diff --git a/openjpa-kernel/src/main/java/org/apache/openjpa/datacache/DataCacheStoreManager.java b/openjpa-kernel/src/main/java/org/apache/openjpa/datacache/DataCacheStoreManager.java
index 127d50a6e..4980e629e 100644
--- a/openjpa-kernel/src/main/java/org/apache/openjpa/datacache/DataCacheStoreManager.java
+++ b/openjpa-kernel/src/main/java/org/apache/openjpa/datacache/DataCacheStoreManager.java
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
-import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Map.Entry;
@@ -437,8 +436,13 @@ public class DataCacheStoreManager
     public boolean load(OpenJPAStateManager sm, BitSet fields,
         FetchConfiguration fetch, int lockLevel, Object edata) {
         DataCache cache = _mgr.selectCache(sm);
-        if (cache == null || sm.isEmbedded() || bypass(fetch, StoreManager.FORCE_LOAD_NONE))
-            return super.load(sm, fields, fetch, lockLevel, edata);
+
+        boolean found = false;
+        if (cache == null || sm.isEmbedded() || bypass(fetch, StoreManager.FORCE_LOAD_NONE)) {
+            found = super.load(sm, fields, fetch, lockLevel, edata);
+            updateDataCache(found, sm, fetch);
+            return found;
+        }
 
         CacheStatistics stats = cache.getStatistics();
         DataCachePCData data = cache.get(sm.getObjectId());
@@ -454,20 +458,59 @@ public class DataCacheStoreManager
 
         // load from store manager; clone the set of still-unloaded fields
         // so that if the store manager decides to modify it it won't affect us
-        if (!super.load(sm, (BitSet) fields.clone(), fetch, lockLevel, edata))
-            return false;
-        if (_ctx.getPopulateDataCache()) {
-            cacheStateManager(cache, sm, data);
-        }
-        return true;
+        found = super.load(sm, (BitSet) fields.clone(), fetch, lockLevel, edata);
 
+        // Get new instance of cache after DB load since it may have changed
+        updateDataCache(found, sm, fetch);
+
+        return found;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates or inserts and item into the data cache.  If storeMode=USE and not in the cache,
+     * the item is inserted.  If storeMode=REFRESH the item is inserted, updated, or if found=false, 
+     * removed from the cache.
+     * @param found whether the entity was found by the store manager
+     * @param sm the state manager
+     * @param fetch fetch configuration
+     */
+    private void updateDataCache(boolean found, OpenJPAStateManager sm, FetchConfiguration fetch) {
+
+        if (!_ctx.getPopulateDataCache() || sm == null || fetch.getCacheStoreMode() == DataCacheStoreMode.BYPASS) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        DataCache cache = _mgr.selectCache(sm);
+        if (cache == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        DataCachePCData data = cache.get(sm.getObjectId());
+        boolean alreadyCached = data != null;
+
+        if ((fetch.getCacheStoreMode() == DataCacheStoreMode.USE && !alreadyCached) ||
+             fetch.getCacheStoreMode() == DataCacheStoreMode.REFRESH) {
+            // If not found in the DB and the item is in the cache, and not locking remove the item
+            if (!found && data != null && !isLocking(fetch)) {
+                cache.remove(sm.getObjectId());
+                return;
+            }
+            // Update or insert the item into the cache
+            if (found) {
+                cacheStateManager(cache, sm, data);
+                CacheStatistics stats = cache.getStatistics();
+                if (stats.isEnabled()) {
+                    ((CacheStatisticsSPI) stats).newPut(sm.getMetaData().getDescribedType());
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     public Collection<Object> loadAll(Collection<OpenJPAStateManager> sms, PCState state, int load,
-    		FetchConfiguration fetch, Object edata) {
-    	if (bypass(fetch, load)) {
-    	    return super.loadAll(sms, state, load, fetch, edata);
-    	}
+        FetchConfiguration fetch, Object edata) {
+        if (bypass(fetch, load)) {
+            return super.loadAll(sms, state, load, fetch, edata);
+        }
 
         Map<OpenJPAStateManager, BitSet> unloaded = null;
         List<OpenJPAStateManager> smList = null;
diff --git a/openjpa-persistence-jdbc/src/test/java/org/apache/openjpa/persistence/cache/jpa/TestMultiEMFCacheModes.java b/openjpa-persistence-jdbc/src/test/java/org/apache/openjpa/persistence/cache/jpa/TestMultiEMFCacheModes.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0acea7aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/openjpa-persistence-jdbc/src/test/java/org/apache/openjpa/persistence/cache/jpa/TestMultiEMFCacheModes.java
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.openjpa.persistence.cache.jpa;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import javax.persistence.Cache;
+import javax.persistence.CacheStoreMode;
+import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
+import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
+import javax.persistence.EntityNotFoundException;
+import javax.persistence.LockModeType;
+
+
+import org.apache.openjpa.persistence.cache.jpa.model.CacheableEntity;
+import org.apache.openjpa.persistence.test.SingleEMFTestCase;
+
+/**
+ * Verifies L2 operations using multiple entity manager factories. The EMF which
+ * does updates does not have the data cache enabled thus, it does not send
+ * sjvm updates upon commit.
