
+     * @param version the version string to parse, must not be {@code null}
+     * @return the parsed version, never {@code null}
+     * @throws VersionParserException if the string violates the syntax rules of this scheme
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    Version parseVersion(@Nonnull String version);
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the specified version range specification, for example "[1.0,2.0)".
+     *
+     * @param range the range specification to parse, must not be {@code null}
+     * @return the parsed version range, never {@code null}
+     * @throws VersionParserException if the range specification violates the syntax rules of this scheme
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    VersionRange parseVersionRange(@Nonnull String range);
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the specified version constraint specification, for example "1.0" or "[1.0,2.0)".
+     *
+     * @param constraint the range specification to parse, must not be {@code null}
+     * @return the parsed version constraint, never {@code null}
+     * @throws VersionParserException if the range specification violates the syntax rules of this scheme
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    VersionConstraint parseVersionConstraint(@Nonnull String constraint);
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether a given artifact version is considered a {@code SNAPSHOT} or not.
+     */
+    boolean isSnapshot(@Nonnull String version);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ModelVersionProcessor.java

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+
+/**
+ * Allows a fixed set of properties that are valid inside a version and that could be overwritten for example on the
+ * commandline
+ */
+public interface ModelVersionProcessor {
+
+    /**
+     * @param property the property to check
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this is a valid property for this processor
+     */
+    boolean isValidProperty(String property);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is responsible for examining the request and possibly overwrite of the valid properties in the model
+     *
+     * @param modelProperties
+     * @param request
+     */
+    void overwriteModelProperties(Properties modelProperties, ModelBuilderRequest request);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/PathTranslator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+/**
+ * Resolves relative paths against a specific base directory.
+ *
+ */
+public interface PathTranslator {
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves the specified path against the given base directory. The resolved path will be absolute and uses the
+     * platform-specific file separator if a base directory is given. Otherwise, the input path will be returned
+     * unaltered.
+     *
+     * @param path The path to resolve, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param basedir The base directory to resolve relative paths against, may be {@code null}.
+     * @return The resolved path or {@code null} if the input path was {@code null}.
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     */
+    String alignToBaseDirectory(String path, Path basedir);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/PluginConfigurationExpander.java

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Handles expansion of general build plugin configuration into individual executions.
+ *
+ */
+public interface PluginConfigurationExpander {
+
+    /**
+     * Merges values from general build plugin configuration into the individual plugin executions of the given model.
+     *
+     * @param model The model whose build plugin configuration should be expanded, must not be <code>null</code>.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    Model expandPluginConfiguration(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/PluginManagementInjector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Handles injection of plugin management into the model.
+ *
+ */
+public interface PluginManagementInjector {
+
+    /**
+     * Merges default values from the plugin management section of the given model into itself.
+     *
+     * @param model The model into which to merge the values specified by its plugin management section, must not be
+     *            <code>null</code>.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    Model injectManagement(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ProfileActivationContext.java

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Describes the environmental context used to determine the activation status of profiles.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ProfileActivationContext {
+    /**
+     * Key of the property containing the project's packaging.
+     * Available in {@link #getUserProperties()}.
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     */
+    String PROPERTY_NAME_PACKAGING = "packaging";
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the identifiers of those profiles that should be activated by explicit demand.
+     *
+     * @return The identifiers of those profiles to activate, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    List<String> getActiveProfileIds();
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the identifiers of those profiles that should be deactivated by explicit demand.
+     *
+     * @return The identifiers of those profiles to deactivate, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    List<String> getInactiveProfileIds();
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the system properties to use for interpolation and profile activation. The system properties are collected
+     * from the runtime environment like {@link System#getProperties()} and environment variables.
+     *
+     * @return The execution properties, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    Map<String, String> getSystemProperties();
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the user properties to use for interpolation and profile activation. The user properties have been
+     * configured directly by the user on his discretion, e.g. via the {@code -Dkey=value} parameter on the command
+     * line.
+     *
+     * @return The user properties, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    Map<String, String> getUserProperties();
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the base directory of the current project (if any).
+     *
+     * @return The base directory of the current project or {@code null} if none.
+     */
+    Path getProjectDirectory();
+
+    /**
+     * Gets current calculated project properties
+     *
+     * @return The project properties, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    Map<String, String> getProjectProperties();
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ProfileActivator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether a profile should be activated.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ProfileActivator {
+
+    /**
+     * Determines whether the specified profile is active in the given activator context.
+     *
+     * @param profile The profile whose activation status should be determined, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param context The environmental context used to determine the activation status of the profile, must not be
+     *            {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems (e.g. bad syntax) that were encountered, must not be
+     *            {@code null}.
+     * @return {@code true} if the profile is active, {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    boolean isActive(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+
+    /**
+     * Determines whether specified activation method is present in configuration or not. It should help to have AND
+     * between activation conditions
+     * Need for solving https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/MNG-4565
+     * @param profile The profile whose activation status should be determined, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param context The environmental context used to determine the activation status of the profile, must not be
+     *            {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems (e.g. bad syntax) that were encountered, must not be
+     *            {@code null}.
+     * @return {@code true} if the profile is active, {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    boolean presentInConfig(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ProfileInjector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Handles profile injection into the model.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ProfileInjector {
+
+    /**
+     * Merges values from the specified profile into the given model. Implementations are expected to keep the profile
+     * and model completely decoupled by injecting deep copies rather than the original objects from the profile.
+     *
+     * @param model The model into which to merge the values defined by the profile, must not be <code>null</code>.
+     * @param profile The (read-only) profile whose values should be injected, may be <code>null</code>.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    default Model injectProfile(
+            Model model, Profile profile, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        return injectProfiles(model, List.of(profile), request, problems);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Merges values from the specified profile into the given model. Implementations are expected to keep the profile
+     * and model completely decoupled by injecting deep copies rather than the original objects from the profile.
+     *
+     * @param model The model into which to merge the values defined by the profile, must not be <code>null</code>.
+     * @param profiles The (read-only) list of profiles whose values should be injected, must not be <code>null</code>.
+     * @param request The model building request that holds further settings, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     */
+    Model injectProfiles(
+            Model model, List<Profile> profiles, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ProfileSelector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Calculates the active profiles among a given collection of profiles.
+ *
+ */
+public interface ProfileSelector {
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the profiles which are active in the specified activation context. Active profiles will eventually be
+     * injected into the model.
+     *
+     * @param profiles The profiles whose activation status should be determined, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param context The environmental context used to determine the activation status of a profile, must not be
+     *            {@code null}.
+     * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @return The profiles that have been activated, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    List<Profile> getActiveProfiles(
+            Collection<Profile> profiles, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/RootLocator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nullable;
+
+/**
+ * Interface used to locate the root directory for a given project.
+ *
+ * The root locator is usually looked up from the plexus container.
+ * One notable exception is the computation of the early {@code session.rootDirectory}
+ * property which happens very early.  The implementation used in this case
+ * will be discovered using the JDK service mechanism.
+ *
+ * The default implementation will look for a {@code .mvn} child directory
+ * or a {@code pom.xml} containing the {@code root="true"} attribute.
+ */
+public interface RootLocator {
+
+    String UNABLE_TO_FIND_ROOT_PROJECT_MESSAGE = "Unable to find the root directory. "
+            + "Create a .mvn directory in the root directory or add the root=\"true\""
+            + " attribute on the root project's model to identify it.";
+
+    @Nonnull
+    default Path findMandatoryRoot(Path basedir) {
+        Path rootDirectory = findRoot(basedir);
+        if (rootDirectory == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(getNoRootMessage());
+        }
+        return rootDirectory;
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    default Path findRoot(Path basedir) {
+        Path rootDirectory = basedir;
+        while (rootDirectory != null && !isRootDirectory(rootDirectory)) {
+            rootDirectory = rootDirectory.getParent();
+        }
+        return rootDirectory;
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    default String getNoRootMessage() {
+        return UNABLE_TO_FIND_ROOT_PROJECT_MESSAGE;
+    }
+
+    boolean isRootDirectory(Path dir);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/UrlNormalizer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+public interface UrlNormalizer {
+
+    /**
+     * Normalizes the specified URL.
+     *
+     * @param url The URL to normalize, may be {@code null}.
+     * @return The normalized URL or {@code null} if the input was {@code null}.
+     */
+    String normalize(String url);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/WorkspaceModelResolver.java

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+
+/**
+ * WorkspaceModelResolver
+ */
+public interface WorkspaceModelResolver {
+
+    Model resolveRawModel(String groupId, String artifactId, String versionConstraint);
+
+    Model resolveEffectiveModel(String groupId, String artifactId, String versionConstraint);
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/AbstractSession.java

@@ -90,10 +90,11 @@ public abstract class AbstractSession implements InternalSession {
             List<RemoteRepository> repositories,
             List<org.eclipse.aether.repository.RemoteRepository> resolverRepositories,
             Lookup lookup) {
-        this.session = session;
+        this.session = nonNull(session, "session");
         this.repositorySystem = repositorySystem;
         this.repositories = getRepositories(repositories, resolverRepositories);
         this.lookup = lookup;
+        this.session.getData().set(InternalSession.class, this);
     }
 
     @Override

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultArtifact.java

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import org.apache.maven.api.Artifact;
 import org.apache.maven.api.ArtifactCoordinate;
 import org.apache.maven.api.Version;
 import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
-import org.apache.maven.repository.internal.DefaultModelVersionParser;
 
 import static org.apache.maven.internal.impl.Utils.nonNull;
 

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultDependency.java

@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ import org.apache.maven.api.Type;
 import org.apache.maven.api.Version;
 import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
 import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nullable;
-import org.apache.maven.repository.internal.DefaultModelVersionParser;
 import org.eclipse.aether.artifact.ArtifactProperties;
 
 import static org.apache.maven.internal.impl.Utils.nonNull;

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultModelUrlNormalizer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.DistributionManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Scm;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Site;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ModelUrlNormalizer;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.UrlNormalizer;
+
+/**
+ * Normalizes URLs to remove the ugly parent references "../" that got potentially inserted by URL adjustment during
+ * model inheritance.
+ *
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultModelUrlNormalizer implements ModelUrlNormalizer {
+
+    private final UrlNormalizer urlNormalizer;
+
+    @Inject
+    public DefaultModelUrlNormalizer(UrlNormalizer urlNormalizer) {
+        this.urlNormalizer = urlNormalizer;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Model normalize(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request) {
+        if (model == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        Model.Builder builder = Model.newBuilder(model);
+        builder.url(normalize(model.getUrl()));
+
+        Scm scm = model.getScm();
+        if (scm != null) {
+            builder.scm(Scm.newBuilder(scm)
+                    .url(normalize(scm.getUrl()))
+                    .connection(normalize(scm.getConnection()))
+                    .developerConnection(normalize(scm.getDeveloperConnection()))
+                    .build());
+        }
+
+        DistributionManagement dist = model.getDistributionManagement();
+        if (dist != null) {
+            Site site = dist.getSite();
+            if (site != null) {
+                builder.distributionManagement(dist.withSite(site.withUrl(normalize(site.getUrl()))));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return builder.build();
+    }
+
+    private String normalize(String url) {
+        return urlNormalizer.normalize(url);
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultModelVersionParser.java

@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl;
+
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.Version;
+import org.apache.maven.api.VersionConstraint;
+import org.apache.maven.api.VersionRange;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.VersionParserException;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ModelVersionParser;
+import org.eclipse.aether.version.InvalidVersionSpecificationException;
+import org.eclipse.aether.version.VersionScheme;
+
+import static java.util.Objects.requireNonNull;
+
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultModelVersionParser implements ModelVersionParser {
+    private static final String SNAPSHOT = "SNAPSHOT";
+    private static final Pattern SNAPSHOT_TIMESTAMP = Pattern.compile("^(.*-)?([0-9]{8}\\.[0-9]{6}-[0-9]+)$");
+    private final VersionScheme versionScheme;
+
+    @Inject
+    public DefaultModelVersionParser(VersionScheme versionScheme) {
+        this.versionScheme = requireNonNull(versionScheme, "versionScheme");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Version parseVersion(String version) {
+        requireNonNull(version, "version");
+        return new DefaultVersion(versionScheme, version);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public VersionRange parseVersionRange(String range) {
+        requireNonNull(range, "range");
+        return new DefaultVersionRange(versionScheme, range);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isSnapshot(String version) {
+        return checkSnapshot(version);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean checkSnapshot(String version) {
+        return version.endsWith(SNAPSHOT) || SNAPSHOT_TIMESTAMP.matcher(version).matches();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public VersionConstraint parseVersionConstraint(String constraint) {
+        requireNonNull(constraint, "constraint");
+        return new DefaultVersionConstraint(versionScheme, constraint);
+    }
+
+    static class DefaultVersion implements Version {
+        private final VersionScheme versionScheme;
+        private final org.eclipse.aether.version.Version delegate;
+
+        DefaultVersion(VersionScheme versionScheme, org.eclipse.aether.version.Version delegate) {
+            this.versionScheme = versionScheme;
+            this.delegate = delegate;
+        }
+
+        DefaultVersion(VersionScheme versionScheme, String delegateValue) {
+            this.versionScheme = versionScheme;
+            try {
+                this.delegate = versionScheme.parseVersion(delegateValue);
+            } catch (InvalidVersionSpecificationException e) {
+                throw new VersionParserException("Unable to parse version: " + delegateValue, e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(Version o) {
+            if (o instanceof DefaultVersion) {
+                return delegate.compareTo(((DefaultVersion) o).delegate);
+            } else {
+                return compareTo(new DefaultVersion(versionScheme, o.asString()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (this == o) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            DefaultVersion that = (DefaultVersion) o;
+            return delegate.equals(that.delegate);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return delegate.hashCode();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String asString() {
+            return delegate.toString();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return asString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class DefaultVersionRange implements VersionRange {
+        private final VersionScheme versionScheme;
+        private final org.eclipse.aether.version.VersionRange delegate;
+
+        DefaultVersionRange(VersionScheme versionScheme, org.eclipse.aether.version.VersionRange delegate) {
+            this.versionScheme = versionScheme;
+            this.delegate = delegate;
+        }
+
+        DefaultVersionRange(VersionScheme versionScheme, String delegateValue) {
+            this.versionScheme = versionScheme;
+            try {
+                this.delegate = versionScheme.parseVersionRange(delegateValue);
+            } catch (InvalidVersionSpecificationException e) {
+                throw new VersionParserException("Unable to parse version range: " + delegateValue, e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean contains(Version version) {
+            if (version instanceof DefaultVersion) {
+                return delegate.containsVersion(((DefaultVersion) version).delegate);
+            } else {
+                return contains(new DefaultVersion(versionScheme, version.asString()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Boundary getUpperBoundary() {
+            org.eclipse.aether.version.VersionRange.Bound bound = delegate.getUpperBound();
+            if (bound == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            return new Boundary() {
+                @Override
+                public Version getVersion() {
+                    return new DefaultVersion(versionScheme, bound.getVersion());
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public boolean isInclusive() {
+                    return bound.isInclusive();
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Boundary getLowerBoundary() {
+            org.eclipse.aether.version.VersionRange.Bound bound = delegate.getLowerBound();
+            if (bound == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            return new Boundary() {
+                @Override
+                public Version getVersion() {
+                    return new DefaultVersion(versionScheme, bound.getVersion());
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public boolean isInclusive() {
+                    return bound.isInclusive();
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String asString() {
+            return delegate.toString();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return asString();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (this == o) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            DefaultVersionRange that = (DefaultVersionRange) o;
+            return delegate.equals(that.delegate);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return delegate.hashCode();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class DefaultVersionConstraint implements VersionConstraint {
+        private final VersionScheme versionScheme;
+        private final org.eclipse.aether.version.VersionConstraint delegate;
+
+        DefaultVersionConstraint(VersionScheme versionScheme, String delegateValue) {
+            this.versionScheme = versionScheme;
+            try {
+                this.delegate = versionScheme.parseVersionConstraint(delegateValue);
+            } catch (InvalidVersionSpecificationException e) {
+                throw new VersionParserException("Unable to parse version constraint: " + delegateValue, e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean contains(Version version) {
+            if (version instanceof DefaultVersion) {
+                return delegate.containsVersion(((DefaultVersion) version).delegate);
+            } else {
+                return contains(new DefaultVersion(versionScheme, version.asString()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String asString() {
+            return delegate.toString();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public VersionRange getVersionRange() {
+            if (delegate.getRange() == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            return new DefaultVersionRange(versionScheme, delegate.getRange());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Version getRecommendedVersion() {
+            if (delegate.getVersion() == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            return new DefaultVersion(versionScheme, delegate.getVersion());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return asString();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (this == o) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            DefaultVersionConstraint that = (DefaultVersionConstraint) o;
+            return delegate.equals(that.delegate);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return delegate.hashCode();
+        }
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultModelXmlFactory.java

@@ -59,7 +59,8 @@ public class DefaultModelXmlFactory implements ModelXmlFactory {
         try {
             InputSource source = null;
             if (request.getModelId() != null || request.getLocation() != null) {
-                source = new InputSource(request.getModelId(), request.getLocation());
+                source = new InputSource(
+                        request.getModelId(), path != null ? path.toUri().toString() : null);
             }
             MavenStaxReader xml = new MavenStaxReader();
             xml.setAddDefaultEntities(request.isAddDefaultEntities());

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultPluginConfigurationExpander.java

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Build;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Plugin;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.PluginManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ReportPlugin;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Reporting;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.PluginConfigurationExpander;
+import org.apache.maven.api.xml.XmlNode;
+
+/**
+ * Handles expansion of general build plugin configuration into individual executions.
+ *
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultPluginConfigurationExpander implements PluginConfigurationExpander {
+
+    @Override
+    public Model expandPluginConfiguration(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Build build = model.getBuild();
+        if (build != null) {
+            build = build.withPlugins(expandPlugin(build.getPlugins()));
+            PluginManagement pluginManagement = build.getPluginManagement();
+            if (pluginManagement != null) {
+                build = build.withPluginManagement(
+                        pluginManagement.withPlugins(expandPlugin(pluginManagement.getPlugins())));
+            }
+            model = model.withBuild(build);
+        }
+        Reporting reporting = model.getReporting();
+        if (reporting != null) {
+            expandReport(reporting.getPlugins());
+        }
+        return model.withBuild(build);
+    }
+
+    private List<Plugin> expandPlugin(List<Plugin> oldPlugins) {
+        return map(oldPlugins, plugin -> {
+            XmlNode pluginConfiguration = plugin.getConfiguration();
+            if (pluginConfiguration != null) {
+                return plugin.withExecutions(map(
+                        plugin.getExecutions(),
+                        execution -> execution.withConfiguration(
+                                XmlNode.merge(execution.getConfiguration(), pluginConfiguration))));
+            } else {
+                return plugin;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private List<ReportPlugin> expandReport(List<ReportPlugin> oldPlugins) {
+        return map(oldPlugins, plugin -> {
+            XmlNode pluginConfiguration = plugin.getConfiguration();
+            if (pluginConfiguration != null) {
+                return plugin.withReportSets(map(
+                        plugin.getReportSets(),
+                        report -> report.withConfiguration(
+                                XmlNode.merge(report.getConfiguration(), pluginConfiguration))));
+            } else {
+                return plugin;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    static <T> List<T> map(List<T> list, Function<T, T> mapper) {
+        List<T> newList = list;
+        for (int i = 0; i < newList.size(); i++) {
+            T oldT = newList.get(i);
+            T newT = mapper.apply(oldT);
+            if (newT != oldT) {
+                if (newList == list) {
+                    newList = new ArrayList<>(list);
+                }
+                newList.set(i, newT);
+            }
+        }
+        return newList;
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultRemoteRepository.java

@@ -55,4 +55,9 @@ public class DefaultRemoteRepository implements RemoteRepository {
     public String getProtocol() {
         return repository.getProtocol();
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return repository.toString();
+    }
 }

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultSettingsBuilder.java

@@ -137,11 +137,7 @@ public class DefaultSettingsBuilder implements SettingsBuilder {
         Settings settings;
 
         try {
-            try {
+            try (InputStream is = settingsSource.openStream()) {
-                InputStream is = settingsSource.openStream();
-                if (is == null) {
-                    return Settings.newInstance();
-                }
                 settings = request.getSession()
                         .getService(SettingsXmlFactory.class)
                         .read(XmlReaderRequest.builder()
@@ -150,25 +146,23 @@ public class DefaultSettingsBuilder implements SettingsBuilder {
                                 .strict(true)
                                 .build());
             } catch (XmlReaderException e) {
-                InputStream is = settingsSource.openStream();
+                try (InputStream is = settingsSource.openStream()) {
-                if (is == null) {
+                    settings = request.getSession()
-                    return Settings.newInstance();
+                            .getService(SettingsXmlFactory.class)
+                            .read(XmlReaderRequest.builder()
+                                    .inputStream(is)
+                                    .location(settingsSource.getLocation())
+                                    .strict(false)
+                                    .build());
+                    Location loc = e.getCause() instanceof XMLStreamException xe ? xe.getLocation() : null;
+                    problems.add(new DefaultBuilderProblem(
+                            settingsSource.getLocation(),
+                            loc != null ? loc.getLineNumber() : -1,
+                            loc != null ? loc.getColumnNumber() : -1,
+                            e,
+                            e.getMessage(),
+                            BuilderProblem.Severity.WARNING));
                 }
-                settings = request.getSession()
-                        .getService(SettingsXmlFactory.class)
-                        .read(XmlReaderRequest.builder()
-                                .inputStream(is)
-                                .location(settingsSource.getLocation())
-                                .strict(false)
-                                .build());
-                Location loc = e.getCause() instanceof XMLStreamException xe ? xe.getLocation() : null;
-                problems.add(new DefaultBuilderProblem(
-                        settingsSource.getLocation(),
-                        loc != null ? loc.getLineNumber() : -1,
-                        loc != null ? loc.getColumnNumber() : -1,
-                        e,
-                        e.getMessage(),
-                        BuilderProblem.Severity.WARNING));
             }
         } catch (XmlReaderException e) {
             Location loc = e.getCause() instanceof XMLStreamException xe ? xe.getLocation() : null;

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultSuperPomProvider.java

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.SuperPomProvider;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ModelProcessor;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.xml.XmlReaderRequest;
+
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultSuperPomProvider implements SuperPomProvider {
+
+    private final ModelProcessor modelProcessor;
+
+    /**
+     * The cached super POM, lazily created.
+     */
+    private static final Map<String, Model> SUPER_MODELS = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    @Inject
+    public DefaultSuperPomProvider(ModelProcessor modelProcessor) {
+        this.modelProcessor = modelProcessor;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Model getSuperPom(String version) {
+        return SUPER_MODELS.computeIfAbsent(Objects.requireNonNull(version), v -> readModel(version, v));
+    }
+
+    private Model readModel(String version, String v) {
+        String resource = "/org/apache/maven/model/pom-" + v + ".xml";
+        URL url = getClass().getResource(resource);
+        if (url == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("The super POM " + resource + " was not found"
+                    + ", please verify the integrity of your Maven installation");
+        }
+        try (InputStream is = url.openStream()) {
+            String modelId = "org.apache.maven:maven-model-builder:" + version + "-"
+                    + this.getClass().getPackage().getImplementationVersion() + ":super-pom";
+            return modelProcessor.read(XmlReaderRequest.builder()
+                    .modelId(modelId)
+                    .location(url.toExternalForm())
+                    .inputStream(is)
+                    .strict(false)
+                    .build());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "The super POM " + resource + " is damaged"
+                            + ", please verify the integrity of your Maven installation",
+                    e);
+        }
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultUrlNormalizer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.UrlNormalizer;
+
+/**
+ * Normalizes a URL.
+ *
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultUrlNormalizer implements UrlNormalizer {
+
+    @Override
+    public String normalize(String url) {
+        String result = url;
+
+        if (result != null) {
+            while (true) {
+                int idx = result.indexOf("/../");
+                if (idx < 0) {
+                    break;
+                } else if (idx == 0) {
+                    result = result.substring(3);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                int parent = idx - 1;
+                while (parent >= 0 && result.charAt(parent) == '/') {
+                    parent--;
+                }
+                parent = result.lastIndexOf('/', parent);
+                if (parent < 0) {
+                    result = result.substring(idx + 4);
+                } else {
+                    result = result.substring(0, parent) + result.substring(idx + 3);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultVersionParser.java

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
 import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
 import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.VersionParser;
-import org.apache.maven.model.version.ModelVersionParser;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ModelVersionParser;
 
 import static org.apache.maven.internal.impl.Utils.nonNull;
 

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultVersionRangeResolver.java

@@ -66,8 +66,9 @@ public class DefaultVersionRangeResolver implements VersionRangeResolver {
                             session.toRepositories(session.getRemoteRepositories()),
                             null));
 
-            Map<String, ArtifactRepository> repos =
+            Map<String, ArtifactRepository> repos = res.getVersions().stream()
-                    res.getVersions().stream().collect(Collectors.toMap(v -> v.toString(), res::getRepository));
+                    .filter(v -> res.getRepository(v) != null)
+                    .collect(Collectors.toMap(v -> v.toString(), res::getRepository));
 
             return new VersionRangeResolverResult() {
                 @Override

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/ExtensibleEnumRegistries.java

@@ -18,21 +18,29 @@
  */
 package org.apache.maven.internal.impl;
 
-import javax.inject.Inject;
-import javax.inject.Named;
-import javax.inject.Singleton;
-
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Optional;
-import java.util.function.Function;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
-import org.apache.maven.SessionScoped;
+import org.apache.maven.api.ExtensibleEnum;
-import org.apache.maven.api.*;
+import org.apache.maven.api.Language;
-import org.apache.maven.api.services.*;
+import org.apache.maven.api.PathScope;
-import org.apache.maven.api.spi.*;
+import org.apache.maven.api.ProjectScope;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.SessionScoped;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ExtensibleEnumRegistry;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.LanguageRegistry;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.PathScopeRegistry;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ProjectScopeRegistry;
+import org.apache.maven.api.spi.ExtensibleEnumProvider;
+import org.apache.maven.api.spi.LanguageProvider;
+import org.apache.maven.api.spi.PathScopeProvider;
+import org.apache.maven.api.spi.ProjectScopeProvider;
 
 import static org.apache.maven.internal.impl.Utils.nonNull;
 
@@ -76,7 +84,8 @@ public class ExtensibleEnumRegistries {
         }
     }
 
-    static class DefaultExtensibleEnumRegistry<T extends ExtensibleEnum, P extends ExtensibleEnumProvider<T>>
+    public abstract static class DefaultExtensibleEnumRegistry<
+                    T extends ExtensibleEnum, P extends ExtensibleEnumProvider<T>>
             implements ExtensibleEnumRegistry<T> {
 
         protected final Map<String, T> values;
@@ -84,12 +93,12 @@ public class ExtensibleEnumRegistries {
         DefaultExtensibleEnumRegistry(List<P> providers, T... builtinValues) {
             values = Stream.<T>concat(
                             Stream.of(builtinValues), providers.stream().flatMap(p -> p.provides().stream()))
-                    .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableMap(ExtensibleEnum::id, Function.identity()));
+                    .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableMap(t -> t.id().toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT), t -> t));
         }
 
         @Override
         public Optional<T> lookup(String id) {
-            return Optional.ofNullable(values.get(nonNull(id, "id")));
+            return Optional.ofNullable(values.get(nonNull(id, "id").toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT)));
         }
     }
 }

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/InternalSession.java

@@ -41,6 +41,10 @@ public interface InternalSession extends Session {
         return cast(InternalSession.class, session, "session should be an " + InternalSession.class);
     }
 
+    static InternalSession from(org.eclipse.aether.RepositorySystemSession session) {
+        return cast(InternalSession.class, session.getData().get(InternalSession.class), "session");
+    }
+
     RemoteRepository getRemoteRepository(org.eclipse.aether.repository.RemoteRepository repository);
 
     Node getNode(org.eclipse.aether.graph.DependencyNode node);

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/Utils.java

@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ class Utils {
 
     static <T> T cast(Class<T> clazz, Object o, String name) {
         if (!clazz.isInstance(o)) {
+            if (o == null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(name + " is null");
+            }
             throw new IllegalArgumentException(name + " is not an instance of " + clazz.getName());
         }
         return clazz.cast(o);

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/BuildModelTransformer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Parent;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelTransformer;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelTransformerContext;
+
+/**
+ * ModelSourceTransformer for the build pom
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class BuildModelTransformer implements ModelTransformer {
+
+    public static final String NAMESPACE_PREFIX = "http://maven.apache.org/POM/";
+
+    @Override
+    public Model transform(ModelTransformerContext context, Model model, Path path) {
+        Model.Builder builder = Model.newBuilder(model);
+        handleModelVersion(context, model, path, builder);
+        handleParent(context, model, path, builder);
+        handleReactorDependencies(context, model, path, builder);
+        handleCiFriendlyVersion(context, model, path, builder);
+        return builder.build();
+    }
+
+    //
+    // Infer modelVersion from namespace URI
+    //
+    void handleModelVersion(ModelTransformerContext context, Model model, Path pomFile, Model.Builder builder) {
+        String namespace = model.getNamespaceUri();
+        if (model.getModelVersion() == null && namespace != null && namespace.startsWith(NAMESPACE_PREFIX)) {
+            builder.modelVersion(namespace.substring(NAMESPACE_PREFIX.length()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    //
+    // Infer parent information
+    //
+    void handleParent(ModelTransformerContext context, Model model, Path pomFile, Model.Builder builder) {
+        Parent parent = model.getParent();
+        if (parent != null) {
+            String version = parent.getVersion();
+            String path = Optional.ofNullable(parent.getRelativePath()).orElse("..");
+            if (version == null && !path.isEmpty()) {
+                Optional<RelativeProject> resolvedParent = resolveRelativePath(
+                        pomFile, context, Paths.get(path), parent.getGroupId(), parent.getArtifactId());
+                if (resolvedParent.isPresent()) {
+                    version = resolvedParent.get().getVersion();
+                }
+            }
+            // CI Friendly version for parent
+            String modVersion = replaceCiFriendlyVersion(context, version);
+            builder.parent(parent.withVersion(modVersion));
+        }
+    }
+
+    //
+    // CI friendly versions
+    //
+    void handleCiFriendlyVersion(ModelTransformerContext context, Model model, Path pomFile, Model.Builder builder) {
+        String version = model.getVersion();
+        String modVersion = replaceCiFriendlyVersion(context, version);
+        builder.version(modVersion);
+    }
+
+    //
+    // Infer inner reactor dependencies version
+    //
+    void handleReactorDependencies(ModelTransformerContext context, Model model, Path pomFile, Model.Builder builder) {
+        List<Dependency> newDeps = new ArrayList<>();
+        boolean modified = false;
+        for (Dependency dep : model.getDependencies()) {
+            if (dep.getVersion() == null) {
+                Model depModel = context.getRawModel(model.getPomFile(), dep.getGroupId(), dep.getArtifactId());
+                if (depModel != null) {
+                    String v = depModel.getVersion();
+                    if (v == null && depModel.getParent() != null) {
+                        v = depModel.getParent().getVersion();
+                    }
+                    dep = dep.withVersion(v);
+                    modified = true;
+                }
+            }
+            newDeps.add(dep);
+        }
+        if (modified) {
+            builder.dependencies(newDeps);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected String replaceCiFriendlyVersion(ModelTransformerContext context, String version) {
+        if (version != null) {
+            for (String key : Arrays.asList("changelist", "revision", "sha1")) {
+                String val = context.getUserProperty(key);
+                if (val != null) {
+                    version = version.replace("${" + key + "}", val);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return version;
+    }
+
+    protected Optional<RelativeProject> resolveRelativePath(
+            Path pomFile, ModelTransformerContext context, Path relativePath, String groupId, String artifactId) {
+        Path pomPath = pomFile.resolveSibling(relativePath).normalize();
+        if (Files.isDirectory(pomPath)) {
+            pomPath = context.locate(pomPath);
+        }
+
+        if (pomPath == null || !Files.isRegularFile(pomPath)) {
+            return Optional.empty();
+        }
+
+        Optional<RelativeProject> mappedProject = Optional.ofNullable(context.getRawModel(pomFile, pomPath.normalize()))
+                .map(BuildModelTransformer::toRelativeProject);
+
+        if (mappedProject.isPresent()) {
+            RelativeProject project = mappedProject.get();
+
+            if (Objects.equals(groupId, project.getGroupId()) && Objects.equals(artifactId, project.getArtifactId())) {
+                return mappedProject;
+            }
+        }
+        return Optional.empty();
+    }
+
+    private static RelativeProject toRelativeProject(final Model m) {
+        String groupId = m.getGroupId();
+        if (groupId == null && m.getParent() != null) {
+            groupId = m.getParent().getGroupId();
+        }
+
+        String version = m.getVersion();
+        if (version == null && m.getParent() != null) {
+            version = m.getParent().getVersion();
+        }
+
+        return new RelativeProject(groupId, m.getArtifactId(), version);
+    }
+
+    protected static class RelativeProject {
+        private final String groupId;
+
+        private final String artifactId;
+
+        private final String version;
+
+        protected RelativeProject(String groupId, String artifactId, String version) {
+            this.groupId = groupId;
+            this.artifactId = artifactId;
+            this.version = version;
+        }
+
+        public String getGroupId() {
+            return groupId;
+        }
+
+        public String getArtifactId() {
+            return artifactId;
+        }
+
+        public String getVersion() {
+            return version;
+        }
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultDependencyManagementImporter.java

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.DependencyManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Exclusion;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem.Severity;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem.Version;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+
+/**
+ * Handles the import of dependency management from other models into the target model.
+ *
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultDependencyManagementImporter implements DependencyManagementImporter {
+
+    @Override
+    public Model importManagement(
+            Model target,
+            List<? extends DependencyManagement> sources,
+            ModelBuilderRequest request,
+            ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        if (sources != null && !sources.isEmpty()) {
+            Map<String, Dependency> dependencies = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+            DependencyManagement depMgmt = target.getDependencyManagement();
+
+            if (depMgmt != null) {
+                for (Dependency dependency : depMgmt.getDependencies()) {
+                    dependencies.put(dependency.getManagementKey(), dependency);
+                }
+            } else {
+                depMgmt = DependencyManagement.newInstance();
+            }
+
+            Set<String> directDependencies = new HashSet<>(dependencies.keySet());
+
+            for (DependencyManagement source : sources) {
+                for (Dependency dependency : source.getDependencies()) {
+                    String key = dependency.getManagementKey();
+                    Dependency present = dependencies.putIfAbsent(key, dependency);
+                    if (present != null && !equals(dependency, present) && !directDependencies.contains(key)) {
+                        // TODO: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/MNG-8004
+                        problems.add(
+                                Severity.WARNING,
+                                Version.V40,
+                                "Ignored POM import for: " + toString(dependency) + " as already imported "
+                                        + toString(present) + ".  Add a the conflicting managed dependency directly "
+                                        + "to the dependencyManagement section of the POM.");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return target.withDependencyManagement(depMgmt.withDependencies(dependencies.values()));
+        }
+        return target;
+    }
+
+    private String toString(Dependency dependency) {
+        StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        stringBuilder
+                .append(dependency.getGroupId())
+                .append(":")
+                .append(dependency.getArtifactId())
+                .append(":")
+                .append(dependency.getType());
+        if (dependency.getClassifier() != null && !dependency.getClassifier().isEmpty()) {
+            stringBuilder.append(":").append(dependency.getClassifier());
+        }
+        stringBuilder
+                .append(":")
+                .append(dependency.getVersion())
+                .append("@")
+                .append(dependency.getScope() == null ? "compile" : dependency.getScope());
+        if (dependency.isOptional()) {
+            stringBuilder.append("[optional]");
+        }
+        if (!dependency.getExclusions().isEmpty()) {
+            stringBuilder.append("[").append(dependency.getExclusions().size()).append(" exclusions]");
+        }
+        return stringBuilder.toString();
+    }
+
+    private boolean equals(Dependency d1, Dependency d2) {
+        return Objects.equals(d1.getGroupId(), d2.getGroupId())
+                && Objects.equals(d1.getArtifactId(), d2.getArtifactId())
+                && Objects.equals(d1.getVersion(), d2.getVersion())
+                && Objects.equals(d1.getType(), d2.getType())
+                && Objects.equals(d1.getClassifier(), d2.getClassifier())
+                && Objects.equals(d1.getScope(), d2.getScope())
+                && Objects.equals(d1.getSystemPath(), d2.getSystemPath())
+                && Objects.equals(d1.getOptional(), d2.getOptional())
+                && equals(d1.getExclusions(), d2.getExclusions());
+    }
+
+    private boolean equals(Collection<Exclusion> ce1, Collection<Exclusion> ce2) {
+        if (ce1.size() == ce2.size()) {
+            Iterator<Exclusion> i1 = ce1.iterator();
+            Iterator<Exclusion> i2 = ce2.iterator();
+            while (i1.hasNext() && i2.hasNext()) {
+                if (!equals(i1.next(), i2.next())) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            return !i1.hasNext() && !i2.hasNext();
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equals(Exclusion e1, Exclusion e2) {
+        return Objects.equals(e1.getGroupId(), e2.getGroupId())
+                && Objects.equals(e1.getArtifactId(), e2.getArtifactId());
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultDependencyManagementInjector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.DependencyManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Exclusion;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+
+/**
+ * Handles injection of dependency management into the model.
+ *
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings({"checkstyle:methodname"})
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultDependencyManagementInjector implements DependencyManagementInjector {
+
+    private ManagementModelMerger merger = new ManagementModelMerger();
+
+    @Override
+    public Model injectManagement(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        return merger.mergeManagedDependencies(model);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * ManagementModelMerger
+     */
+    protected static class ManagementModelMerger extends MavenModelMerger {
+
+        public Model mergeManagedDependencies(Model model) {
+            DependencyManagement dependencyManagement = model.getDependencyManagement();
+            if (dependencyManagement != null) {
+                Map<Object, Dependency> dependencies = new HashMap<>();
+                Map<Object, Object> context = Collections.emptyMap();
+
+                for (Dependency dependency : model.getDependencies()) {
+                    Object key = getDependencyKey().apply(dependency);
+                    dependencies.put(key, dependency);
+                }
+
+                boolean modified = false;
+                for (Dependency managedDependency : dependencyManagement.getDependencies()) {
+                    Object key = getDependencyKey().apply(managedDependency);
+                    Dependency dependency = dependencies.get(key);
+                    if (dependency != null) {
+                        Dependency merged = mergeDependency(dependency, managedDependency, false, context);
+                        if (merged != dependency) {
+                            dependencies.put(key, merged);
+                            modified = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (modified) {
+                    List<Dependency> newDeps = new ArrayList<>(dependencies.size());
+                    for (Dependency dep : model.getDependencies()) {
+                        Object key = getDependencyKey().apply(dep);
+                        Dependency dependency = dependencies.get(key);
+                        newDeps.add(dependency);
+                    }
+                    return Model.newBuilder(model).dependencies(newDeps).build();
+                }
+            }
+            return model;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void mergeDependency_Optional(
+                Dependency.Builder builder,
+                Dependency target,
+                Dependency source,
+                boolean sourceDominant,
+                Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            // optional flag is not managed
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void mergeDependency_Exclusions(
+                Dependency.Builder builder,
+                Dependency target,
+                Dependency source,
+                boolean sourceDominant,
+                Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            List<Exclusion> tgt = target.getExclusions();
+            if (tgt.isEmpty()) {
+                List<Exclusion> src = source.getExclusions();
+                builder.exclusions(src);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultInheritanceAssembler.java