+ */
+public class TestMultiEMFCacheModes extends SingleEMFTestCase {
+
+    public void setUp() {
+        setUp( CLEAR_TABLES, CacheableEntity.class,
+               "openjpa.ConnectionFactoryProperties", "PrintParameters=true",
+               "openjpa.DataCache", "true");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that the data cache us updated via a em.refresh operation when 
+     * javax.persistence.cache.storeMode = CacheStoreMode.REFRESH and the
+     * entity is updated in the database.
+     */
+    public void testCacheRefreshModeRefresh() {
+
+        EntityManager em = emf.createEntityManager();
+        
+        // Create a new cacheable entity
+        CacheableEntity ce = createEntity(em);
+        int ceid = ce.getId();
+
+        // Clear the L1
+        em.clear();
+        
+        // Clear the L2 cache
+        Cache cache = emf.getCache();
+        cache.evictAll();
+        assertFalse(cache.contains(CacheableEntity.class, ceid));
+
+        // Find the entity, reloading it into the L2 
+        em.getTransaction().begin();
+        ce = em.find(CacheableEntity.class, ceid);
+        assertTrue(em.contains(ce));
+        assertTrue(cache.contains(CacheableEntity.class, ceid));
+        assertTrue(em.getLockMode(ce) == LockModeType.NONE);
+        assertEquals(ce.getName(), "Cached Entity");
+        assertEquals(ce.getVersion(), 1);
+        em.getTransaction().commit();
+
+        // Create a new EMF -WITHOUT- the L2 enabled.  If the L2 was enabled, the
+        // sjvm remote commit provider would evict the entity upon update, throwing
+        // off the intent of this variation.
+        EntityManagerFactory emf2 = this.createEMF(CacheableEntity.class,
+            "openjpa.LockManager", "mixed",
+            "openjpa.ConnectionFactoryProperties", "PrintParameters=true");
+        EntityManager em2 = emf2.createEntityManager();
+        
+        // Find + lock, then update the entity and commit
+        em2.getTransaction().begin();
+        CacheableEntity ce2 = em2.find(CacheableEntity.class, ceid, LockModeType.PESSIMISTIC_FORCE_INCREMENT);
+        ce2.setName("Updated Cached Entity");
+        em2.getTransaction().commit();
+        em2.close();
+        emf2.close();
+
+        // Refresh the entity - this will load the entity into the L1 and with storeMode=REFRESH, 
+        // should also refresh it in the L2
+        java.util.Map<String, Object> cacheStoreModeMap = new java.util.HashMap<String, Object>();
+        cacheStoreModeMap.put("javax.persistence.cache.storeMode", CacheStoreMode.REFRESH);
+        em.refresh(ce, cacheStoreModeMap);
+
+        // Verify the entity was updated
+        verifyUpdatedEntity(ce, ceid);
+
+        // Verify loading from the L1
+        ce = em.find(CacheableEntity.class, ceid);
+        
+        // Verify the entity was updated
+        verifyUpdatedEntity(ce, ceid);
+
+        // Clear the L1
+        em.clear();
+
+        // Assert the L2 contains the entity
+        assertTrue(cache.contains(CacheableEntity.class, ceid));
+
+        // Reload the entity from the L2
+        ce = em.find(CacheableEntity.class, ceid);
+        
+        // Verify the entity in the L2 was updated
+        verifyUpdatedEntity(ce, ceid);
+
+        em.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that the data cache us updated via a em.refresh operation when 
+     * javax.persistence.cache.storeMode = CacheStoreMode.REFRESH and the 
+     * record is removed from the database.