@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ModelBase;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Plugin;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.PluginContainer;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ReportPlugin;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Reporting;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+
+/**
+ * Handles inheritance of model values.
+ *
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings({"checkstyle:methodname"})
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultInheritanceAssembler implements InheritanceAssembler {
+
+    private static final String CHILD_DIRECTORY = "child-directory";
+
+    private static final String CHILD_DIRECTORY_PROPERTY = "project.directory";
+
+    private final InheritanceModelMerger merger = new InheritanceModelMerger();
+
+    @Override
+    public Model assembleModelInheritance(
+            Model child, Model parent, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Map<Object, Object> hints = new HashMap<>();
+        String childPath = child.getProperties().getOrDefault(CHILD_DIRECTORY_PROPERTY, child.getArtifactId());
+        hints.put(CHILD_DIRECTORY, childPath);
+        hints.put(MavenModelMerger.CHILD_PATH_ADJUSTMENT, getChildPathAdjustment(child, parent, childPath));
+        return merger.merge(child, parent, false, hints);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculates the relative path from the base directory of the parent to the parent directory of the base directory
+     * of the child. The general idea is to adjust inherited URLs to match the project layout (in SCM).
+     *
+     * <p>This calculation is only a heuristic based on our conventions.
+     * In detail, the algo relies on the following assumptions: <ul>
+     * <li>The parent uses aggregation and refers to the child via the modules section</li>
+     * <li>The module path to the child is considered to
+     * point at the POM rather than its base directory if the path ends with ".xml" (ignoring case)</li>
+     * <li>The name of the child's base directory matches the artifact id of the child.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * Note that for the sake of independence from the user
+     * environment, the filesystem is intentionally not used for the calculation.</p>
+     *
+     * @param child The child model, must not be <code>null</code>.
+     * @param parent The parent model, may be <code>null</code>.
+     * @param childDirectory The directory defined in child model, may be <code>null</code>.
+     * @return The path adjustment, can be empty but never <code>null</code>.
+     */
+    private String getChildPathAdjustment(Model child, Model parent, String childDirectory) {
+        String adjustment = "";
+
+        if (parent != null) {
+            String childName = child.getArtifactId();
+
+            /*
+             * This logic (using filesystem, against wanted independence from the user environment) exists only for the
+             * sake of backward-compat with 2.x (MNG-5000). In general, it is wrong to
+             * base URL inheritance on the module directory names as this information is unavailable for POMs in the
+             * repository. In other words, modules where artifactId != moduleDirName will see different effective URLs
+             * depending on how the model was constructed (from filesystem or from repository).
+             */
+            if (child.getProjectDirectory() != null) {
+                childName = child.getProjectDirectory().getFileName().toString();
+            }
+
+            for (String module : parent.getModules()) {
+                module = module.replace('\\', '/');
+
+                if (module.regionMatches(true, module.length() - 4, ".xml", 0, 4)) {
+                    module = module.substring(0, module.lastIndexOf('/') + 1);
+                }
+
+                String moduleName = module;
+                if (moduleName.endsWith("/")) {
+                    moduleName = moduleName.substring(0, moduleName.length() - 1);
+                }
+
+                int lastSlash = moduleName.lastIndexOf('/');
+
+                moduleName = moduleName.substring(lastSlash + 1);
+
+                if ((moduleName.equals(childName) || (moduleName.equals(childDirectory))) && lastSlash >= 0) {
+                    adjustment = module.substring(0, lastSlash);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return adjustment;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * InheritanceModelMerger
+     */
+    protected static class InheritanceModelMerger extends MavenModelMerger {
+
+        @Override
+        protected String extrapolateChildUrl(String parentUrl, boolean appendPath, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            Object childDirectory = context.get(CHILD_DIRECTORY);
+            Object childPathAdjustment = context.get(CHILD_PATH_ADJUSTMENT);
+
+            boolean isBlankParentUrl = true;
+
+            if (parentUrl != null) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < parentUrl.length(); i++) {
+                    if (!Character.isWhitespace(parentUrl.charAt(i))) {
+                        isBlankParentUrl = false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isBlankParentUrl || childDirectory == null || childPathAdjustment == null || !appendPath) {
+                return parentUrl;
+            }
+
+            // append childPathAdjustment and childDirectory to parent url
+            return appendPath(parentUrl, childDirectory.toString(), childPathAdjustment.toString());
+        }
+
+        private String appendPath(String parentUrl, String childPath, String pathAdjustment) {
+            StringBuilder url = new StringBuilder(parentUrl.length()
+                    + pathAdjustment.length()
+                    + childPath.length()
+                    + (pathAdjustment.isEmpty() ? 1 : 2));
+
+            url.append(parentUrl);
+            concatPath(url, pathAdjustment);
+            concatPath(url, childPath);
+
+            return url.toString();
+        }
+
+        private void concatPath(StringBuilder url, String path) {
+            if (!path.isEmpty()) {
+                boolean initialUrlEndsWithSlash = url.charAt(url.length() - 1) == '/';
+                boolean pathStartsWithSlash = path.charAt(0) == '/';
+
+                if (pathStartsWithSlash) {
+                    if (initialUrlEndsWithSlash) {
+                        // 1 extra '/' to remove
+                        url.setLength(url.length() - 1);
+                    }
+                } else if (!initialUrlEndsWithSlash) {
+                    // add missing '/' between url and path
+                    url.append('/');
+                }
+
+                url.append(path);
+
+                // ensure resulting url ends with slash if initial url was
+                if (initialUrlEndsWithSlash && !path.endsWith("/")) {
+                    url.append('/');
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void mergeModelBase_Properties(
+                ModelBase.Builder builder,
+                ModelBase target,
+                ModelBase source,
+                boolean sourceDominant,
+                Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            Map<String, String> merged = new HashMap<>();
+            if (sourceDominant) {
+                merged.putAll(target.getProperties());
+                putAll(merged, source.getProperties(), CHILD_DIRECTORY_PROPERTY);
+            } else {
+                putAll(merged, source.getProperties(), CHILD_DIRECTORY_PROPERTY);
+                merged.putAll(target.getProperties());
+            }
+            builder.properties(merged);
+            builder.location(
+                    "properties",
+                    InputLocation.merge(
+                            target.getLocation("properties"), source.getLocation("properties"), sourceDominant));
+        }
+
+        private void putAll(Map<String, String> s, Map<String, String> t, Object excludeKey) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> e : t.entrySet()) {
+                if (!e.getKey().equals(excludeKey)) {
+                    s.put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void mergePluginContainer_Plugins(
+                PluginContainer.Builder builder,
+                PluginContainer target,
+                PluginContainer source,
+                boolean sourceDominant,
+                Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            List<Plugin> src = source.getPlugins();
+            if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+                List<Plugin> tgt = target.getPlugins();
+                Map<Object, Plugin> master = new LinkedHashMap<>(src.size() * 2);
+
+                for (Plugin element : src) {
+                    if (element.isInherited() || !element.getExecutions().isEmpty()) {
+                        // NOTE: Enforce recursive merge to trigger merging/inheritance logic for executions
+                        Plugin plugin = Plugin.newInstance(false);
+                        plugin = mergePlugin(plugin, element, sourceDominant, context);
+
+                        Object key = getPluginKey().apply(plugin);
+
+                        master.put(key, plugin);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Map<Object, List<Plugin>> predecessors = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+                List<Plugin> pending = new ArrayList<>();
+                for (Plugin element : tgt) {
+                    Object key = getPluginKey().apply(element);
+                    Plugin existing = master.get(key);
+                    if (existing != null) {
+                        element = mergePlugin(element, existing, sourceDominant, context);
+
+                        master.put(key, element);
+
+                        if (!pending.isEmpty()) {
+                            predecessors.put(key, pending);
+                            pending = new ArrayList<>();
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        pending.add(element);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                List<Plugin> result = new ArrayList<>(src.size() + tgt.size());
+                for (Map.Entry<Object, Plugin> entry : master.entrySet()) {
+                    List<Plugin> pre = predecessors.get(entry.getKey());
+                    if (pre != null) {
+                        result.addAll(pre);
+                    }
+                    result.add(entry.getValue());
+                }
+                result.addAll(pending);
+
+                builder.plugins(result);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected Plugin mergePlugin(
+                Plugin target, Plugin source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            Plugin.Builder builder = Plugin.newBuilder(target);
+            if (source.isInherited()) {
+                mergeConfigurationContainer(builder, target, source, sourceDominant, context);
+            }
+            mergePlugin_GroupId(builder, target, source, sourceDominant, context);
+            mergePlugin_ArtifactId(builder, target, source, sourceDominant, context);
+            mergePlugin_Version(builder, target, source, sourceDominant, context);
+            mergePlugin_Extensions(builder, target, source, sourceDominant, context);
+            mergePlugin_Executions(builder, target, source, sourceDominant, context);
+            mergePlugin_Dependencies(builder, target, source, sourceDominant, context);
+            return builder.build();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void mergeReporting_Plugins(
+                Reporting.Builder builder,
+                Reporting target,
+                Reporting source,
+                boolean sourceDominant,
+                Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            List<ReportPlugin> src = source.getPlugins();
+            if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+                List<ReportPlugin> tgt = target.getPlugins();
+                Map<Object, ReportPlugin> merged = new LinkedHashMap<>((src.size() + tgt.size()) * 2);
+
+                for (ReportPlugin element : src) {
+                    if (element.isInherited()) {
+                        // NOTE: Enforce recursive merge to trigger merging/inheritance logic for executions as well
+                        ReportPlugin plugin = ReportPlugin.newInstance(false);
+                        plugin = mergeReportPlugin(plugin, element, sourceDominant, context);
+
+                        merged.put(getReportPluginKey().apply(element), plugin);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                for (ReportPlugin element : tgt) {
+                    Object key = getReportPluginKey().apply(element);
+                    ReportPlugin existing = merged.get(key);
+                    if (existing != null) {
+                        element = mergeReportPlugin(element, existing, sourceDominant, context);
+                    }
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+
+                builder.plugins(merged.values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultLifecycleBindingsInjector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.Packaging;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Build;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Plugin;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.PluginContainer;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.PluginExecution;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.PluginManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem.Severity;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.LifecycleRegistry;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem.Version;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.PackagingRegistry;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+
+/**
+ * Handles injection of plugin executions induced by the lifecycle bindings for a packaging.
+ *
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultLifecycleBindingsInjector implements LifecycleBindingsInjector {
+
+    private final LifecycleBindingsMerger merger = new LifecycleBindingsMerger();
+
+    private final LifecycleRegistry lifecycleRegistry;
+    private final PackagingRegistry packagingRegistry;
+
+    @Inject
+    public DefaultLifecycleBindingsInjector(LifecycleRegistry lifecycleRegistry, PackagingRegistry packagingRegistry) {
+        this.lifecycleRegistry = lifecycleRegistry;
+        this.packagingRegistry = packagingRegistry;
+    }
+
+    public Model injectLifecycleBindings(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        String packagingId = model.getPackaging();
+        Packaging packaging = packagingRegistry.lookup(packagingId).orElse(null);
+        if (packaging == null) {
+            problems.add(
+                    Severity.ERROR, Version.BASE, "Unknown packaging: " + packagingId, model.getLocation("packaging"));
+            return model;
+        } else {
+            Map<String, PluginContainer> plugins = new HashMap<>(packaging.plugins());
+            lifecycleRegistry.stream()
+                    .filter(lf -> !plugins.containsKey(lf.id()))
+                    .forEach(lf -> plugins.put(
+                            lf.id(),
+                            PluginContainer.newBuilder()
+                                    .plugins(lf.phases().stream()
+                                            .flatMap(phase -> phase.plugins().stream())
+                                            .toList())
+                                    .build()));
+            Map<Plugin, Plugin> allPlugins = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+            plugins.values().stream().flatMap(pc -> pc.getPlugins().stream()).forEach(p -> addPlugin(allPlugins, p));
+            Model lifecycleModel = Model.newBuilder()
+                    .build(Build.newBuilder().plugins(allPlugins.values()).build())
+                    .build();
+            return merger.merge(model, lifecycleModel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addPlugin(Map<Plugin, Plugin> plugins, Plugin plugin) {
+        Plugin cur = plugins.putIfAbsent(plugin, plugin);
+        if (cur != null) {
+            Map<String, PluginExecution> execs = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+            cur.getExecutions().forEach(e -> execs.put(e.getId(), e));
+            plugin.getExecutions().forEach(e -> {
+                int i = 0;
+                String id = e.getId();
+                while (execs.putIfAbsent(id, e.withId(id)) != null) {
+                    id = e.getId() + "-" + (++i);
+                }
+            });
+            Plugin merged = cur.withExecutions(execs.values());
+            plugins.put(merged, merged);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String getExecutionId(Plugin plugin, String goal) {
+        Set<String> existingIds = plugin != null
+                ? plugin.getExecutions().stream().map(PluginExecution::getId).collect(Collectors.toSet())
+                : Set.of();
+        String base = "default-" + goal;
+        String id = base;
+        for (int index = 1; existingIds.contains(id); index++) {
+            id = base + '-' + index;
+        }
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  The domain-specific model merger for lifecycle bindings
+     */
+    protected static class LifecycleBindingsMerger extends MavenModelMerger {
+
+        private static final String PLUGIN_MANAGEMENT = "plugin-management";
+
+        public Model merge(Model target, Model source) {
+            Build targetBuild = target.getBuild();
+            if (targetBuild == null) {
+                targetBuild = Build.newInstance();
+            }
+
+            Map<Object, Object> context =
+                    Collections.singletonMap(PLUGIN_MANAGEMENT, targetBuild.getPluginManagement());
+
+            Build.Builder builder = Build.newBuilder(targetBuild);
+            mergePluginContainer_Plugins(builder, targetBuild, source.getBuild(), false, context);
+
+            return target.withBuild(builder.build());
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings({"checkstyle:methodname"})
+        @Override
+        protected void mergePluginContainer_Plugins(
+                PluginContainer.Builder builder,
+                PluginContainer target,
+                PluginContainer source,
+                boolean sourceDominant,
+                Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            List<Plugin> src = source.getPlugins();
+            if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+                List<Plugin> tgt = target.getPlugins();
+
+                Map<Object, Plugin> merged = new LinkedHashMap<>((src.size() + tgt.size()) * 2);
+
+                for (Plugin element : tgt) {
+                    Object key = getPluginKey().apply(element);
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+
+                Map<Object, Plugin> added = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+                for (Plugin element : src) {
+                    Object key = getPluginKey().apply(element);
+                    Plugin existing = merged.get(key);
+                    if (existing != null) {
+                        element = mergePlugin(existing, element, sourceDominant, context);
+                    } else {
+                        added.put(key, element);
+                    }
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+
+                if (!added.isEmpty()) {
+                    PluginManagement pluginMgmt = (PluginManagement) context.get(PLUGIN_MANAGEMENT);
+                    if (pluginMgmt != null) {
+                        for (Plugin managedPlugin : pluginMgmt.getPlugins()) {
+                            Object key = getPluginKey().apply(managedPlugin);
+                            Plugin addedPlugin = added.get(key);
+                            if (addedPlugin != null) {
+                                Plugin plugin =
+                                        mergePlugin(managedPlugin, addedPlugin, sourceDominant, Collections.emptyMap());
+                                merged.put(key, plugin);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                List<Plugin> result = new ArrayList<>(merged.values());
+
+                builder.plugins(result);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void mergePluginExecution_Priority(
+                PluginExecution.Builder builder,
+                PluginExecution target,
+                PluginExecution source,
+                boolean sourceDominant,
+                Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            if (target.getPriority() > source.getPriority()) {
+                builder.priority(source.getPriority());
+                builder.location("priority", source.getLocation("priority"));
+            }
+        }
+        // mergePluginExecution_Priority( builder, target, source, sourceDominant, context );
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelBuilderResult.java

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderResult;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem;
+
+/**
+ * Collects the output of the model builder.
+ *
+ */
+class DefaultModelBuilderResult implements ModelBuilderResult {
+    private Model fileModel;
+    private Model activatedFileModel;
+
+    private Model effectiveModel;
+
+    private List<String> modelIds;
+
+    private Map<String, Model> rawModels;
+
+    private Map<String, List<Profile>> activePomProfiles;
+
+    private List<Profile> activeExternalProfiles;
+
+    private List<ModelProblem> problems;
+
+    DefaultModelBuilderResult() {
+        modelIds = new ArrayList<>();
+        rawModels = new HashMap<>();
+        activePomProfiles = new HashMap<>();
+        activeExternalProfiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        problems = new ArrayList<>();
+    }
+
+    DefaultModelBuilderResult(ModelBuilderResult result) {
+        this();
+        this.activeExternalProfiles.addAll(result.getActiveExternalProfiles());
+        this.effectiveModel = result.getEffectiveModel();
+        this.fileModel = result.getFileModel();
+        this.problems.addAll(result.getProblems());
+
+        for (String modelId : result.getModelIds()) {
+            this.modelIds.add(modelId);
+            this.rawModels.put(modelId, result.getRawModel(modelId).orElseThrow());
+            this.activePomProfiles.put(modelId, result.getActivePomProfiles(modelId));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Model getFileModel() {
+        return fileModel;
+    }
+
+    public DefaultModelBuilderResult setFileModel(Model fileModel) {
+        this.fileModel = fileModel;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public Model getActivatedFileModel() {
+        return activatedFileModel;
+    }
+
+    public DefaultModelBuilderResult setActivatedFileModel(Model activatedFileModel) {
+        this.activatedFileModel = activatedFileModel;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Model getEffectiveModel() {
+        return effectiveModel;
+    }
+
+    public DefaultModelBuilderResult setEffectiveModel(Model model) {
+        this.effectiveModel = model;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<String> getModelIds() {
+        return modelIds;
+    }
+
+    public DefaultModelBuilderResult addModelId(String modelId) {
+        // Intentionally notNull because Super POM may not contain a modelId
+        Objects.requireNonNull(modelId, "modelId cannot be null");
+
+        modelIds.add(modelId);
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Model getRawModel() {
+        return rawModels.get(modelIds.get(0));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Optional<Model> getRawModel(String modelId) {
+        return Optional.ofNullable(rawModels.get(modelId));
+    }
+
+    public DefaultModelBuilderResult setRawModel(String modelId, Model rawModel) {
+        // Intentionally notNull because Super POM may not contain a modelId
+        Objects.requireNonNull(modelId, "modelId cannot be null");
+
+        rawModels.put(modelId, rawModel);
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Profile> getActivePomProfiles(String modelId) {
+        List<Profile> profiles = activePomProfiles.get(modelId);
+        return profiles != null ? profiles : List.of();
+    }
+
+    public DefaultModelBuilderResult setActivePomProfiles(String modelId, List<Profile> activeProfiles) {
+        // Intentionally notNull because Super POM may not contain a modelId
+        Objects.requireNonNull(modelId, "modelId cannot be null");
+
+        if (activeProfiles != null) {
+            this.activePomProfiles.put(modelId, new ArrayList<>(activeProfiles));
+        } else {
+            this.activePomProfiles.remove(modelId);
+        }
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Profile> getActiveExternalProfiles() {
+        return activeExternalProfiles;
+    }
+
+    public DefaultModelBuilderResult setActiveExternalProfiles(List<Profile> activeProfiles) {
+        if (activeProfiles != null) {
+            this.activeExternalProfiles = new ArrayList<>(activeProfiles);
+        } else {
+            this.activeExternalProfiles.clear();
+        }
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<ModelProblem> getProblems() {
+        return problems;
+    }
+
+    public DefaultModelBuilderResult setProblems(List<ModelProblem> problems) {
+        if (problems != null) {
+            this.problems = new ArrayList<>(problems);
+        } else {
+            this.problems.clear();
+        }
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public String toString() {
+        if (!modelIds.isEmpty()) {
+            String modelId = modelIds.get(0);
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            sb.append(problems.size())
+                    .append(
+                            (problems.size() == 1)
+                                    ? " problem was "
+                                    : " problems were encountered while building the effective model");
+            if (modelId != null && !modelId.isEmpty()) {
+                sb.append(" for ");
+                sb.append(modelId);
+            }
+            for (ModelProblem problem : problems) {
+                sb.append(System.lineSeparator());
+                sb.append("    - [");
+                sb.append(problem.getSeverity());
+                sb.append("] ");
+                sb.append(problem.getMessage());
+                String loc = Stream.of(
+                                problem.getModelId().equals(modelId) ? problem.getModelId() : "",
+                                problem.getModelId().equals(modelId) ? problem.getSource() : "",
+                                problem.getLineNumber() > 0 ? "line " + problem.getLineNumber() : "",
+                                problem.getColumnNumber() > 0 ? "column " + problem.getColumnNumber() : "")
+                        .filter(s -> !s.isEmpty())
+                        .collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
+                if (!loc.isEmpty()) {
+                    sb.append(" @ ").append(loc);
+                }
+            }
+            return sb.toString();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelBuildingEvent.java

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ModelBuildingEvent;
+
+/**
+ * Holds data relevant for a model building event.
+ */
+record DefaultModelBuildingEvent(
+        Model model, Consumer<Model> update, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems)
+        implements ModelBuildingEvent {}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelInterpolator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+import org.apache.maven.model.v4.MavenTransformer;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.AbstractDelegatingValueSource;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.AbstractValueSource;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.InterpolationException;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.InterpolationPostProcessor;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.MapBasedValueSource;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.PrefixAwareRecursionInterceptor;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.PrefixedValueSourceWrapper;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.QueryEnabledValueSource;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.RecursionInterceptor;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.StringSearchInterpolator;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.ValueSource;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.reflection.ReflectionValueExtractor;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.util.ValueSourceUtils;
+
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultModelInterpolator implements ModelInterpolator {
+
+    private static final String PREFIX_PROJECT = "project.";
+    private static final String PREFIX_POM = "pom.";
+    private static final List<String> PROJECT_PREFIXES_3_1 = Arrays.asList(PREFIX_POM, PREFIX_PROJECT);
+    private static final List<String> PROJECT_PREFIXES_4_0 = Collections.singletonList(PREFIX_PROJECT);
+
+    private static final Collection<String> TRANSLATED_PATH_EXPRESSIONS;
+
+    static {
+        Collection<String> translatedPrefixes = new HashSet<>();
+
+        // MNG-1927, MNG-2124, MNG-3355:
+        // If the build section is present and the project directory is non-null, we should make
+        // sure interpolation of the directories below uses translated paths.
+        // Afterward, we'll double back and translate any paths that weren't covered during interpolation via the
+        // code below...
+        translatedPrefixes.add("build.directory");
+        translatedPrefixes.add("build.outputDirectory");
+        translatedPrefixes.add("build.testOutputDirectory");
+        translatedPrefixes.add("build.sourceDirectory");
+        translatedPrefixes.add("build.testSourceDirectory");
+        translatedPrefixes.add("build.scriptSourceDirectory");
+        translatedPrefixes.add("reporting.outputDirectory");
+
+        TRANSLATED_PATH_EXPRESSIONS = translatedPrefixes;
+    }
+
+    private final PathTranslator pathTranslator;
+    private final UrlNormalizer urlNormalizer;
+    private final RootLocator rootLocator;
+
+    @Inject
+    public DefaultModelInterpolator(
+            PathTranslator pathTranslator, UrlNormalizer urlNormalizer, RootLocator rootLocator) {
+        this.pathTranslator = pathTranslator;
+        this.urlNormalizer = urlNormalizer;
+        this.rootLocator = rootLocator;
+    }
+
+    interface InnerInterpolator {
+        String interpolate(String value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Model interpolateModel(
+            Model model, Path projectDir, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        List<? extends ValueSource> valueSources = createValueSources(model, projectDir, request, problems);
+        List<? extends InterpolationPostProcessor> postProcessors = createPostProcessors(model, projectDir, request);
+
+        InnerInterpolator innerInterpolator = createInterpolator(valueSources, postProcessors, request, problems);
+
+        return new MavenTransformer(innerInterpolator::interpolate).visit(model);
+    }
+
+    private InnerInterpolator createInterpolator(
+            List<? extends ValueSource> valueSources,
+            List<? extends InterpolationPostProcessor> postProcessors,
+            ModelBuilderRequest request,
+            ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Map<String, String> cache = new HashMap<>();
+        StringSearchInterpolator interpolator = new StringSearchInterpolator();
+        interpolator.setCacheAnswers(true);
+        for (ValueSource vs : valueSources) {
+            interpolator.addValueSource(vs);
+        }
+        for (InterpolationPostProcessor postProcessor : postProcessors) {
+            interpolator.addPostProcessor(postProcessor);
+        }
+        RecursionInterceptor recursionInterceptor = createRecursionInterceptor(request);
+        return value -> {
+            if (value != null && value.contains("${")) {
+                String c = cache.get(value);
+                if (c == null) {
+                    try {
+                        c = interpolator.interpolate(value, recursionInterceptor);
+                    } catch (InterpolationException e) {
+                        problems.add(BuilderProblem.Severity.ERROR, ModelProblem.Version.BASE, e.getMessage(), e);
+                    }
+                    cache.put(value, c);
+                }
+                return c;
+            }
+            return value;
+        };
+    }
+
+    protected List<String> getProjectPrefixes(ModelBuilderRequest request) {
+        return request.getValidationLevel() >= ModelBuilderRequest.VALIDATION_LEVEL_MAVEN_4_0
+                ? PROJECT_PREFIXES_4_0
+                : PROJECT_PREFIXES_3_1;
+    }
+
+    protected List<ValueSource> createValueSources(
+            Model model, Path projectDir, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Map<String, String> modelProperties = model.getProperties();
+
+        ValueSource projectPrefixValueSource;
+        ValueSource prefixlessObjectBasedValueSource;
+        if (request.getValidationLevel() >= ModelBuilderRequest.VALIDATION_LEVEL_MAVEN_4_0) {
+            projectPrefixValueSource = new PrefixedObjectValueSource(PROJECT_PREFIXES_4_0, model, false);
+            prefixlessObjectBasedValueSource = new ObjectBasedValueSource(model);
+        } else {
+            projectPrefixValueSource = new PrefixedObjectValueSource(PROJECT_PREFIXES_3_1, model, false);
+            if (request.getValidationLevel() >= ModelBuilderRequest.VALIDATION_LEVEL_MAVEN_2_0) {
+                projectPrefixValueSource =
+                        new ProblemDetectingValueSource(projectPrefixValueSource, PREFIX_POM, PREFIX_PROJECT, problems);
+            }
+
+            prefixlessObjectBasedValueSource = new ObjectBasedValueSource(model);
+            if (request.getValidationLevel() >= ModelBuilderRequest.VALIDATION_LEVEL_MAVEN_2_0) {
+                prefixlessObjectBasedValueSource =
+                        new ProblemDetectingValueSource(prefixlessObjectBasedValueSource, "", PREFIX_PROJECT, problems);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // NOTE: Order counts here!
+        List<ValueSource> valueSources = new ArrayList<>(9);
+
+        if (projectDir != null) {
+            ValueSource basedirValueSource = new PrefixedValueSourceWrapper(
+                    new AbstractValueSource(false) {
+                        @Override
+                        public Object getValue(String expression) {
+                            if ("basedir".equals(expression)) {
+                                return projectDir.toAbsolutePath().toString();
+                            } else if (expression.startsWith("basedir.")) {
+                                Path basedir = projectDir.toAbsolutePath();
+                                return new ObjectBasedValueSource(basedir)
+                                        .getValue(expression.substring("basedir.".length()));
+                            }
+                            return null;
+                        }
+                    },
+                    getProjectPrefixes(request),
+                    true);
+            valueSources.add(basedirValueSource);
+
+            ValueSource baseUriValueSource = new PrefixedValueSourceWrapper(
+                    new AbstractValueSource(false) {
+                        @Override
+                        public Object getValue(String expression) {
+                            if ("baseUri".equals(expression)) {
+                                return projectDir.toAbsolutePath().toUri().toASCIIString();
+                            } else if (expression.startsWith("baseUri.")) {
+                                URI baseUri = projectDir.toAbsolutePath().toUri();
+                                return new ObjectBasedValueSource(baseUri)
+                                        .getValue(expression.substring("baseUri.".length()));
+                            }
+                            return null;
+                        }
+                    },
+                    getProjectPrefixes(request),
+                    false);
+            valueSources.add(baseUriValueSource);
+            valueSources.add(new BuildTimestampValueSource(request.getSession().getStartTime(), modelProperties));
+        }
+
+        valueSources.add(new PrefixedValueSourceWrapper(
+                new AbstractValueSource(false) {
+                    @Override
+                    public Object getValue(String expression) {
+                        if ("rootDirectory".equals(expression)) {
+                            Path root = rootLocator.findMandatoryRoot(projectDir);
+                            return root.toFile().getPath();
+                        } else if (expression.startsWith("rootDirectory.")) {
+                            Path root = rootLocator.findMandatoryRoot(projectDir);
+                            return new ObjectBasedValueSource(root)
+                                    .getValue(expression.substring("rootDirectory.".length()));
+                        }
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                },
+                getProjectPrefixes(request)));
+
+        valueSources.add(projectPrefixValueSource);
+
+        valueSources.add(new MapBasedValueSource(request.getUserProperties()));
+
+        valueSources.add(new MapBasedValueSource(modelProperties));
+
+        valueSources.add(new MapBasedValueSource(request.getSystemProperties()));
+
+        valueSources.add(new AbstractValueSource(false) {
+            @Override
+            public Object getValue(String expression) {
+                return request.getSystemProperties().get("env." + expression);
+            }
+        });
+
+        valueSources.add(prefixlessObjectBasedValueSource);
+
+        return valueSources;
+    }
+
+    protected List<? extends InterpolationPostProcessor> createPostProcessors(
+            Model model, Path projectDir, ModelBuilderRequest request) {
+        List<InterpolationPostProcessor> processors = new ArrayList<>(2);
+        if (projectDir != null) {
+            processors.add(new PathTranslatingPostProcessor(
+                    getProjectPrefixes(request), TRANSLATED_PATH_EXPRESSIONS, projectDir, pathTranslator));
+        }
+        processors.add(new UrlNormalizingPostProcessor(urlNormalizer));
+        return processors;
+    }
+
+    protected RecursionInterceptor createRecursionInterceptor(ModelBuilderRequest request) {
+        return new PrefixAwareRecursionInterceptor(getProjectPrefixes(request));
+    }
+
+    static class PathTranslatingPostProcessor implements InterpolationPostProcessor {
+
+        private final Collection<String> unprefixedPathKeys;
+        private final Path projectDir;
+        private final PathTranslator pathTranslator;
+        private final List<String> expressionPrefixes;
+
+        PathTranslatingPostProcessor(
+                List<String> expressionPrefixes,
+                Collection<String> unprefixedPathKeys,
+                Path projectDir,
+                PathTranslator pathTranslator) {
+            this.expressionPrefixes = expressionPrefixes;
+            this.unprefixedPathKeys = unprefixedPathKeys;
+            this.projectDir = projectDir;
+            this.pathTranslator = pathTranslator;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Object execute(String expression, Object value) {
+            if (value != null) {
+                expression = ValueSourceUtils.trimPrefix(expression, expressionPrefixes, true);
+                if (unprefixedPathKeys.contains(expression)) {
+                    return pathTranslator.alignToBaseDirectory(String.valueOf(value), projectDir);
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that expressions referring to URLs evaluate to normalized URLs.
+     *
+     */
+    static class UrlNormalizingPostProcessor implements InterpolationPostProcessor {
+
+        private static final Set<String> URL_EXPRESSIONS;
+
+        static {
+            Set<String> expressions = new HashSet<>();
+            expressions.add("project.url");
+            expressions.add("project.scm.url");
+            expressions.add("project.scm.connection");
+            expressions.add("project.scm.developerConnection");
+            expressions.add("project.distributionManagement.site.url");
+            URL_EXPRESSIONS = expressions;
+        }
+
+        private final UrlNormalizer normalizer;
+
+        UrlNormalizingPostProcessor(UrlNormalizer normalizer) {
+            this.normalizer = normalizer;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Object execute(String expression, Object value) {
+            if (value != null && URL_EXPRESSIONS.contains(expression)) {
+                return normalizer.normalize(value.toString());
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wraps an arbitrary object with an {@link ObjectBasedValueSource} instance, then
+     * wraps that source with a {@link PrefixedValueSourceWrapper} instance, to which
+     * this class delegates all of its calls.
+     */
+    public static class PrefixedObjectValueSource extends AbstractDelegatingValueSource
+            implements QueryEnabledValueSource {
+
+        /**
+         * Wrap the specified root object, allowing the specified expression prefix.
+         * @param prefix the prefix.
+         * @param root the root of the graph.
+         */
+        public PrefixedObjectValueSource(String prefix, Object root) {
+            super(new PrefixedValueSourceWrapper(new ObjectBasedValueSource(root), prefix));
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Wrap the specified root object, allowing the specified list of expression
+         * prefixes and setting whether the {@link PrefixedValueSourceWrapper} allows
+         * unprefixed expressions.
+         * @param possiblePrefixes The possible prefixes.
+         * @param root The root of the graph.
+         * @param allowUnprefixedExpressions if we allow undefined expressions or not.
+         */
+        public PrefixedObjectValueSource(
+                List<String> possiblePrefixes, Object root, boolean allowUnprefixedExpressions) {
+            super(new PrefixedValueSourceWrapper(
+                    new ObjectBasedValueSource(root), possiblePrefixes, allowUnprefixedExpressions));
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * {@inheritDoc}
+         */
+        public String getLastExpression() {
+            return ((QueryEnabledValueSource) getDelegate()).getLastExpression();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wraps an object, providing reflective access to the object graph of which the
+     * supplied object is the root. Expressions like 'child.name' will translate into
+     * 'rootObject.getChild().getName()' for non-boolean properties, and
+     * 'rootObject.getChild().isName()' for boolean properties.
+     */
+    public static class ObjectBasedValueSource extends AbstractValueSource {
+
+        private final Object root;
+
+        /**
+         * Construct a new value source, using the supplied object as the root from
+         * which to start, and using expressions split at the dot ('.') to navigate
+         * the object graph beneath this root.
+         * @param root the root of the graph.
+         */
+        public ObjectBasedValueSource(Object root) {
+            super(true);
+            this.root = root;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Split the expression into parts, tokenized on the dot ('.') character. Then,
+         * starting at the root object contained in this value source, apply each part
+         * to the object graph below this root, using either 'getXXX()' or 'isXXX()'
+         * accessor types to resolve the value for each successive expression part.
+         * Finally, return the result of the last expression part's resolution.</p>
+         *
+         * <p><b>NOTE:</b> The object-graph nagivation actually takes place via the
+         * {@link ReflectionValueExtractor} class.</p>
+         */
+        public Object getValue(String expression) {
+            if (expression == null || expression.trim().isEmpty()) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                return ReflectionValueExtractor.evaluate(expression, root, false);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                addFeedback("Failed to extract \'" + expression + "\' from: " + root, e);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wraps another value source and intercepts interpolated expressions, checking for problems.
+     *
+     */
+    static class ProblemDetectingValueSource implements ValueSource {
+
+        private final ValueSource valueSource;
+
+        private final String bannedPrefix;
+
+        private final String newPrefix;
+
+        private final ModelProblemCollector problems;
+
+        ProblemDetectingValueSource(
+                ValueSource valueSource, String bannedPrefix, String newPrefix, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+            this.valueSource = valueSource;
+            this.bannedPrefix = bannedPrefix;
+            this.newPrefix = newPrefix;
+            this.problems = problems;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Object getValue(String expression) {
+            Object value = valueSource.getValue(expression);
+
+            if (value != null && expression.startsWith(bannedPrefix)) {
+                String msg = "The expression ${" + expression + "} is deprecated.";
+                if (newPrefix != null && !newPrefix.isEmpty()) {
+                    msg += " Please use ${" + newPrefix + expression.substring(bannedPrefix.length()) + "} instead.";
+                }
+                problems.add(BuilderProblem.Severity.WARNING, ModelProblem.Version.V20, msg);
+            }
+
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public List getFeedback() {
+            return valueSource.getFeedback();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void clearFeedback() {
+            valueSource.clearFeedback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class BuildTimestampValueSource extends AbstractValueSource {
+        private final Instant startTime;
+        private final Map<String, String> properties;
+
+        BuildTimestampValueSource(Instant startTime, Map<String, String> properties) {
+            super(false);
+            this.startTime = startTime;
+            this.properties = properties;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Object getValue(String expression) {
+            if ("build.timestamp".equals(expression) || "maven.build.timestamp".equals(expression)) {
+                return new MavenBuildTimestamp(startTime, properties).formattedTimestamp();
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelNormalizer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Build;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Plugin;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+
+/**
+ * Handles normalization of a model.
+ *
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultModelNormalizer implements ModelNormalizer {
+
+    private DuplicateMerger merger = new DuplicateMerger();
+
+    @Override
+    public Model mergeDuplicates(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Model.Builder builder = Model.newBuilder(model);
+
+        Build build = model.getBuild();
+        if (build != null) {
+            List<Plugin> plugins = build.getPlugins();
+            Map<Object, Plugin> normalized = new LinkedHashMap<>(plugins.size() * 2);
+
+            for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
+                Object key = plugin.getKey();
+                Plugin first = normalized.get(key);
+                if (first != null) {
+                    plugin = merger.mergePlugin(plugin, first);
+                }
+                normalized.put(key, plugin);
+            }
+
+            if (plugins.size() != normalized.size()) {
+                builder.build(
+                        Build.newBuilder(build).plugins(normalized.values()).build());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * NOTE: This is primarily to keep backward-compat with Maven 2.x which did not validate that dependencies are
+         * unique within a single POM. Upon multiple declarations, 2.x just kept the last one but retained the order of
+         * the first occurrence. So when we're in lenient/compat mode, we have to deal with such broken POMs and mimic
+         * the way 2.x works. When we're in strict mode, the removal of duplicates just saves other merging steps from
+         * aftereffects and bogus error messages.
+         */
+        List<Dependency> dependencies = model.getDependencies();
+        Map<String, Dependency> normalized = new LinkedHashMap<>(dependencies.size() * 2);
+
+        for (Dependency dependency : dependencies) {
+            normalized.put(dependency.getManagementKey(), dependency);
+        }
+
+        if (dependencies.size() != normalized.size()) {
+            builder.dependencies(normalized.values());
+        }
+
+        return builder.build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * DuplicateMerger
+     */
+    protected static class DuplicateMerger extends MavenModelMerger {
+
+        public Plugin mergePlugin(Plugin target, Plugin source) {
+            return super.mergePlugin(target, source, false, Collections.emptyMap());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Model injectDefaultValues(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Model.Builder builder = Model.newBuilder(model);
+
+        builder.dependencies(injectList(model.getDependencies(), this::injectDependency));
+        Build build = model.getBuild();
+        if (build != null) {
+            Build newBuild = Build.newBuilder(build)
+                    .plugins(injectList(build.getPlugins(), this::injectPlugin))
+                    .build();
+            builder.build(newBuild != build ? newBuild : null);
+        }
+
+        return builder.build();
+    }
+
+    private Plugin injectPlugin(Plugin p) {
+        return Plugin.newBuilder(p)
+                .dependencies(injectList(p.getDependencies(), this::injectDependency))
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    private Dependency injectDependency(Dependency d) {
+        // we cannot set this directly in the MDO due to the interactions with dependency management
+        return (d.getScope() == null || d.getScope().isEmpty()) ? d.withScope("compile") : d;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list suited for the builders, i.e. null if not modified
+     */
+    private <T> List<T> injectList(List<T> list, Function<T, T> modifer) {
+        List<T> newList = null;
+        for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+            T oldT = list.get(i);
+            T newT = modifer.apply(oldT);
+            if (newT != oldT) {
+                if (newList == null) {
+                    newList = new ArrayList<>(list);
+                }
+                newList.set(i, newT);
+            }
+        }
+        return newList;
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelPathTranslator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Build;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Reporting;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Resource;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+
+/**
+ * Resolves relative paths within a model against a specific base directory.
+ *
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultModelPathTranslator implements ModelPathTranslator {
+
+    private final PathTranslator pathTranslator;
+
+    @Inject
+    public DefaultModelPathTranslator(PathTranslator pathTranslator) {
+        this.pathTranslator = pathTranslator;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Model alignToBaseDirectory(Model model, Path basedir, ModelBuilderRequest request) {
+        if (model == null || basedir == null) {
+            return model;
+        }
+
+        Build build = model.getBuild();
+        Build newBuild = null;
+        if (build != null) {
+            newBuild = Build.newBuilder(build)
+                    .directory(alignToBaseDirectory(build.getDirectory(), basedir))
+                    .sourceDirectory(alignToBaseDirectory(build.getSourceDirectory(), basedir))
+                    .testSourceDirectory(alignToBaseDirectory(build.getTestSourceDirectory(), basedir))
+                    .scriptSourceDirectory(alignToBaseDirectory(build.getScriptSourceDirectory(), basedir))
+                    .resources(map(build.getResources(), r -> alignToBaseDirectory(r, basedir)))
+                    .testResources(map(build.getTestResources(), r -> alignToBaseDirectory(r, basedir)))
+                    .filters(map(build.getFilters(), s -> alignToBaseDirectory(s, basedir)))
+                    .outputDirectory(alignToBaseDirectory(build.getOutputDirectory(), basedir))
+                    .testOutputDirectory(alignToBaseDirectory(build.getTestOutputDirectory(), basedir))
+                    .build();
+        }
+
+        Reporting reporting = model.getReporting();
+        Reporting newReporting = null;
+        if (reporting != null) {
+            newReporting = Reporting.newBuilder(reporting)
+                    .outputDirectory(alignToBaseDirectory(reporting.getOutputDirectory(), basedir))
+                    .build();
+        }
+        if (newBuild != build || newReporting != reporting) {
+            model = Model.newBuilder(model)
+                    .build(newBuild)
+                    .reporting(newReporting)
+                    .build();
+        }
+        return model;
+    }
+
+    private <T> List<T> map(List<T> resources, Function<T, T> mapper) {
+        List<T> newResources = null;
+        if (resources != null) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < resources.size(); i++) {
+                T resource = resources.get(i);
+                T newResource = mapper.apply(resource);
+                if (newResource != null) {
+                    if (newResources == null) {
+                        newResources = new ArrayList<>(resources);
+                    }
+                    newResources.set(i, newResource);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return newResources;
+    }
+
+    private Resource alignToBaseDirectory(Resource resource, Path basedir) {
+        if (resource != null) {
+            String newDir = alignToBaseDirectory(resource.getDirectory(), basedir);
+            if (newDir != null) {
+                return resource.withDirectory(newDir);
+            }
+        }
+        return resource;
+    }
+
+    private String alignToBaseDirectory(String path, Path basedir) {
+        String newPath = pathTranslator.alignToBaseDirectory(path, basedir);
+        return Objects.equals(path, newPath) ? null : newPath;
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelProblem.java

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem;
+
+/**
+ * Describes a problem that was encountered during model building. A problem can either be an exception that was thrown
+ * or a simple string message. In addition, a problem carries a hint about its source, e.g. the POM file that exhibits
+ * the problem.
+ *
+ */
+public class DefaultModelProblem implements ModelProblem {
+
+    private final String source;
+
+    private final int lineNumber;
+
+    private final int columnNumber;
+
+    private final String modelId;
+
+    private final String message;
+
+    private final Exception exception;
+
+    private final Severity severity;
+
+    private final Version version;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new problem with the specified message and exception.
+     *
+     * @param message The message describing the problem, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param severity The severity level of the problem, may be {@code null} to default to
+     *            {@link Severity#ERROR}.
+     * @param source The source of the problem, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param lineNumber The one-based index of the line containing the error or {@code -1} if unknown.
+     * @param columnNumber The one-based index of the column containing the error or {@code -1} if unknown.
+     * @param exception The exception that caused this problem, may be {@code null}.
+     */
+    // mkleint: does this need to be public?
+    public DefaultModelProblem(
+            String message,
+            Severity severity,
+            Version version,
+            Model source,
+            int lineNumber,
+            int columnNumber,
+            Exception exception) {
+        this(
+                message,
+                severity,
+                version,
+                ModelProblemUtils.toPath(source),
+                lineNumber,
+                columnNumber,
+                ModelProblemUtils.toId(source),
+                exception);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new problem with the specified message and exception.
+     *
+     * @param message The message describing the problem, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param severity The severity level of the problem, may be {@code null} to default to
+     *            {@link Severity#ERROR}.
+     * @param version The version since the problem is relevant
+     * @param source A hint about the source of the problem like a file path, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param lineNumber The one-based index of the line containing the problem or {@code -1} if unknown.
+     * @param columnNumber The one-based index of the column containing the problem or {@code -1} if unknown.
+     * @param modelId The identifier of the model that exhibits the problem, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param exception The exception that caused this problem, may be {@code null}.
+     */
+    // mkleint: does this need to be public?
+    @SuppressWarnings("checkstyle:parameternumber")
+    public DefaultModelProblem(
+            String message,
+            Severity severity,
+            Version version,
+            String source,
+            int lineNumber,
+            int columnNumber,
+            String modelId,
+            Exception exception) {
+        this.message = message;
+        this.severity = (severity != null) ? severity : Severity.ERROR;
+        this.source = (source != null) ? source : "";
+        this.lineNumber = lineNumber;
+        this.columnNumber = columnNumber;
+        this.modelId = (modelId != null) ? modelId : "";
+        this.exception = exception;
+        this.version = version;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getSource() {
+        return source;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getLineNumber() {
+        return lineNumber;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getColumnNumber() {
+        return columnNumber;
+    }
+
+    public String getModelId() {
+        return modelId;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Exception getException() {
+        return exception;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getLocation() {
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getMessage() {
+        String msg = null;
+
+        if (message != null && !message.isEmpty()) {
+            msg = message;
+        } else if (exception != null) {
+            msg = exception.getMessage();
+        }
+
+        if (msg == null) {
+            msg = "";
+        }
+
+        return msg;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Severity getSeverity() {
+        return severity;
+    }
+
+    public Version getVersion() {
+        return version;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(128);
+
+        buffer.append('[').append(getSeverity()).append("] ");
+        buffer.append(getMessage());
+        String location = ModelProblemUtils.formatLocation(this, null);
+        if (!location.isEmpty()) {
+            buffer.append(" @ ");
+            buffer.append(location);
+        }
+
+        return buffer.toString();
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelProblemCollector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderException;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderResult;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.spi.ModelParserException;
+
+/**
+ * Collects problems that are encountered during model building. The primary purpose of this component is to account for
+ * the fact that the problem reporter has/should not have information about the calling context and hence cannot provide
+ * an expressive source hint for the model problem. Instead, the source hint is configured by the model builder before
+ * it delegates to other components that potentially encounter problems. Then, the problem reporter can focus on
+ * providing a simple error message, leaving the donkey work of creating a nice model problem to this component.
+ *
+ */
+class DefaultModelProblemCollector implements ModelProblemCollector {
+
+    private final ModelBuilderResult result;
+
+    private List<ModelProblem> problems;
+
+    private String source;
+
+    private Model sourceModel;
+
+    private Model rootModel;
+
+    private Set<ModelProblem.Severity> severities = EnumSet.noneOf(ModelProblem.Severity.class);
+
+    DefaultModelProblemCollector(ModelBuilderResult result) {
+        this.result = result;
+        this.problems = result.getProblems();
+
+        for (ModelProblem problem : this.problems) {
+            severities.add(problem.getSeverity());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean hasFatalErrors() {
+        return severities.contains(ModelProblem.Severity.FATAL);
+    }
+
+    public boolean hasErrors() {
+        return severities.contains(ModelProblem.Severity.ERROR) || severities.contains(ModelProblem.Severity.FATAL);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<ModelProblem> getProblems() {
+        return problems;
+    }
+
+    public void setSource(String source) {
+        this.source = source;
+        this.sourceModel = null;
+    }
+
+    public void setSource(Model source) {
+        this.sourceModel = source;
+        this.source = null;
+
+        if (rootModel == null) {
+            rootModel = source;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getSource() {
+        if (source == null && sourceModel != null) {
+            source = ModelProblemUtils.toPath(sourceModel);
+        }
+        return source;
+    }
+
+    private String getModelId() {
+        return ModelProblemUtils.toId(sourceModel);
+    }
+
+    public void setRootModel(Model rootModel) {
+        this.rootModel = rootModel;
+    }
+
+    public Model getRootModel() {
+        return rootModel;
+    }
+
+    public String getRootModelId() {
+        return ModelProblemUtils.toId(rootModel);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void add(ModelProblem problem) {
+        problems.add(problem);
+
+        severities.add(problem.getSeverity());
+    }
+
+    public void addAll(Collection<ModelProblem> problems) {
+        this.problems.addAll(problems);
+
+        for (ModelProblem problem : problems) {
+            severities.add(problem.getSeverity());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void add(BuilderProblem.Severity severity, ModelProblem.Version version, String message) {
+        add(severity, version, message, null, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void add(
+            BuilderProblem.Severity severity, ModelProblem.Version version, String message, InputLocation location) {
+        add(severity, version, message, location, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void add(
+            BuilderProblem.Severity severity, ModelProblem.Version version, String message, Exception exception) {
+        add(severity, version, message, null, exception);
+    }
+
+    public void add(
+            BuilderProblem.Severity severity,
+            ModelProblem.Version version,
+            String message,
+            InputLocation location,
+            Exception exception) {
+        int line = -1;
+        int column = -1;
+        String source = null;
+        String modelId = null;
+
+        if (location != null) {
+            line = location.getLineNumber();
+            column = location.getColumnNumber();
+            if (location.getSource() != null) {
+                modelId = location.getSource().getModelId();
+                source = location.getSource().getLocation();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (modelId == null) {
+            modelId = getModelId();
+            source = getSource();
+        }
+
+        if (line <= 0 && column <= 0 && exception instanceof ModelParserException e) {
+            line = e.getLineNumber();
+            column = e.getColumnNumber();
+        }
+
+        ModelProblem problem =
+                new DefaultModelProblem(message, severity, version, source, line, column, modelId, exception);
+
+        add(problem);
+    }
+
+    public ModelBuilderException newModelBuilderException() {
+        ModelBuilderResult result = this.result;
+        if (result.getModelIds().isEmpty()) {
+            DefaultModelBuilderResult tmp = new DefaultModelBuilderResult();
+            tmp.setEffectiveModel(result.getEffectiveModel());
+            tmp.setProblems(getProblems());
+            tmp.setActiveExternalProfiles(result.getActiveExternalProfiles());
+            String id = getRootModelId();
+            tmp.addModelId(id);
+            tmp.setRawModel(id, getRootModel());
+            result = tmp;
+        }
+        return new ModelBuilderException(result);
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelProcessor.java

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.xml.ModelXmlFactory;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.xml.XmlReaderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.spi.ModelParser;
+import org.apache.maven.api.spi.ModelParserException;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * Note: uses @Typed to limit the types it is available for injection to just ModelProcessor.
+ *
+ * This is because the ModelProcessor interface extends ModelLocator and ModelReader. If we
+ * made this component available under all its interfaces then it could end up being injected
+ * into itself leading to a stack overflow.
+ *
+ * A side effect of using @Typed is that it translates to explicit bindings in the container.
+ * So instead of binding the component under a 'wildcard' key it is now bound with an explicit
+ * key. Since this is a default component this will be a plain binding of ModelProcessor to
+ * this implementation type, ie. no hint/name.
+ *
+ * This leads to a second side effect in that any @Inject request for just ModelProcessor in
+ * the same injector is immediately matched to this explicit binding, which means extensions
+ * cannot override this binding. This is because the lookup is always short-circuited in this
+ * specific situation (plain @Inject request, and plain explicit binding for the same type.)
+ *
+ * The simplest solution is to use a custom @Named here so it isn't bound under the plain key.
+ * This is only necessary for default components using @Typed that want to support overriding.
+ *
+ * As a non-default component this now gets a negative priority relative to other implementations
+ * of the same interface. Since we want to allow overriding this doesn't matter in this case.
+ * (if it did we could add @Priority of 0 to match the priority given to default components.)
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultModelProcessor implements ModelProcessor {
+
+    private final ModelXmlFactory modelXmlFactory;
+    private final List<ModelParser> modelParsers;
+
+    @Inject
+    public DefaultModelProcessor(ModelXmlFactory modelXmlFactory, List<ModelParser> modelParsers) {
+        this.modelXmlFactory = modelXmlFactory;
+        this.modelParsers = modelParsers;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Path locateExistingPom(Path projectDirectory) {
+        // Note that the ModelProcessor#locatePom never returns null
+        // while the ModelParser#locatePom needs to return an existing path!
+        Path pom = modelParsers.stream()
+                .map(m -> m.locate(projectDirectory)
+                        .map(org.apache.maven.api.services.Source::getPath)
+                        .orElse(null))
+                .filter(Objects::nonNull)
+                .findFirst()
+                .orElseGet(() -> doLocateExistingPom(projectDirectory));
+        if (pom != null && !pom.equals(projectDirectory) && !pom.getParent().equals(projectDirectory)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The POM found does not belong to the given directory: " + pom);
+        }
+        return pom;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Model read(XmlReaderRequest request) throws IOException {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(request, "source cannot be null");
+        Path pomFile = request.getPath();
+        if (pomFile != null) {
+            Path projectDirectory = pomFile.getParent();
+            List<ModelParserException> exceptions = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (ModelParser parser : modelParsers) {
+                try {
+                    Optional<Model> model =
+                            parser.locateAndParse(projectDirectory, Map.of(ModelParser.STRICT, request.isStrict()));
+                    if (model.isPresent()) {
+                        return model.get().withPomFile(pomFile);
+                    }
+                } catch (ModelParserException e) {
+                    exceptions.add(e);
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                return doRead(request);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                exceptions.forEach(e::addSuppressed);
+                throw e;
+            }
+        } else {
+            return doRead(request);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Path doLocateExistingPom(Path project) {
+        if (project == null) {
+            project = Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.dir"));
+        }
+        if (Files.isDirectory(project)) {
+            Path pom = project.resolve("pom.xml");
+            return Files.isRegularFile(pom) ? pom : null;
+        } else if (Files.isRegularFile(project)) {
+            return project;
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Model doRead(XmlReaderRequest request) throws IOException {
+        return modelXmlFactory.read(request);
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelTransformerContext.java

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelTransformerContext;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+class DefaultModelTransformerContext implements ModelTransformerContext {
+    final ModelProcessor modelLocator;
+
+    final Map<String, String> userProperties = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    final Map<Path, Holder> modelByPath = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    final Map<GAKey, Holder> modelByGA = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    public static class Holder {
+        private volatile boolean set;
+        private volatile Model model;
+
+        Holder() {}
+
+        Holder(Model model) {
+            this.model = Objects.requireNonNull(model);
+            this.set = true;
+        }
+
+        public static Model deref(Holder holder) {
+            return holder != null ? holder.get() : null;
+        }
+
+        public Model get() {
+            if (!set) {
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    if (!set) {
+                        try {
+                            this.wait();
+                        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                            // Ignore
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return model;
+        }
+
+        public Model computeIfAbsent(Supplier<Model> supplier) {
+            if (!set) {
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    if (!set) {
+                        this.set = true;
+                        this.model = supplier.get();
+                        this.notifyAll();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return model;
+        }
+    }
+
+    DefaultModelTransformerContext(ModelProcessor modelLocator) {
+        this.modelLocator = modelLocator;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getUserProperty(String key) {
+        return userProperties.get(key);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Model getRawModel(Path from, Path p) {
+        return Holder.deref(modelByPath.get(p));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Model getRawModel(Path from, String groupId, String artifactId) {
+        return Holder.deref(modelByGA.get(new GAKey(groupId, artifactId)));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Path locate(Path path) {
+        return modelLocator.locateExistingPom(path);
+    }
+
+    static class GAKey {
+        private final String groupId;
+        private final String artifactId;
+        private final int hashCode;
+
+        GAKey(String groupId, String artifactId) {
+            this.groupId = groupId;
+            this.artifactId = artifactId;
+            this.hashCode = Objects.hash(groupId, artifactId);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return hashCode;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+            if (this == obj) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (!(obj instanceof GAKey)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            GAKey other = (GAKey) obj;
+            return Objects.equals(artifactId, other.artifactId) && Objects.equals(groupId, other.groupId);
+        }
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelTransformerContextBuilder.java

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderException;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelSource;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelTransformerContext;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelTransformerContextBuilder;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultModelTransformerContext.GAKey;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultModelTransformerContext.Holder;
+
+/**
+ * Builds up the transformer context.
+ * After the buildplan is ready, the build()-method returns the immutable context useful during distribution.
+ * This is an inner class, as it must be able to call readRawModel()
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+class DefaultModelTransformerContextBuilder implements ModelTransformerContextBuilder {
+    private final Graph dag = new Graph();
+    private final DefaultModelBuilder defaultModelBuilder;
+    private final DefaultModelTransformerContext context;
+
+    private final Map<String, Set<ModelSource>> mappedSources = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(64);
+
+    private volatile boolean fullReactorLoaded;
+
+    DefaultModelTransformerContextBuilder(DefaultModelBuilder defaultModelBuilder) {
+        this.defaultModelBuilder = defaultModelBuilder;
+        this.context = new DefaultModelTransformerContext(defaultModelBuilder.getModelProcessor());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If an interface could be extracted, DefaultModelProblemCollector should be ModelProblemCollectorExt
+     */
+    @Override
+    public ModelTransformerContext initialize(ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector collector) {
+        // We must assume the TransformerContext was created using this.newTransformerContextBuilder()
+        DefaultModelProblemCollector problems = (DefaultModelProblemCollector) collector;
+        return new ModelTransformerContext() {
+
+            @Override
+            public Path locate(Path path) {
+                return context.locate(path);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String getUserProperty(String key) {
+                return context.userProperties.computeIfAbsent(
+                        key, k -> request.getUserProperties().get(key));
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Model getRawModel(Path from, String gId, String aId) {
+                Model model = findRawModel(from, gId, aId);
+                if (model != null) {
+                    context.modelByGA.put(new GAKey(gId, aId), new Holder(model));
+                    context.modelByPath.put(model.getPomFile(), new Holder(model));
+                }
+                return model;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Model getRawModel(Path from, Path path) {
+                Model model = findRawModel(from, path);
+                if (model != null) {
+                    String groupId = DefaultModelBuilder.getGroupId(model);
+                    context.modelByGA.put(
+                            new DefaultModelTransformerContext.GAKey(groupId, model.getArtifactId()),
+                            new Holder(model));
+                    context.modelByPath.put(path, new Holder(model));
+                }
+                return model;
+            }
+
+            private Model findRawModel(Path from, String groupId, String artifactId) {
+                ModelSource source = getSource(groupId, artifactId);
+                if (source == null) {
+                    // we need to check the whole reactor in case it's a dependency
+                    loadFullReactor();
+                    source = getSource(groupId, artifactId);
+                }
+                if (source != null) {
+                    if (!addEdge(from, source.getPath(), problems)) {
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                    try {
+                        ModelBuilderRequest gaBuildingRequest = ModelBuilderRequest.build(request, source);
+                        return defaultModelBuilder.readRawModel(gaBuildingRequest, problems);
+                    } catch (ModelBuilderException e) {
+                        // gathered with problem collector
+                    }
+                }
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            private void loadFullReactor() {
+                if (!fullReactorLoaded) {
+                    synchronized (DefaultModelTransformerContextBuilder.this) {
+                        if (!fullReactorLoaded) {
+                            doLoadFullReactor();
+                            fullReactorLoaded = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            private void doLoadFullReactor() {
+                Path rootDirectory;
+                try {
+                    rootDirectory = request.getSession().getRootDirectory();
+                } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                    // if no root directory, bail out
+                    return;
+                }
+                List<Path> toLoad = new ArrayList<>();
+                Path root = defaultModelBuilder.getModelProcessor().locateExistingPom(rootDirectory);
+                toLoad.add(root);
+                while (!toLoad.isEmpty()) {
+                    Path pom = toLoad.remove(0);
+                    try {
+                        ModelBuilderRequest gaBuildingRequest =
+                                ModelBuilderRequest.build(request, ModelSource.fromPath(pom));
+                        Model rawModel = defaultModelBuilder.readFileModel(gaBuildingRequest, problems);
+                        for (String module : rawModel.getModules()) {
+                            Path moduleFile = defaultModelBuilder
+                                    .getModelProcessor()
+                                    .locateExistingPom(pom.getParent().resolve(module));
+                            if (moduleFile != null) {
+                                toLoad.add(moduleFile);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } catch (ModelBuilderException e) {
+                        // gathered with problem collector
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            private Model findRawModel(Path from, Path p) {
+                if (!Files.isRegularFile(p)) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not a regular file: " + p);
+                }
+
+                if (!addEdge(from, p, problems)) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+
+                ModelBuilderRequest req = ModelBuilderRequest.build(request, ModelSource.fromPath(p));
+
+                try {
+                    return defaultModelBuilder.readRawModel(req, problems);
+                } catch (ModelBuilderException e) {
+                    // gathered with problem collector
+                }
+                return null;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private boolean addEdge(Path from, Path p, DefaultModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        try {
+            dag.addEdge(from.toString(), p.toString());
+            return true;
+        } catch (Graph.CycleDetectedException e) {
+            problems.add(new DefaultModelProblem(
+                    "Cycle detected between models at " + from + " and " + p,
+                    ModelProblem.Severity.FATAL,
+                    null,
+                    null,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    null,
+                    e));
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ModelTransformerContext build() {
+        return context;
+    }
+
+    public ModelSource getSource(String groupId, String artifactId) {
+        Set<ModelSource> sources = mappedSources.get(groupId + ":" + artifactId);
+        if (sources == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return sources.stream()
+                .reduce((a, b) -> {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(String.format(
+                            "No unique Source for %s:%s: %s and %s",
+                            groupId, artifactId, a.getLocation(), b.getLocation()));
+                })
+                .orElse(null);
+    }
+
+    public void putSource(String groupId, String artifactId, ModelSource source) {
+        mappedSources
+                .computeIfAbsent(groupId + ":" + artifactId, k -> new HashSet<>())
+                .add(source);
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelVersionProcessor.java

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+
+/**
+ * Maven default implementation of the {@link ModelVersionProcessor} to support
+ * <a href="https://maven.apache.org/maven-ci-friendly.html">CI Friendly Versions</a>
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultModelVersionProcessor implements ModelVersionProcessor {
+
+    private static final String SHA1_PROPERTY = "sha1";
+
+    private static final String CHANGELIST_PROPERTY = "changelist";
+
+    private static final String REVISION_PROPERTY = "revision";
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isValidProperty(String property) {
+        return REVISION_PROPERTY.equals(property)
+                || CHANGELIST_PROPERTY.equals(property)
+                || SHA1_PROPERTY.equals(property);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void overwriteModelProperties(Properties modelProperties, ModelBuilderRequest request) {
+        Map<String, String> props = request.getUserProperties();
+        if (props.containsKey(REVISION_PROPERTY)) {
+            modelProperties.put(REVISION_PROPERTY, props.get(REVISION_PROPERTY));
+        }
+        if (props.containsKey(CHANGELIST_PROPERTY)) {
+            modelProperties.put(CHANGELIST_PROPERTY, props.get(CHANGELIST_PROPERTY));
+        }
+        if (props.containsKey(SHA1_PROPERTY)) {
+            modelProperties.put(SHA1_PROPERTY, props.get(SHA1_PROPERTY));
+        }
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultPathTranslator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+
+/**
+ * Resolves relative paths against a specific base directory.
+ *
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultPathTranslator implements PathTranslator {
+
+    @Override
+    public String alignToBaseDirectory(String path, Path basedir) {
+        String result = path;
+
+        if (path != null && basedir != null) {
+            path = path.replace('\\', File.separatorChar).replace('/', File.separatorChar);
+
+            File file = new File(path);
+            if (file.isAbsolute()) {
+                // path was already absolute, just normalize file separator and we're done
+                result = file.getPath();
+            } else if (file.getPath().startsWith(File.separator)) {
+                // drive-relative Windows path, don't align with project directory but with drive root
+                result = file.getAbsolutePath();
+            } else {
+                // an ordinary relative path, align with project directory
+                result = basedir.resolve(path).normalize().toString();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultPluginManagementInjector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Build;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Plugin;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.PluginContainer;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.PluginExecution;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.PluginManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.PluginManagementInjector;
+
+/**
+ * Handles injection of plugin management into the model.
+ *
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings({"checkstyle:methodname"})
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultPluginManagementInjector implements PluginManagementInjector {
+
+    private ManagementModelMerger merger = new ManagementModelMerger();
+
+    @Override
+    public Model injectManagement(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        return merger.mergeManagedBuildPlugins(model);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * ManagementModelMerger
+     */
+    protected static class ManagementModelMerger extends MavenModelMerger {
+
+        public Model mergeManagedBuildPlugins(Model model) {
+            Build build = model.getBuild();
+            if (build != null) {
+                PluginManagement pluginManagement = build.getPluginManagement();
+                if (pluginManagement != null) {
+                    return model.withBuild(mergePluginContainerPlugins(build, pluginManagement));
+                }
+            }
+            return model;
+        }
+
+        private Build mergePluginContainerPlugins(Build target, PluginContainer source) {
+            List<Plugin> src = source.getPlugins();
+            if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+                Map<Object, Plugin> managedPlugins = new LinkedHashMap<>(src.size() * 2);
+
+                Map<Object, Object> context = Collections.emptyMap();
+
+                for (Plugin element : src) {
+                    Object key = getPluginKey().apply(element);
+                    managedPlugins.put(key, element);
+                }
+
+                List<Plugin> newPlugins = new ArrayList<>();
+                for (Plugin element : target.getPlugins()) {
+                    Object key = getPluginKey().apply(element);
+                    Plugin managedPlugin = managedPlugins.get(key);
+                    if (managedPlugin != null) {
+                        element = mergePlugin(element, managedPlugin, false, context);
+                    }
+                    newPlugins.add(element);
+                }
+                return target.withPlugins(newPlugins);
+            }
+            return target;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void mergePlugin_Executions(
+                Plugin.Builder builder,
+                Plugin target,
+                Plugin source,
+                boolean sourceDominant,
+                Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            List<PluginExecution> src = source.getExecutions();
+            if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+                List<PluginExecution> tgt = target.getExecutions();
+
+                Map<Object, PluginExecution> merged = new LinkedHashMap<>((src.size() + tgt.size()) * 2);
+
+                for (PluginExecution element : src) {
+                    Object key = getPluginExecutionKey().apply(element);
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+
+                for (PluginExecution element : tgt) {
+                    Object key = getPluginExecutionKey().apply(element);
+                    PluginExecution existing = merged.get(key);
+                    if (existing != null) {
+                        element = mergePluginExecution(element, existing, sourceDominant, context);
+                    }
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+
+                builder.executions(merged.values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultProfileActivationContext.java

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+
+/**
+ * Describes the environmental context used to determine the activation status of profiles.
+ *
+ */
+public class DefaultProfileActivationContext implements ProfileActivationContext {
+
+    private List<String> activeProfileIds = Collections.emptyList();
+
+    private List<String> inactiveProfileIds = Collections.emptyList();
+
+    private Map<String, String> systemProperties = Collections.emptyMap();
+
+    private Map<String, String> userProperties = Collections.emptyMap();
+
+    private Map<String, String> projectProperties = Collections.emptyMap();
+
+    private Path projectDirectory;
+
+    @Override
+    public List<String> getActiveProfileIds() {
+        return activeProfileIds;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the identifiers of those profiles that should be activated by explicit demand.
+     *
+     * @param activeProfileIds The identifiers of those profiles to activate, may be {@code null}.
+     * @return This context, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    public DefaultProfileActivationContext setActiveProfileIds(List<String> activeProfileIds) {
+        this.activeProfileIds = unmodifiable(activeProfileIds);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<String> getInactiveProfileIds() {
+        return inactiveProfileIds;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the identifiers of those profiles that should be deactivated by explicit demand.
+     *
+     * @param inactiveProfileIds The identifiers of those profiles to deactivate, may be {@code null}.
+     * @return This context, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    public DefaultProfileActivationContext setInactiveProfileIds(List<String> inactiveProfileIds) {
+        this.inactiveProfileIds = unmodifiable(inactiveProfileIds);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Map<String, String> getSystemProperties() {
+        return systemProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the system properties to use for interpolation and profile activation. The system properties are collected
+     * from the runtime environment like {@link System#getProperties()} and environment variables.
+     *
+     * @param systemProperties The system properties, may be {@code null}.
+     * @return This context, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public DefaultProfileActivationContext setSystemProperties(Properties systemProperties) {
+        return setSystemProperties(toMap(systemProperties));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the system properties to use for interpolation and profile activation. The system properties are collected
+     * from the runtime environment like {@link System#getProperties()} and environment variables.
+     *
+     * @param systemProperties The system properties, may be {@code null}.
+     * @return This context, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    public DefaultProfileActivationContext setSystemProperties(Map<String, String> systemProperties) {
+        this.systemProperties = unmodifiable(systemProperties);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Map<String, String> getUserProperties() {
+        return userProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the user properties to use for interpolation and profile activation. The user properties have been
+     * configured directly by the user on his discretion, e.g. via the {@code -Dkey=value} parameter on the command
+     * line.
+     *
+     * @param userProperties The user properties, may be {@code null}.
+     * @return This context, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public DefaultProfileActivationContext setUserProperties(Properties userProperties) {
+        return setUserProperties(toMap(userProperties));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the user properties to use for interpolation and profile activation. The user properties have been
+     * configured directly by the user on his discretion, e.g. via the {@code -Dkey=value} parameter on the command
+     * line.
+     *
+     * @param userProperties The user properties, may be {@code null}.
+     * @return This context, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    public DefaultProfileActivationContext setUserProperties(Map<String, String> userProperties) {
+        this.userProperties = unmodifiable(userProperties);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Path getProjectDirectory() {
+        return projectDirectory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the base directory of the current project.
+     *
+     * @param projectDirectory The base directory of the current project, may be {@code null} if profile activation
+     *                         happens in the context of metadata retrieval rather than project building.
+     * @return This context, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    public DefaultProfileActivationContext setProjectDirectory(Path projectDirectory) {
+        this.projectDirectory = projectDirectory;
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Map<String, String> getProjectProperties() {
+        return projectProperties;
+    }
+
+    public DefaultProfileActivationContext setProjectProperties(Properties projectProperties) {
+        return setProjectProperties(toMap(projectProperties));
+    }
+
+    public DefaultProfileActivationContext setProjectProperties(Map<String, String> projectProperties) {
+        this.projectProperties = unmodifiable(projectProperties);
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private static List<String> unmodifiable(List<String> list) {
+        return list != null ? Collections.unmodifiableList(list) : Collections.emptyList();
+    }
+
+    private static Map<String, String> unmodifiable(Map<String, String> map) {
+        return map != null ? Collections.unmodifiableMap(map) : Collections.emptyMap();
+    }
+
+    private static Map<String, String> toMap(Properties properties) {
+        if (properties != null && !properties.isEmpty()) {
+            return properties.entrySet().stream()
+                    .collect(Collectors.toMap(e -> String.valueOf(e.getKey()), e -> String.valueOf(e.getValue())));
+
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultProfileInjector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.WeakHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Build;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.BuildBase;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ModelBase;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Plugin;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.PluginContainer;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.PluginExecution;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ReportPlugin;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ReportSet;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Reporting;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+
+/**
+ * Handles profile injection into the model.
+ *
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultProfileInjector implements ProfileInjector {
+
+    private static final Map<Model, Map<List<Profile>, Model>> CACHE = Collections.synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<>());
+
+    // In order for the weak hash map to work correctly, we must not hold any reference to
+    // the model used as the key.  So we use a dummy model as a placeholder to indicate that
+    // we want to store the model used as they key.
+    private static final Model KEY = Model.newInstance();
+
+    private final ProfileModelMerger merger = new ProfileModelMerger();
+
+    @Override
+    public Model injectProfiles(
+            Model model, List<Profile> profiles, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Model result = CACHE.computeIfAbsent(model, k -> new ConcurrentHashMap<>())
+                .computeIfAbsent(profiles, l -> doInjectProfiles(model, profiles));
+        return result == KEY ? model : result;
+    }
+
+    private Model doInjectProfiles(Model model, List<Profile> profiles) {
+        Model orgModel = model;
+        for (Profile profile : profiles) {
+            if (profile != null) {
+                Model.Builder builder = Model.newBuilder(model);
+                merger.mergeModelBase(builder, model, profile);
+
+                if (profile.getBuild() != null) {
+                    Build build = model.getBuild() != null ? model.getBuild() : Build.newInstance();
+                    Build.Builder bbuilder = Build.newBuilder(build);
+                    merger.mergeBuildBase(bbuilder, build, profile.getBuild());
+                    builder.build(bbuilder.build());
+                }
+
+                model = builder.build();
+            }
+        }
+        return model == orgModel ? KEY : model;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * ProfileModelMerger
+     */
+    protected static class ProfileModelMerger extends MavenModelMerger {
+
+        public void mergeModelBase(ModelBase.Builder builder, ModelBase target, ModelBase source) {
+            mergeModelBase(builder, target, source, true, Collections.emptyMap());
+        }
+
+        public void mergeBuildBase(BuildBase.Builder builder, BuildBase target, BuildBase source) {
+            mergeBuildBase(builder, target, source, true, Collections.emptyMap());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void mergePluginContainer_Plugins(
+                PluginContainer.Builder builder,
+                PluginContainer target,
+                PluginContainer source,
+                boolean sourceDominant,
+                Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            List<Plugin> src = source.getPlugins();
+            if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+                List<Plugin> tgt = target.getPlugins();
+                Map<Object, Plugin> master = new LinkedHashMap<>(tgt.size() * 2);
+
+                for (Plugin element : tgt) {
+                    Object key = getPluginKey().apply(element);
+                    master.put(key, element);
+                }
+
+                Map<Object, List<Plugin>> predecessors = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+                List<Plugin> pending = new ArrayList<>();
+                for (Plugin element : src) {
+                    Object key = getPluginKey().apply(element);
+                    Plugin existing = master.get(key);
+                    if (existing != null) {
+                        existing = mergePlugin(existing, element, sourceDominant, context);
+                        master.put(key, existing);
+                        if (!pending.isEmpty()) {
+                            predecessors.put(key, pending);
+                            pending = new ArrayList<>();
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        pending.add(element);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                List<Plugin> result = new ArrayList<>(src.size() + tgt.size());
+                for (Map.Entry<Object, Plugin> entry : master.entrySet()) {
+                    List<Plugin> pre = predecessors.get(entry.getKey());
+                    if (pre != null) {
+                        result.addAll(pre);
+                    }
+                    result.add(entry.getValue());
+                }
+                result.addAll(pending);
+
+                builder.plugins(result);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void mergePlugin_Executions(
+                Plugin.Builder builder,
+                Plugin target,
+                Plugin source,
+                boolean sourceDominant,
+                Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            List<PluginExecution> src = source.getExecutions();
+            if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+                List<PluginExecution> tgt = target.getExecutions();
+                Map<Object, PluginExecution> merged = new LinkedHashMap<>((src.size() + tgt.size()) * 2);
+
+                for (PluginExecution element : tgt) {
+                    Object key = getPluginExecutionKey().apply(element);
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+
+                for (PluginExecution element : src) {
+                    Object key = getPluginExecutionKey().apply(element);
+                    PluginExecution existing = merged.get(key);
+                    if (existing != null) {
+                        element = mergePluginExecution(existing, element, sourceDominant, context);
+                    }
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+
+                builder.executions(merged.values());
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void mergeReporting_Plugins(
+                Reporting.Builder builder,
+                Reporting target,
+                Reporting source,
+                boolean sourceDominant,
+                Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            List<ReportPlugin> src = source.getPlugins();
+            if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+                List<ReportPlugin> tgt = target.getPlugins();
+                Map<Object, ReportPlugin> merged = new LinkedHashMap<>((src.size() + tgt.size()) * 2);
+
+                for (ReportPlugin element : tgt) {
+                    Object key = getReportPluginKey().apply(element);
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+
+                for (ReportPlugin element : src) {
+                    Object key = getReportPluginKey().apply(element);
+                    ReportPlugin existing = merged.get(key);
+                    if (existing != null) {
+                        element = mergeReportPlugin(existing, element, sourceDominant, context);
+                    }
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+
+                builder.plugins(merged.values());
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void mergeReportPlugin_ReportSets(
+                ReportPlugin.Builder builder,
+                ReportPlugin target,
+                ReportPlugin source,
+                boolean sourceDominant,
+                Map<Object, Object> context) {
+            List<ReportSet> src = source.getReportSets();
+            if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+                List<ReportSet> tgt = target.getReportSets();
+                Map<Object, ReportSet> merged = new LinkedHashMap<>((src.size() + tgt.size()) * 2);
+
+                for (ReportSet element : tgt) {
+                    Object key = getReportSetKey().apply(element);
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+
+                for (ReportSet element : src) {
+                    Object key = getReportSetKey().apply(element);
+                    ReportSet existing = merged.get(key);
+                    if (existing != null) {
+                        element = mergeReportSet(existing, element, sourceDominant, context);
+                    }
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+
+                builder.reportSets(merged.values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultProfileSelector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem.Severity;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem.Version;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+
+/**
+ * Calculates the active profiles among a given collection of profiles.
+ *
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class DefaultProfileSelector implements ProfileSelector {
+
+    private final List<ProfileActivator> activators;
+
+    public DefaultProfileSelector() {
+        this.activators = new ArrayList<>();
+    }
+
+    @Inject
+    public DefaultProfileSelector(List<ProfileActivator> activators) {
+        this.activators = new ArrayList<>(activators);
+    }
+
+    public DefaultProfileSelector addProfileActivator(ProfileActivator profileActivator) {
+        if (profileActivator != null) {
+            activators.add(profileActivator);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Profile> getActiveProfiles(
+            Collection<Profile> profiles, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Collection<String> activatedIds = new HashSet<>(context.getActiveProfileIds());
+        Collection<String> deactivatedIds = new HashSet<>(context.getInactiveProfileIds());
+
+        List<Profile> activeProfiles = new ArrayList<>(profiles.size());
+        List<Profile> activePomProfilesByDefault = new ArrayList<>();
+        boolean activatedPomProfileNotByDefault = false;
+
+        for (Profile profile : profiles) {
+            if (!deactivatedIds.contains(profile.getId())) {
+                if (activatedIds.contains(profile.getId()) || isActive(profile, context, problems)) {
+                    activeProfiles.add(profile);
+                    if (Profile.SOURCE_POM.equals(profile.getSource())) {
+                        activatedPomProfileNotByDefault = true;
+                    }
+                } else if (isActiveByDefault(profile)) {
+                    if (Profile.SOURCE_POM.equals(profile.getSource())) {
+                        activePomProfilesByDefault.add(profile);
+                    } else {
+                        activeProfiles.add(profile);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!activatedPomProfileNotByDefault) {
+            activeProfiles.addAll(activePomProfilesByDefault);
+        }
+
+        return activeProfiles;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isActive(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        boolean isActive = false;
+        for (ProfileActivator activator : activators) {
+            if (activator.presentInConfig(profile, context, problems)) {
+                isActive = true;
+                try {
+                    if (!activator.isActive(profile, context, problems)) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+                    problems.add(
+                            Severity.ERROR,
+                            Version.BASE,
+                            "Failed to determine activation for profile " + profile.getId(),
+                            profile.getLocation(""),
+                            e);
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return isActive;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isActiveByDefault(Profile profile) {
+        Activation activation = profile.getActivation();
+        return activation != null && activation.isActiveByDefault();
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultRootLocator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamReader;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import com.ctc.wstx.stax.WstxInputFactory;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.*;
+
+@Named
+public class DefaultRootLocator implements RootLocator {
+
+    public boolean isRootDirectory(Path dir) {
+        if (Files.isDirectory(dir.resolve(".mvn"))) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        // we're too early to use the modelProcessor ...
+        Path pom = dir.resolve("pom.xml");
+        try (InputStream is = Files.newInputStream(pom)) {
+            XMLStreamReader parser = new WstxInputFactory().createXMLStreamReader(is);
+            if (parser.nextTag() == XMLStreamReader.START_ELEMENT
+                    && parser.getLocalName().equals("project")) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < parser.getAttributeCount(); i++) {
+                    if ("root".equals(parser.getAttributeLocalName(i))) {
+                        return Boolean.parseBoolean(parser.getAttributeValue(i));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException | XMLStreamException e) {
+            // The root locator can be used very early during the setup of Maven,
+            // even before the arguments from the command line are parsed.  Any exception
+            // that would happen here should cause the build to fail at a later stage
+            // (when actually parsing the POM) and will lead to a better exception being
+            // displayed to the user, so just bail out and return false.
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/FileToRawModelMerger.java

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Build;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.BuildBase;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.CiManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.DependencyManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ModelBase;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Plugin;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.PluginContainer;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ReportPlugin;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Reporting;
+import org.apache.maven.model.v4.MavenMerger;
+
+/**
+ * As long as Maven controls the BuildPomXMLFilter, the entities that need merging are known.
+ * All others can simply be copied from source to target to restore the locationTracker
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+class FileToRawModelMerger extends MavenMerger {
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeBuild_Extensions(
+            Build.Builder builder, Build target, Build source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeBuildBase_Resources(
+            BuildBase.Builder builder,
+            BuildBase target,
+            BuildBase source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeBuildBase_TestResources(
+            BuildBase.Builder builder,
+            BuildBase target,
+            BuildBase source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeCiManagement_Notifiers(
+            CiManagement.Builder builder,
+            CiManagement target,
+            CiManagement source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeDependencyManagement_Dependencies(
+            DependencyManagement.Builder builder,
+            DependencyManagement target,
+            DependencyManagement source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        Iterator<Dependency> sourceIterator = source.getDependencies().iterator();
+        builder.dependencies(target.getDependencies().stream()
+                .map(d -> mergeDependency(d, sourceIterator.next(), sourceDominant, context))
+                .collect(Collectors.toList()));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeDependency_Exclusions(
+            Dependency.Builder builder,
+            Dependency target,
+            Dependency source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_Contributors(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_Developers(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_Licenses(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_MailingLists(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_Profiles(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        Iterator<Profile> sourceIterator = source.getProfiles().iterator();
+        builder.profiles(target.getProfiles().stream()
+                .map(d -> mergeProfile(d, sourceIterator.next(), sourceDominant, context))
+                .collect(Collectors.toList()));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModelBase_Dependencies(
+            ModelBase.Builder builder,
+            ModelBase target,
+            ModelBase source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        Iterator<Dependency> sourceIterator = source.getDependencies().iterator();
+        builder.dependencies(target.getDependencies().stream()
+                .map(d -> mergeDependency(d, sourceIterator.next(), sourceDominant, context))
+                .collect(Collectors.toList()));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModelBase_PluginRepositories(
+            ModelBase.Builder builder,
+            ModelBase target,
+            ModelBase source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        builder.pluginRepositories(source.getPluginRepositories());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModelBase_Repositories(
+            ModelBase.Builder builder,
+            ModelBase target,
+            ModelBase source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergePlugin_Dependencies(
+            Plugin.Builder builder, Plugin target, Plugin source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        Iterator<Dependency> sourceIterator = source.getDependencies().iterator();
+        builder.dependencies(target.getDependencies().stream()
+                .map(d -> mergeDependency(d, sourceIterator.next(), sourceDominant, context))
+                .collect(Collectors.toList()));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergePlugin_Executions(
+            Plugin.Builder builder, Plugin target, Plugin source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeReporting_Plugins(
+            Reporting.Builder builder,
+            Reporting target,
+            Reporting source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeReportPlugin_ReportSets(
+            ReportPlugin.Builder builder,
+            ReportPlugin target,
+            ReportPlugin source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergePluginContainer_Plugins(
+            PluginContainer.Builder builder,
+            PluginContainer target,
+            PluginContainer source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // don't merge
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/Graph.java

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+class Graph {
+
+    final Map<String, Set<String>> graph = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+    synchronized void addEdge(String from, String to) throws CycleDetectedException {
+        if (graph.computeIfAbsent(from, l -> new HashSet<>()).add(to)) {
+            List<String> cycle = visitCycle(graph, Collections.singleton(to), new HashMap<>(), new LinkedList<>());
+            if (cycle != null) {
+                // remove edge which introduced cycle
+                throw new CycleDetectedException(
+                        "Edge between '" + from + "' and '" + to + "' introduces to cycle in the graph", cycle);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private enum DfsState {
+        VISITING,
+        VISITED
+    }
+
+    private static List<String> visitCycle(
+            Map<String, Set<String>> graph,
+            Collection<String> children,
+            Map<String, DfsState> stateMap,
+            LinkedList<String> cycle) {
+        if (children != null) {
+            for (String v : children) {
+                DfsState state = stateMap.putIfAbsent(v, DfsState.VISITING);
+                if (state == null) {
+                    cycle.addLast(v);
+                    List<String> ret = visitCycle(graph, graph.get(v), stateMap, cycle);
+                    if (ret != null) {
+                        return ret;
+                    }
+                    cycle.removeLast();
+                    stateMap.put(v, DfsState.VISITED);
+                } else if (state == DfsState.VISITING) {
+                    // we are already visiting this vertex, this mean we have a cycle
+                    int pos = cycle.lastIndexOf(v);
+                    List<String> ret = cycle.subList(pos, cycle.size());
+                    ret.add(v);
+                    return ret;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static class CycleDetectedException extends Exception {
+        private final List<String> cycle;
+
+        CycleDetectedException(String message, List<String> cycle) {
+            super(message);
+            this.cycle = cycle;
+        }
+
+        public List<String> getCycle() {
+            return cycle;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String getMessage() {
+            return super.getMessage() + " " + String.join(" --> ", cycle);
+        }
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/MavenBuildTimestamp.java

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+/**
+ * MavenBuildTimestamp
+ */
+public class MavenBuildTimestamp {
+    // ISO 8601-compliant timestamp for machine readability
+    public static final String DEFAULT_BUILD_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT = "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'";
+
+    public static final String BUILD_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT_PROPERTY = "maven.build.timestamp.format";
+
+    public static final TimeZone DEFAULT_BUILD_TIME_ZONE = TimeZone.getTimeZone("Etc/UTC");
+
+    private String formattedTimestamp;
+
+    public MavenBuildTimestamp() {
+        this(Instant.now());
+    }
+
+    public MavenBuildTimestamp(Instant time) {
+        this(time, DEFAULT_BUILD_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT);
+    }
+
+    public MavenBuildTimestamp(Instant time, Map<String, String> properties) {
+        this(time, properties != null ? properties.get(BUILD_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT_PROPERTY) : null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use {@link #MavenBuildTimestamp(Instant, Map)} or extract the format and pass it
+     *             to {@link #MavenBuildTimestamp(Instant, String)} instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public MavenBuildTimestamp(Instant time, Properties properties) {
+        this(time, properties != null ? properties.getProperty(BUILD_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT_PROPERTY) : null);
+    }
+
+    public MavenBuildTimestamp(Instant time, String timestampFormat) {
+        if (timestampFormat == null) {
+            timestampFormat = DEFAULT_BUILD_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT;
+        }
+        if (time == null) {
+            time = Instant.now();
+        }
+        SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat(timestampFormat);
+        dateFormat.setCalendar(new GregorianCalendar());
+        dateFormat.setTimeZone(DEFAULT_BUILD_TIME_ZONE);
+        formattedTimestamp = dateFormat.format(new Date(time.toEpochMilli()));
+    }
+
+    public String formattedTimestamp() {
+        return formattedTimestamp;
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/MavenModelMerger.java

@@ -0,0 +1,621 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.BuildBase;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.CiManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.DeploymentRepository;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.DistributionManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Exclusion;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Extension;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.IssueManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ModelBase;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Organization;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Plugin;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.PluginExecution;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ReportPlugin;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ReportSet;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Repository;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.RepositoryBase;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Scm;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Site;
+import org.apache.maven.model.v4.MavenMerger;
+
+/**
+ * The domain-specific model merger for the Maven POM, overriding generic code from parent class when necessary with
+ * more adapted algorithms.
+ *
+ */
+public class MavenModelMerger extends MavenMerger {
+
+    /**
+     * The hint key for the child path adjustment used during inheritance for URL calculations.
+     */
+    public static final String CHILD_PATH_ADJUSTMENT = "child-path-adjustment";
+
+    /**
+     * The context key for the artifact id of the target model.
+     */
+    public static final String ARTIFACT_ID = "artifact-id";
+
+    public MavenModelMerger() {
+        super(false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Model merge(Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<?, ?> hints) {
+        return super.merge(target, source, sourceDominant, hints);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Model mergeModel(Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        context.put(ARTIFACT_ID, target.getArtifactId());
+
+        return super.mergeModel(target, source, sourceDominant, context);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_Name(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        String src = source.getName();
+        if (src != null) {
+            if (sourceDominant) {
+                builder.name(src);
+                builder.location("name", source.getLocation("name"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_Url(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        String src = source.getUrl();
+        if (src != null) {
+            if (sourceDominant) {
+                builder.url(src);
+                builder.location("url", source.getLocation("url"));
+            } else if (target.getUrl() == null) {
+                builder.url(extrapolateChildUrl(src, source.isChildProjectUrlInheritAppendPath(), context));
+                builder.location("url", source.getLocation("url"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * TODO: Whether the merge continues recursively into an existing node or not could be an option for the generated
+     * merger
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_Organization(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        Organization src = source.getOrganization();
+        if (src != null) {
+            Organization tgt = target.getOrganization();
+            if (tgt == null) {
+                builder.organization(src);
+                builder.location("organisation", source.getLocation("organisation"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_IssueManagement(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        IssueManagement src = source.getIssueManagement();
+        if (src != null) {
+            IssueManagement tgt = target.getIssueManagement();
+            if (tgt == null) {
+                builder.issueManagement(src);
+                builder.location("issueManagement", source.getLocation("issueManagement"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_CiManagement(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        CiManagement src = source.getCiManagement();
+        if (src != null) {
+            CiManagement tgt = target.getCiManagement();
+            if (tgt == null) {
+                builder.ciManagement(src);
+                builder.location("ciManagement", source.getLocation("ciManagement"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_ModelVersion(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // neither inherited nor injected
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_ArtifactId(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // neither inherited nor injected
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_Profiles(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // neither inherited nor injected
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_Prerequisites(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        // neither inherited nor injected
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_Licenses(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        builder.licenses(target.getLicenses().isEmpty() ? source.getLicenses() : target.getLicenses());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_Developers(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        builder.developers(target.getDevelopers().isEmpty() ? source.getDevelopers() : target.getDevelopers());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_Contributors(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        builder.contributors(target.getContributors().isEmpty() ? source.getContributors() : target.getContributors());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModel_MailingLists(
+            Model.Builder builder, Model target, Model source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        if (target.getMailingLists().isEmpty()) {
+            builder.mailingLists(source.getMailingLists());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModelBase_Modules(
+            ModelBase.Builder builder,
+            ModelBase target,
+            ModelBase source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        List<String> src = source.getModules();
+        if (!src.isEmpty() && sourceDominant) {
+            List<Integer> indices = new ArrayList<>();
+            List<String> tgt = target.getModules();
+            Set<String> excludes = new LinkedHashSet<>(tgt);
+            List<String> merged = new ArrayList<>(tgt.size() + src.size());
+            merged.addAll(tgt);
+            for (int i = 0, n = tgt.size(); i < n; i++) {
+                indices.add(i);
+            }
+            for (int i = 0, n = src.size(); i < n; i++) {
+                String s = src.get(i);
+                if (!excludes.contains(s)) {
+                    merged.add(s);
+                    indices.add(~i);
+                }
+            }
+            builder.modules(merged);
+            builder.location(
+                    "modules",
+                    InputLocation.merge(target.getLocation("modules"), source.getLocation("modules"), indices));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * TODO: The order of the merged list could be controlled by an attribute in the model association: target-first,
+     * source-first, dominant-first, recessive-first
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModelBase_Repositories(
+            ModelBase.Builder builder,
+            ModelBase target,
+            ModelBase source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        List<Repository> src = source.getRepositories();
+        if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+            List<Repository> tgt = target.getRepositories();
+            Map<Object, Repository> merged = new LinkedHashMap<>((src.size() + tgt.size()) * 2);
+
+            List<Repository> dominant, recessive;
+            if (sourceDominant) {
+                dominant = src;
+                recessive = tgt;
+            } else {
+                dominant = tgt;
+                recessive = src;
+            }
+
+            for (Repository element : dominant) {
+                Object key = getRepositoryKey().apply(element);
+                merged.put(key, element);
+            }
+
+            for (Repository element : recessive) {
+                Object key = getRepositoryKey().apply(element);
+                if (!merged.containsKey(key)) {
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+            }
+
+            builder.repositories(merged.values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeModelBase_PluginRepositories(
+            ModelBase.Builder builder,
+            ModelBase target,
+            ModelBase source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        List<Repository> src = source.getPluginRepositories();
+        if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+            List<Repository> tgt = target.getPluginRepositories();
+            Map<Object, Repository> merged = new LinkedHashMap<>((src.size() + tgt.size()) * 2);
+
+            List<Repository> dominant, recessive;
+            if (sourceDominant) {
+                dominant = src;
+                recessive = tgt;
+            } else {
+                dominant = tgt;
+                recessive = src;
+            }
+
+            for (Repository element : dominant) {
+                Object key = getRepositoryKey().apply(element);
+                merged.put(key, element);
+            }
+
+            for (Repository element : recessive) {
+                Object key = getRepositoryKey().apply(element);
+                if (!merged.containsKey(key)) {
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+            }
+
+            builder.pluginRepositories(merged.values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * TODO: Whether duplicates should be removed looks like an option for the generated merger.
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeBuildBase_Filters(
+            BuildBase.Builder builder,
+            BuildBase target,
+            BuildBase source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        List<String> src = source.getFilters();
+        if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+            List<String> tgt = target.getFilters();
+            Set<String> excludes = new LinkedHashSet<>(tgt);
+            List<String> merged = new ArrayList<>(tgt.size() + src.size());
+            merged.addAll(tgt);
+            for (String s : src) {
+                if (!excludes.contains(s)) {
+                    merged.add(s);
+                }
+            }
+            builder.filters(merged);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeBuildBase_Resources(
+            BuildBase.Builder builder,
+            BuildBase target,
+            BuildBase source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        if (sourceDominant || target.getResources().isEmpty()) {
+            super.mergeBuildBase_Resources(builder, target, source, sourceDominant, context);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeBuildBase_TestResources(
+            BuildBase.Builder builder,
+            BuildBase target,
+            BuildBase source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        if (sourceDominant || target.getTestResources().isEmpty()) {
+            super.mergeBuildBase_TestResources(builder, target, source, sourceDominant, context);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeDistributionManagement_Relocation(
+            DistributionManagement.Builder builder,
+            DistributionManagement target,
+            DistributionManagement source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {}
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeDistributionManagement_Repository(
+            DistributionManagement.Builder builder,
+            DistributionManagement target,
+            DistributionManagement source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        DeploymentRepository src = source.getRepository();
+        if (src != null) {
+            DeploymentRepository tgt = target.getRepository();
+            if (sourceDominant || tgt == null) {
+                tgt = DeploymentRepository.newInstance(false);
+                builder.repository(mergeDeploymentRepository(tgt, src, sourceDominant, context));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeDistributionManagement_SnapshotRepository(
+            DistributionManagement.Builder builder,
+            DistributionManagement target,
+            DistributionManagement source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        DeploymentRepository src = source.getSnapshotRepository();
+        if (src != null) {
+            DeploymentRepository tgt = target.getSnapshotRepository();
+            if (sourceDominant || tgt == null) {
+                tgt = DeploymentRepository.newInstance(false);
+                builder.snapshotRepository(mergeDeploymentRepository(tgt, src, sourceDominant, context));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeDistributionManagement_Site(
+            DistributionManagement.Builder builder,
+            DistributionManagement target,
+            DistributionManagement source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        Site src = source.getSite();
+        if (src != null) {
+            Site tgt = target.getSite();
+            if (tgt == null) {
+                tgt = Site.newBuilder(false).build();
+            }
+            Site.Builder sbuilder = Site.newBuilder(tgt);
+            if (sourceDominant || tgt == null || isSiteEmpty(tgt)) {
+                mergeSite(sbuilder, tgt, src, sourceDominant, context);
+            }
+            super.mergeSite_ChildSiteUrlInheritAppendPath(sbuilder, tgt, src, sourceDominant, context);
+            builder.site(sbuilder.build());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeSite_ChildSiteUrlInheritAppendPath(
+            Site.Builder builder, Site target, Site source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {}
+
+    protected boolean isSiteEmpty(Site site) {
+        return (site.getId() == null || site.getId().isEmpty())
+                && (site.getName() == null || site.getName().isEmpty())
+                && (site.getUrl() == null || site.getUrl().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeSite_Url(
+            Site.Builder builder, Site target, Site source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        String src = source.getUrl();
+        if (src != null) {
+            if (sourceDominant) {
+                builder.url(src);
+                builder.location("url", source.getLocation("url"));
+            } else if (target.getUrl() == null) {
+                builder.url(extrapolateChildUrl(src, source.isChildSiteUrlInheritAppendPath(), context));
+                builder.location("url", source.getLocation("url"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeScm_Url(
+            Scm.Builder builder, Scm target, Scm source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        String src = source.getUrl();
+        if (src != null) {
+            if (sourceDominant) {
+                builder.url(src);
+                builder.location("url", source.getLocation("url"));
+            } else if (target.getUrl() == null) {
+                builder.url(extrapolateChildUrl(src, source.isChildScmUrlInheritAppendPath(), context));
+                builder.location("url", source.getLocation("url"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeScm_Connection(
+            Scm.Builder builder, Scm target, Scm source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        String src = source.getConnection();
+        if (src != null) {
+            if (sourceDominant) {
+                builder.connection(src);
+                builder.location("connection", source.getLocation("connection"));
+            } else if (target.getConnection() == null) {
+                builder.connection(extrapolateChildUrl(src, source.isChildScmConnectionInheritAppendPath(), context));
+                builder.location("connection", source.getLocation("connection"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeScm_DeveloperConnection(
+            Scm.Builder builder, Scm target, Scm source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        String src = source.getDeveloperConnection();
+        if (src != null) {
+            if (sourceDominant) {
+                builder.developerConnection(src);
+                builder.location("developerConnection", source.getLocation("developerConnection"));
+            } else if (target.getDeveloperConnection() == null) {
+                String e = extrapolateChildUrl(src, source.isChildScmDeveloperConnectionInheritAppendPath(), context);
+                builder.developerConnection(e);
+                builder.location("developerConnection", source.getLocation("developerConnection"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergePlugin_Executions(
+            Plugin.Builder builder, Plugin target, Plugin source, boolean sourceDominant, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        List<PluginExecution> src = source.getExecutions();
+        if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+            List<PluginExecution> tgt = target.getExecutions();
+            Map<Object, PluginExecution> merged = new LinkedHashMap<>((src.size() + tgt.size()) * 2);
+
+            for (PluginExecution element : src) {
+                if (sourceDominant || (element.getInherited() != null ? element.isInherited() : source.isInherited())) {
+                    Object key = getPluginExecutionKey().apply(element);
+                    merged.put(key, element);
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (PluginExecution element : tgt) {
+                Object key = getPluginExecutionKey().apply(element);
+                PluginExecution existing = merged.get(key);
+                if (existing != null) {
+                    element = mergePluginExecution(element, existing, sourceDominant, context);
+                }
+                merged.put(key, element);
+            }
+
+            builder.executions(merged.values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergePluginExecution_Goals(
+            PluginExecution.Builder builder,
+            PluginExecution target,
+            PluginExecution source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        List<String> src = source.getGoals();
+        if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+            List<String> tgt = target.getGoals();
+            Set<String> excludes = new LinkedHashSet<>(tgt);
+            List<String> merged = new ArrayList<>(tgt.size() + src.size());
+            merged.addAll(tgt);
+            for (String s : src) {
+                if (!excludes.contains(s)) {
+                    merged.add(s);
+                }
+            }
+            builder.goals(merged);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeReportPlugin_ReportSets(
+            ReportPlugin.Builder builder,
+            ReportPlugin target,
+            ReportPlugin source,
+            boolean sourceDominant,
+            Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        List<ReportSet> src = source.getReportSets();
+        if (!src.isEmpty()) {
+            List<ReportSet> tgt = target.getReportSets();
+            Map<Object, ReportSet> merged = new LinkedHashMap<>((src.size() + tgt.size()) * 2);
+
+            for (ReportSet rset : src) {
+                if (sourceDominant || (rset.getInherited() != null ? rset.isInherited() : source.isInherited())) {
+                    Object key = getReportSetKey().apply(rset);
+                    merged.put(key, rset);
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (ReportSet element : tgt) {
+                Object key = getReportSetKey().apply(element);
+                ReportSet existing = merged.get(key);
+                if (existing != null) {
+                    mergeReportSet(element, existing, sourceDominant, context);
+                }
+                merged.put(key, element);
+            }
+
+            builder.reportSets(merged.values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected KeyComputer<Dependency> getDependencyKey() {
+        return Dependency::getManagementKey;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected KeyComputer<Plugin> getPluginKey() {
+        return Plugin::getKey;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected KeyComputer<PluginExecution> getPluginExecutionKey() {
+        return PluginExecution::getId;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected KeyComputer<ReportPlugin> getReportPluginKey() {
+        return ReportPlugin::getKey;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected KeyComputer<ReportSet> getReportSetKey() {
+        return ReportSet::getId;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected KeyComputer<RepositoryBase> getRepositoryBaseKey() {
+        return RepositoryBase::getId;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected KeyComputer<Extension> getExtensionKey() {
+        return e -> e.getGroupId() + ':' + e.getArtifactId();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected KeyComputer<Exclusion> getExclusionKey() {
+        return e -> e.getGroupId() + ':' + e.getArtifactId();
+    }
+
+    protected String extrapolateChildUrl(String parentUrl, boolean appendPath, Map<Object, Object> context) {
+        return parentUrl;
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/ModelData.java

@@ -16,33 +16,29 @@
  * specific language governing permissions and limitations
  * under the License.
  */
-package org.apache.maven.internal.impl;
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
-
-import javax.inject.Inject;
-import javax.inject.Named;
-import javax.inject.Singleton;
 
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
-import org.apache.maven.api.services.SuperPomProvider;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelSource;
-import org.apache.maven.api.services.SuperPomProviderException;
 
-@Named
+/**
-@Singleton
+ * Holds a model along with some auxiliary information. This internal utility class assists the model builder during POM
-public class DefaultSuperPomProvider implements SuperPomProvider {
+ * processing by providing a means to transport information that cannot be (easily) extracted from the model itself.
+ */
+record ModelData(ModelSource source, Model model) {
 
-    private final org.apache.maven.model.superpom.SuperPomProvider provider;
+    /**
-
+     * Gets unique identifier of the model
-    @Inject
+     *
-    public DefaultSuperPomProvider(org.apache.maven.model.superpom.SuperPomProvider provider) {
+     * @return The effective identifier of the model, never {@code null}.
-        this.provider = provider;
+     */
+    public String id() {
+        // if source is null, it is the super model, which can be accessed via empty string
+        return source != null ? source.getLocation() : "";
     }
 
     @Override
-    public Model getSuperPom(String version) {
+    public String toString() {
-        try {
+        return String.valueOf(model);
-            return provider.getSuperModel(version).getDelegate();
-        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
-            throw new SuperPomProviderException("Could not retrieve super pom " + version, e);
-        }
     }
 }

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/ModelProblemUtils.java

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem;
+
+/**
+ * Assists in the handling of model problems.
+ *
+ */
+public class ModelProblemUtils {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a user-friendly source hint for the specified model.
+     *
+     * @param model The model to create a source hint for, may be {@code null}.
+     * @return The user-friendly source hint, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    static String toSourceHint(Model model) {
+        if (model == null) {
+            return "";
+        }
+        StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(128);
+        buffer.append(toId(model));
+        Path pomPath = model.getPomFile();
+        if (pomPath != null) {
+            buffer.append(" (").append(pomPath).append(')');
+        }
+        return buffer.toString();
+    }
+
+    static String toPath(Model model) {
+        String path = "";
+        if (model != null) {
+            Path pomPath = model.getPomFile();
+            if (pomPath != null) {
+                path = pomPath.toAbsolutePath().toString();
+            }
+        }
+        return path;
+    }
+
+    static String toId(Model model) {
+        if (model == null) {
+            return "";
+        }
+        String groupId = model.getGroupId();
+        if (groupId == null && model.getParent() != null) {
+            groupId = model.getParent().getGroupId();
+        }
+        String artifactId = model.getArtifactId();
+        String version = model.getVersion();
+        if (version == null && model.getParent() != null) {
+            version = model.getParent().getVersion();
+        }
+        return toId(groupId, artifactId, version);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a user-friendly artifact id from the specified coordinates.
+     *
+     * @param groupId The group id, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param artifactId The artifact id, may be {@code null}.
+     * @param version The version, may be {@code null}.
+     * @return The user-friendly artifact id, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    static String toId(String groupId, String artifactId, String version) {
+        return ((groupId != null && !groupId.isEmpty()) ? groupId : "[unknown-group-id]")
+                + ':'
+                + ((artifactId != null && !artifactId.isEmpty()) ? artifactId : "[unknown-artifact-id]")
+                + ':'
+                + ((version != null && !version.isEmpty()) ? version : "[unknown-version]");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a string with all location details for the specified model problem. If the project identifier is
+     * provided, the generated location will omit the model id and source information and only give line/column
+     * information for problems originating directly from this POM.
+     *
+     * @param problem The problem whose location should be formatted, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param projectId The {@code <groupId>:<artifactId>:<version>} of the corresponding project, may be {@code null}
+     *            to force output of model id and source.
+     * @return The formatted problem location or an empty string if unknown, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    public static String formatLocation(ModelProblem problem, String projectId) {
+        StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(256);
+
+        if (!problem.getModelId().equals(projectId)) {
+            buffer.append(problem.getModelId());
+            if (!problem.getSource().isEmpty()) {
+                if (!buffer.isEmpty()) {
+                    buffer.append(", ");
+                }
+                buffer.append(problem.getSource());
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (problem.getLineNumber() > 0) {
+            if (!buffer.isEmpty()) {
+                buffer.append(", ");
+            }
+            buffer.append("line ").append(problem.getLineNumber());
+        }
+
+        if (problem.getColumnNumber() > 0) {
+            if (!buffer.isEmpty()) {
+                buffer.append(", ");
+            }
+            buffer.append("column ").append(problem.getColumnNumber());
+        }
+
+        return buffer.toString();
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ActivationFile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.PathTranslator;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.RootLocator;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.AbstractValueSource;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.InterpolationException;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.MapBasedValueSource;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.RegexBasedInterpolator;
+
+/**
+ * Finds an absolute path for {@link ActivationFile#getExists()} or {@link ActivationFile#getMissing()}
+ *
+ */
+@Named
+@Singleton
+public class ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator {
+
+    private final PathTranslator pathTranslator;
+
+    private final RootLocator rootLocator;
+
+    @Inject
+    public ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator(PathTranslator pathTranslator, RootLocator rootLocator) {
+        this.pathTranslator = pathTranslator;
+        this.rootLocator = rootLocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Interpolates given {@code path}.
+     *
+     * @return absolute path or {@code null} if the input was {@code null}
+     */
+    public String interpolate(String path, ProfileActivationContext context) throws InterpolationException {
+        if (path == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        RegexBasedInterpolator interpolator = new RegexBasedInterpolator();
+
+        Path basedir = context.getProjectDirectory();
+
+        if (basedir != null) {
+            interpolator.addValueSource(new AbstractValueSource(false) {
+                @Override
+                public Object getValue(String expression) {
+                    if ("basedir".equals(expression) || "project.basedir".equals(expression)) {
+                        return basedir.toAbsolutePath().toString();
+                    }
+                    return null;
+                }
+            });
+        } else if (path.contains("${basedir}")) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        interpolator.addValueSource(new AbstractValueSource(false) {
+            @Override
+            public Object getValue(String expression) {
+                if ("rootDirectory".equals(expression)) {
+                    Path root = rootLocator.findMandatoryRoot(basedir);
+                    return root.toFile().getAbsolutePath();
+                }
+                return null;
+            }
+        });
+
+        interpolator.addValueSource(new MapBasedValueSource(context.getProjectProperties()));
+        interpolator.addValueSource(new MapBasedValueSource(context.getUserProperties()));
+        interpolator.addValueSource(new MapBasedValueSource(context.getSystemProperties()));
+
+        String absolutePath = interpolator.interpolate(path, "");
+
+        return pathTranslator.alignToBaseDirectory(absolutePath, basedir);
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/Result.java

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem.Severity;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem;
+
+/**
+ * There are various forms of results that are represented by this class:
+ * <ol>
+ * <li>success - in which case only the model field is set
+ * <li>success with warnings - model field + non-error model problems
+ * <li>error - no model, but diagnostics
+ * <li>error - (partial) model and diagnostics
+ * </ol>
+ * Could encode these variants as subclasses, but kept in one for now
+ *
+ * @param <T> the model type
+ */
+public class Result<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * Success without warnings
+     *
+     * @param model
+     */
+    public static <T> Result<T> success(T model) {
+        return success(model, Collections.emptyList());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Success with warnings
+     *
+     * @param model
+     * @param problems
+     */
+    public static <T> Result<T> success(T model, Iterable<? extends ModelProblem> problems) {
+        assert !hasErrors(problems);
+        return new Result<>(false, model, problems);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Success with warnings
+     *
+     * @param model
+     * @param results
+     */
+    public static <T> Result<T> success(T model, Result<?>... results) {
+        final List<ModelProblem> problemsList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (Result<?> result1 : results) {
+            for (ModelProblem modelProblem : result1.getProblems()) {
+                problemsList.add(modelProblem);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return success(model, problemsList);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Error with problems describing the cause
+     *
+     * @param problems
+     */
+    public static <T> Result<T> error(Iterable<? extends ModelProblem> problems) {
+        return error(null, problems);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> Result<T> error(T model) {
+        return error(model, Collections.emptyList());
+    }
+
+    public static <T> Result<T> error(Result<?> result) {
+        return error(result.getProblems());
+    }
+
+    public static <T> Result<T> error(Result<?>... results) {
+        final List<ModelProblem> problemsList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (Result<?> result1 : results) {
+            for (ModelProblem modelProblem : result1.getProblems()) {
+                problemsList.add(modelProblem);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return error(problemsList);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Error with partial result and problems describing the cause
+     *
+     * @param model
+     * @param problems
+     */
+    public static <T> Result<T> error(T model, Iterable<? extends ModelProblem> problems) {
+        return new Result<>(true, model, problems);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * New result - determine whether error or success by checking problems for errors
+     *
+     * @param model
+     * @param problems
+     */
+    public static <T> Result<T> newResult(T model, Iterable<? extends ModelProblem> problems) {
+        return new Result<>(hasErrors(problems), model, problems);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * New result consisting of given result and new problem. Convenience for newResult(result.get(),
+     * concat(result.getProblems(),problems)).
+     *
+     * @param result
+     * @param problem
+     */
+    public static <T> Result<T> addProblem(Result<T> result, ModelProblem problem) {
+        return addProblems(result, Collections.singleton(problem));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * New result that includes the given
+     *
+     * @param result
+     * @param problems
+     */
+    public static <T> Result<T> addProblems(Result<T> result, Iterable<? extends ModelProblem> problems) {
+        Collection<ModelProblem> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (ModelProblem item : problems) {
+            list.add(item);
+        }
+        for (ModelProblem item : result.getProblems()) {
+            list.add(item);
+        }
+        return new Result<>(result.hasErrors() || hasErrors(problems), result.get(), list);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> Result<T> addProblems(Result<T> result, Result<?>... results) {
+        final List<ModelProblem> problemsList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (Result<?> result1 : results) {
+            for (ModelProblem modelProblem : result1.getProblems()) {
+                problemsList.add(modelProblem);
+            }
+        }
+        return addProblems(result, problemsList);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Turns the given results into a single result by combining problems and models into single collection.
+     *
+     * @param results
+     */
+    public static <T> Result<Iterable<T>> newResultSet(Iterable<? extends Result<? extends T>> results) {
+        boolean hasErrors = false;
+        List<T> modelsList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<ModelProblem> problemsList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (Result<? extends T> result : results) {
+            modelsList.add(result.get());
+
+            for (ModelProblem modelProblem : result.getProblems()) {
+                problemsList.add(modelProblem);
+            }
+
+            if (result.hasErrors()) {
+                hasErrors = true;
+            }
+        }
+        return new Result<>(hasErrors, (Iterable<T>) modelsList, problemsList);
+    }
+
+    // helper to determine if problems contain error
+    private static boolean hasErrors(Iterable<? extends ModelProblem> problems) {
+        for (ModelProblem input : problems) {
+            if (input.getSeverity().equals(Severity.ERROR)
+                    || input.getSeverity().equals(Severity.FATAL)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Class definition
+     */
+    private final boolean errors;
+
+    private final T value;
+
+    private final Iterable<? extends ModelProblem> problems;
+
+    private Result(boolean errors, T model, Iterable<? extends ModelProblem> problems) {
+        this.errors = errors;
+        this.value = model;
+        this.problems = problems;
+    }
+
+    public Iterable<? extends ModelProblem> getProblems() {
+        return problems;
+    }
+
+    public T get() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    public boolean hasErrors() {
+        return errors;
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/FileProfileActivator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.io.File;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ActivationFile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.interpolation.InterpolationException;
+
+/**
+ * Determines profile activation based on the existence/absence of some file.
+ * File name interpolation support is limited to <code>${project.basedir}</code>
+ * system properties and user properties.
+ *
+ * @see ActivationFile
+ * @see org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultModelValidator#validateRawModel
+ */
+@Named("file")
+@Singleton
+public class FileProfileActivator implements ProfileActivator {
+
+    private final ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator profileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
+
+    @Inject
+    public FileProfileActivator(ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator profileActivationFilePathInterpolator) {
+        this.profileActivationFilePathInterpolator = profileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isActive(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Activation activation = profile.getActivation();
+
+        if (activation == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        ActivationFile file = activation.getFile();
+
+        if (file == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        String path;
+        boolean missing;
+
+        if (file.getExists() != null && !file.getExists().isEmpty()) {
+            path = file.getExists();
+            missing = false;
+        } else if (file.getMissing() != null && !file.getMissing().isEmpty()) {
+            path = file.getMissing();
+            missing = true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            path = profileActivationFilePathInterpolator.interpolate(path, context);
+        } catch (InterpolationException e) {
+            problems.add(
+                    BuilderProblem.Severity.ERROR,
+                    ModelProblem.Version.BASE,
+                    "Failed to interpolate file location " + path + " for profile " + profile.getId() + ": "
+                            + e.getMessage(),
+                    file.getLocation(missing ? "missing" : "exists"),
+                    e);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (path == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        File f = new File(path);
+
+        if (!f.isAbsolute()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        boolean fileExists = f.exists();
+
+        return missing != fileExists;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean presentInConfig(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Activation activation = profile.getActivation();
+
+        if (activation == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        ActivationFile file = activation.getFile();
+
+        return file != null;
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/JdkVersionProfileActivator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivator;
+
+/**
+ * Determines profile activation based on the version of the current Java runtime.
+ *
+ * @see Activation#getJdk()
+ */
+@Named("jdk-version")
+@Singleton
+public class JdkVersionProfileActivator implements ProfileActivator {
+
+    private static final Pattern FILTER_1 = Pattern.compile("[^\\d._-]");
+    private static final Pattern FILTER_2 = Pattern.compile("[._-]");
+    private static final Pattern FILTER_3 = Pattern.compile("\\."); // used for split now
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isActive(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Activation activation = profile.getActivation();
+
+        if (activation == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        String jdk = activation.getJdk();
+
+        if (jdk == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        String version = context.getSystemProperties().get("java.version");
+
+        if (version == null || version.isEmpty()) {
+            problems.add(
+                    BuilderProblem.Severity.ERROR,
+                    ModelProblem.Version.BASE,
+                    "Failed to determine Java version for profile " + profile.getId(),
+                    activation.getLocation("jdk"));
+            return false;
+        }
+        return isJavaVersionCompatible(jdk, version);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isJavaVersionCompatible(String requiredJdkRange, String currentJavaVersion) {
+        if (requiredJdkRange.startsWith("!")) {
+            return !currentJavaVersion.startsWith(requiredJdkRange.substring(1));
+        } else if (isRange(requiredJdkRange)) {
+            return isInRange(currentJavaVersion, getRange(requiredJdkRange));
+        } else {
+            return currentJavaVersion.startsWith(requiredJdkRange);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean presentInConfig(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Activation activation = profile.getActivation();
+
+        if (activation == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        String jdk = activation.getJdk();
+
+        return jdk != null;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isInRange(String value, List<RangeValue> range) {
+        int leftRelation = getRelationOrder(value, range.get(0), true);
+
+        if (leftRelation == 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (leftRelation < 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return getRelationOrder(value, range.get(1), false) <= 0;
+    }
+
+    private static int getRelationOrder(String value, RangeValue rangeValue, boolean isLeft) {
+        if (rangeValue.value.isEmpty()) {
+            return isLeft ? 1 : -1;
+        }
+
+        value = FILTER_1.matcher(value).replaceAll("");
+
+        List<String> valueTokens = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(FILTER_2.split(value)));
+        List<String> rangeValueTokens = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(FILTER_3.split(rangeValue.value)));
+
+        addZeroTokens(valueTokens, 3);
+        addZeroTokens(rangeValueTokens, 3);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            int x = Integer.parseInt(valueTokens.get(i));
+            int y = Integer.parseInt(rangeValueTokens.get(i));
+            if (x < y) {
+                return -1;
+            } else if (x > y) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!rangeValue.closed) {
+            return isLeft ? -1 : 1;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    private static void addZeroTokens(List<String> tokens, int max) {
+        while (tokens.size() < max) {
+            tokens.add("0");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isRange(String value) {
+        return value.startsWith("[") || value.startsWith("(");
+    }
+
+    private static List<RangeValue> getRange(String range) {
+        List<RangeValue> ranges = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (String token : range.split(",")) {
+            if (token.startsWith("[")) {
+                ranges.add(new RangeValue(token.replace("[", ""), true));
+            } else if (token.startsWith("(")) {
+                ranges.add(new RangeValue(token.replace("(", ""), false));
+            } else if (token.endsWith("]")) {
+                ranges.add(new RangeValue(token.replace("]", ""), true));
+            } else if (token.endsWith(")")) {
+                ranges.add(new RangeValue(token.replace(")", ""), false));
+            } else if (token.isEmpty()) {
+                ranges.add(new RangeValue("", false));
+            }
+        }
+        if (ranges.size() < 2) {
+            ranges.add(new RangeValue("99999999", false));
+        }
+        return ranges;
+    }
+
+    private static class RangeValue {
+        private String value;
+
+        private boolean closed;
+
+        RangeValue(String value, boolean closed) {
+            this.value = value.trim();
+            this.closed = closed;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/OperatingSystemProfileActivator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.util.Locale;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ActivationOS;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivator;
+
+/**
+ * Determines profile activation based on the operating system of the current runtime platform.
+ *
+ * @see ActivationOS
+ */
+@Named("os")
+@Singleton
+public class OperatingSystemProfileActivator implements ProfileActivator {
+
+    private static final String REGEX_PREFIX = "regex:";
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isActive(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Activation activation = profile.getActivation();
+
+        if (activation == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        ActivationOS os = activation.getOs();
+
+        if (os == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        boolean active = ensureAtLeastOneNonNull(os);
+
+        String actualOsName = context.getSystemProperties().get("os.name").toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
+        String actualOsArch = context.getSystemProperties().get("os.arch").toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
+        String actualOsVersion = context.getSystemProperties().get("os.version").toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
+
+        if (active && os.getFamily() != null) {
+            active = determineFamilyMatch(os.getFamily(), actualOsName);
+        }
+        if (active && os.getName() != null) {
+            active = determineNameMatch(os.getName(), actualOsName);
+        }
+        if (active && os.getArch() != null) {
+            active = determineArchMatch(os.getArch(), actualOsArch);
+        }
+        if (active && os.getVersion() != null) {
+            active = determineVersionMatch(os.getVersion(), actualOsVersion);
+        }
+
+        return active;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean presentInConfig(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Activation activation = profile.getActivation();
+
+        if (activation == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        ActivationOS os = activation.getOs();
+
+        return os != null;
+    }
+
+    private boolean ensureAtLeastOneNonNull(ActivationOS os) {
+        return os.getArch() != null || os.getFamily() != null || os.getName() != null || os.getVersion() != null;
+    }
+
+    private boolean determineVersionMatch(String expectedVersion, String actualVersion) {
+        String test = expectedVersion;
+        boolean reverse = false;
+        final boolean result;
+        if (test.startsWith(REGEX_PREFIX)) {
+            result = actualVersion.matches(test.substring(REGEX_PREFIX.length()));
+        } else {
+            if (test.startsWith("!")) {
+                reverse = true;
+                test = test.substring(1);
+            }
+            result = actualVersion.equals(test);
+        }
+
+        return reverse != result;
+    }
+
+    private boolean determineArchMatch(String expectedArch, String actualArch) {
+        String test = expectedArch;
+        boolean reverse = false;
+
+        if (test.startsWith("!")) {
+            reverse = true;
+            test = test.substring(1);
+        }
+
+        boolean result = actualArch.equals(test);
+
+        return reverse != result;
+    }
+
+    private boolean determineNameMatch(String expectedName, String actualName) {
+        String test = expectedName;
+        boolean reverse = false;
+
+        if (test.startsWith("!")) {
+            reverse = true;
+            test = test.substring(1);
+        }
+
+        boolean result = actualName.equals(test);
+
+        return reverse != result;
+    }
+
+    private boolean determineFamilyMatch(String family, String actualName) {
+        String test = family;
+        boolean reverse = false;
+
+        if (test.startsWith("!")) {
+            reverse = true;
+            test = test.substring(1);
+        }
+
+        boolean result = Os.isFamily(test, actualName);
+
+        return reverse != result;
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/Os.java

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+/**
+ * OS support
+ */
+public class Os {
+
+    /**
+     * The OS Name.
+     */
+    public static final String OS_NAME = System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
+
+    /**
+     * The OA architecture.
+     */
+    public static final String OS_ARCH = System.getProperty("os.arch").toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
+
+    /**
+     * The OS version.
+     */
+    public static final String OS_VERSION = System.getProperty("os.version").toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
+
+    /**
+     * OS Family
+     */
+    public static final String OS_FAMILY;
+
+    /**
+     * Boolean indicating if the running OS is a Windows system.
+     */
+    public static final boolean IS_WINDOWS;
+
+    /**
+     * OS family that can be tested for. {@value}
+     */
+    private static final String FAMILY_WINDOWS = "windows";
+
+    /**
+     * OS family that can be tested for. {@value}
+     */
+    private static final String FAMILY_WIN9X = "win9x";
+
+    /**
+     * OS family that can be tested for. {@value}
+     */
+    public static final String FAMILY_NT = "winnt";
+
+    /**
+     * OS family that can be tested for. {@value}
+     */
+    private static final String FAMILY_OS2 = "os/2";
+
+    /**
+     * OS family that can be tested for. {@value}
+     */
+    private static final String FAMILY_NETWARE = "netware";
+
+    /**
+     * OS family that can be tested for. {@value}
+     */
+    private static final String FAMILY_DOS = "dos";
+
+    /**
+     * OS family that can be tested for. {@value}
+     */
+    private static final String FAMILY_MAC = "mac";
+
+    /**
+     * OS family that can be tested for. {@value}
+     */
+    private static final String FAMILY_TANDEM = "tandem";
+
+    /**
+     * OS family that can be tested for. {@value}
+     */
+    private static final String FAMILY_UNIX = "unix";
+
+    /**
+     * OS family that can be tested for. {@value}
+     */
+    private static final String FAMILY_OPENVMS = "openvms";
+
+    /**
+     * OS family that can be tested for. {@value}
+     */
+    private static final String FAMILY_ZOS = "z/os";
+
+    /**
+     * OS family that can be tested for. {@value}
+     */
+    private static final String FAMILY_OS390 = "os/390";
+
+    /**
+     * OS family that can be tested for. {@value}
+     */
+    private static final String FAMILY_OS400 = "os/400";
+
+    /**
+     * OpenJDK is reported to call MacOS X "Darwin"
+     *
+     * @see <a href="https://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=44889">bugzilla issue</a>
+     * @see <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HADOOP-3318">HADOOP-3318</a>
+     */
+    private static final String DARWIN = "darwin";
+
+    /**
+     * The path separator.
+     */
+    private static final String PATH_SEP = System.getProperty("path.separator");
+
+    static {
+        // Those two public constants are initialized here, as they need all the private constants
+        // above to be initialized first, but the code style imposes the public constants to be
+        // defined above the private ones...
+        OS_FAMILY = getOsFamily();
+        IS_WINDOWS = isFamily(FAMILY_WINDOWS);
+    }
+
+    private Os() {}
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the OS on which Maven is executing matches the
+     * given OS family.
+     *
+     * @param family the family to check for
+     * @return true if the OS matches
+     *
+     */
+    public static boolean isFamily(String family) {
+        return isFamily(family, OS_NAME);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the OS on which Maven is executing matches the
+     * given OS family derived from the given OS name
+     *
+     * @param family the family to check for
+     * @param actualOsName the OS name to check against
+     * @return true if the OS matches
+     *
+     */
+    public static boolean isFamily(String family, String actualOsName) {
+        // windows probing logic relies on the word 'windows' in the OS
+        boolean isWindows = actualOsName.contains(FAMILY_WINDOWS);
+        boolean is9x = false;
+        boolean isNT = false;
+        if (isWindows) {
+            // there are only four 9x platforms that we look for
+            is9x = (actualOsName.contains("95")
+                    || actualOsName.contains("98")
+                    || actualOsName.contains("me")
+                    // wince isn't really 9x, but crippled enough to
+                    // be a muchness. Maven doesnt run on CE, anyway.
+                    || actualOsName.contains("ce"));
+            isNT = !is9x;
+        }
+        switch (family) {
+            case FAMILY_WINDOWS:
+                return isWindows;
+            case FAMILY_WIN9X:
+                return isWindows && is9x;
+            case FAMILY_NT:
+                return isWindows && isNT;
+            case FAMILY_OS2:
+                return actualOsName.contains(FAMILY_OS2);
+            case FAMILY_NETWARE:
+                return actualOsName.contains(FAMILY_NETWARE);
+            case FAMILY_DOS:
+                return PATH_SEP.equals(";") && !isFamily(FAMILY_NETWARE, actualOsName) && !isWindows;
+            case FAMILY_MAC:
+                return actualOsName.contains(FAMILY_MAC) || actualOsName.contains(DARWIN);
+            case FAMILY_TANDEM:
+                return actualOsName.contains("nonstop_kernel");
+            case FAMILY_UNIX:
+                return PATH_SEP.equals(":")
+                        && !isFamily(FAMILY_OPENVMS, actualOsName)
+                        && (!isFamily(FAMILY_MAC, actualOsName) || actualOsName.endsWith("x"));
+            case FAMILY_ZOS:
+                return actualOsName.contains(FAMILY_ZOS) || actualOsName.contains(FAMILY_OS390);
+            case FAMILY_OS400:
+                return actualOsName.contains(FAMILY_OS400);
+            case FAMILY_OPENVMS:
+                return actualOsName.contains(FAMILY_OPENVMS);
+            default:
+                return actualOsName.contains(family.toLowerCase(Locale.US));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper method to determine the current OS family.
+     *
+     * @return name of current OS family.
+     */
+    private static String getOsFamily() {
+        return Stream.of(
+                        FAMILY_DOS,
+                        FAMILY_MAC,
+                        FAMILY_NETWARE,
+                        FAMILY_NT,
+                        FAMILY_OPENVMS,
+                        FAMILY_OS2,
+                        FAMILY_OS400,
+                        FAMILY_TANDEM,
+                        FAMILY_UNIX,
+                        FAMILY_WIN9X,
+                        FAMILY_WINDOWS,
+                        FAMILY_ZOS)
+                .filter(Os::isFamily)
+                .findFirst()
+                .orElse(null);
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/PackagingProfileActivator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivator;
+
+/**
+ * Determines profile activation based on the project's packaging.
+ */
+@Named("packaging")
+@Singleton
+public class PackagingProfileActivator implements ProfileActivator {
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isActive(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        return getActivationPackaging(profile).map(p -> isPackaging(context, p)).orElse(false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean presentInConfig(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        return getActivationPackaging(profile).isPresent();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isPackaging(ProfileActivationContext context, String p) {
+        String packaging = context.getUserProperties().get(ProfileActivationContext.PROPERTY_NAME_PACKAGING);
+        return Objects.equals(p, packaging);
+    }
+
+    private static Optional<String> getActivationPackaging(Profile profile) {
+        return Optional.ofNullable(profile).map(Profile::getActivation).map(Activation::getPackaging);
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/PropertyProfileActivator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ActivationProperty;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivator;
+
+/**
+ * Determines profile activation based on the existence or value of some execution property.
+ *
+ * @see ActivationProperty
+ */
+@Named("property")
+@Singleton
+public class PropertyProfileActivator implements ProfileActivator {
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isActive(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Activation activation = profile.getActivation();
+
+        if (activation == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        ActivationProperty property = activation.getProperty();
+
+        if (property == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        String name = property.getName();
+        boolean reverseName = false;
+
+        if (name != null && name.startsWith("!")) {
+            reverseName = true;
+            name = name.substring(1);
+        }
+
+        if (name == null || name.isEmpty()) {
+            problems.add(
+                    BuilderProblem.Severity.ERROR,
+                    ModelProblem.Version.BASE,
+                    "The property name is required to activate the profile " + profile.getId(),
+                    property.getLocation(""));
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        String sysValue = context.getUserProperties().get(name);
+        if (sysValue == null) {
+            sysValue = context.getSystemProperties().get(name);
+        }
+
+        String propValue = property.getValue();
+        if (propValue != null && !propValue.isEmpty()) {
+            boolean reverseValue = false;
+            if (propValue.startsWith("!")) {
+                reverseValue = true;
+                propValue = propValue.substring(1);
+            }
+
+            // we have a value, so it has to match the system value...
+            return reverseValue != propValue.equals(sysValue);
+        } else {
+            return reverseName != (sysValue != null && !sysValue.isEmpty());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean presentInConfig(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Activation activation = profile.getActivation();
+
+        if (activation == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        ActivationProperty property = activation.getProperty();
+
+        return property != null;
+    }
+}

maven-api-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/resolver/ArtifactDescriptorReaderDelegate.java

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.Language;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.DependencyManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.DistributionManagement;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.License;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Prerequisites;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Repository;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.RepositoryFactory;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.InternalSession;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.artifact.MavenArtifactProperties;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.type.DefaultType;
+import org.eclipse.aether.artifact.Artifact;
+import org.eclipse.aether.artifact.ArtifactProperties;
+import org.eclipse.aether.artifact.ArtifactType;
+import org.eclipse.aether.artifact.ArtifactTypeRegistry;
+import org.eclipse.aether.artifact.DefaultArtifact;
+import org.eclipse.aether.graph.Dependency;
+import org.eclipse.aether.graph.Exclusion;
+import org.eclipse.aether.resolution.ArtifactDescriptorResult;
+
+/**
+ * Populates Aether {@link ArtifactDescriptorResult} from Maven project {@link Model}.
+ * <p>
+ * <strong>Note:</strong> This class is part of work in progress and can be changed or removed without notice.
+ * @since 3.2.4
+ */
+public class ArtifactDescriptorReaderDelegate {
+    public void populateResult(InternalSession session, ArtifactDescriptorResult result, Model model) {
+        ArtifactTypeRegistry stereotypes = session.getSession().getArtifactTypeRegistry();
+
+        for (Repository r : model.getRepositories()) {
+            result.addRepository(session.toRepository(
+                    session.getService(RepositoryFactory.class).createRemote(r)));
+        }
+
+        for (org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency dependency : model.getDependencies()) {
+            result.addDependency(convert(dependency, stereotypes));
+        }
+
+        DependencyManagement mgmt = model.getDependencyManagement();
+        if (mgmt != null) {
+            for (org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency dependency : mgmt.getDependencies()) {
+                result.addManagedDependency(convert(dependency, stereotypes));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Map<String, Object> properties = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+        Prerequisites prerequisites = model.getPrerequisites();
+        if (prerequisites != null) {
+            properties.put("prerequisites.maven", prerequisites.getMaven());
+        }
+
+        List<License> licenses = model.getLicenses();
+        properties.put("license.count", licenses.size());
+        for (int i = 0; i < licenses.size(); i++) {
+            License license = licenses.get(i);
+            properties.put("license." + i + ".name", license.getName());
+            properties.put("license." + i + ".url", license.getUrl());
+            properties.put("license." + i + ".comments", license.getComments());
+            properties.put("license." + i + ".distribution", license.getDistribution());
+        }
+
+        result.setProperties(properties);
+
+        setArtifactProperties(result, model);
+    }
+
+    private Dependency convert(org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency dependency, ArtifactTypeRegistry stereotypes) {
+        ArtifactType stereotype = stereotypes.get(dependency.getType());
+        if (stereotype == null) {
+            // TODO: this here is fishy
+            stereotype = new DefaultType(dependency.getType(), Language.NONE, "", null, false);
+        }
+
+        boolean system = dependency.getSystemPath() != null
+                && !dependency.getSystemPath().isEmpty();
+
+        Map<String, String> props = null;
+        if (system) {
+            props = Collections.singletonMap(MavenArtifactProperties.LOCAL_PATH, dependency.getSystemPath());
+        }
+
+        Artifact artifact = new DefaultArtifact(
+                dependency.getGroupId(),
+                dependency.getArtifactId(),
+                dependency.getClassifier(),
+                null,
+                dependency.getVersion(),
+                props,
+                stereotype);
+
+        List<Exclusion> exclusions = new ArrayList<>(dependency.getExclusions().size());
+        for (org.apache.maven.api.model.Exclusion exclusion : dependency.getExclusions()) {
+            exclusions.add(convert(exclusion));
+        }
+
+        return new Dependency(
+                artifact,
+                dependency.getScope(),
+                dependency.getOptional() != null ? dependency.isOptional() : null,
+                exclusions);
+    }
+
+    private Exclusion convert(org.apache.maven.api.model.Exclusion exclusion) {
+        return new Exclusion(exclusion.getGroupId(), exclusion.getArtifactId(), "*", "*");
+    }
+
+    private void setArtifactProperties(ArtifactDescriptorResult result, Model model) {
+        String downloadUrl = null;
+        DistributionManagement distMgmt = model.getDistributionManagement();
+        if (distMgmt != null) {
+            downloadUrl = distMgmt.getDownloadUrl();
+        }
+        if (downloadUrl != null && !downloadUrl.isEmpty()) {
+            Artifact artifact = result.getArtifact();
+            Map<String, String> props = new HashMap<>(artifact.getProperties());
+            props.put(ArtifactProperties.DOWNLOAD_URL, downloadUrl);
+            result.setArtifact(artifact.setProperties(props));
+        }
+    }
+}