+     */
+    public void testCacheRefreshModeRefreshDelete() {
+
+        EntityManager em = emf.createEntityManager();
+
+        // Create a new cachable entity
+        CacheableEntity ce = createEntity(em);
+        int ceid = ce.getId();
+
+        // Clear the L2 cache
+        Cache cache = emf.getCache();
+        cache.evictAll();
+        assertFalse(cache.contains(CacheableEntity.class, ceid));
+
+        // Find the entity, reloading it into the L2 
+        em.getTransaction().begin();
+        ce = em.find(CacheableEntity.class, ceid);
+        assertTrue(em.contains(ce));
+        assertTrue(cache.contains(CacheableEntity.class, ceid));
+        assertTrue(em.getLockMode(ce) == LockModeType.NONE);
+        assertEquals(ce.getName(), "Cached Entity");
+        assertEquals(ce.getVersion(), 1);
+        em.getTransaction().commit();
+
+        // Create a new EMF -WITHOUT- the L2 enabled.  If the L2 was enabled, the
+        // sjvm remote commit provider would evict the entity upon delete, throwing
+        // off the intent of this variation.
+        EntityManagerFactory emf2 = this.createEMF(CacheableEntity.class,
+            "openjpa.LockManager", "mixed",
+            "openjpa.ConnectionFactoryProperties", "PrintParameters=true");
+        EntityManager em2 = emf2.createEntityManager();
+
+        // Find and delete the entity in a separate context with no L2 configured
+        em2.getTransaction().begin();
+        CacheableEntity ce2 = em2.find(CacheableEntity.class, ceid);
+        assertNotNull(ce2);
+        em2.remove(ce2);
+        em2.getTransaction().commit();
+        em2.close();
+        emf2.close();
+
+        // Refresh the entity with storeMode=REFRESH.  The entity has been deleted so it will be
+        // purged from the L2 cache when the DB load fails.
+        java.util.Map<String, Object> cacheStoreModeMap = new java.util.HashMap<String, Object>();
+        cacheStoreModeMap.put("javax.persistence.cache.storeMode", CacheStoreMode.REFRESH);
+        try {
+            em.refresh(ce, cacheStoreModeMap);
+            fail("Refresh operation should have thrown an exception");
+        } catch (EntityNotFoundException e) {
+            // expected exception
+        }
+
+        // Try loading from the L1 - OpenJPA will detect the entity was
+        // removed in another transaction.
+        try {
+            ce = em.find(CacheableEntity.class, ceid);
+            fail("OpenJPA should have detected the removed entity");
+        } catch (EntityNotFoundException e) {
+            // expected exception
+        }
+
+        // Clear the L1
+        em.clear();
+
+        // Assert the L2 no longer contains the entity
+        assertFalse(cache.contains(CacheableEntity.class, ceid));
+
+        // Attempt to reload entity from the L2 or database
+        ce = em.find(CacheableEntity.class, ceid);
+
+        // Verify the entity was removed from L2 and DB
+        assertNull(ce);
+
+        em.close();
+	}
+
+	private CacheableEntity createEntity(EntityManager em) {
+        CacheableEntity ce = new CacheableEntity();
+        int ceid = new Random().nextInt();
+        ce.setId(ceid);
+        ce.setName("Cached Entity");
+
+        // Persist the new cachable entity
+        em.getTransaction().begin();
+        em.persist(ce);
+        em.getTransaction().commit();
+        em.clear();
+        return ce;
+    }
+
+    private void verifyUpdatedEntity(CacheableEntity ce, int id) {
+        assertEquals(id, ce.getId());
+        assertEquals("Updated Cached Entity", ce.getName());
+        assertEquals(2, ce.getVersion());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/openjpa-persistence/src/main/java/org/apache/openjpa/persistence/EntityManagerImpl.java b/openjpa-persistence/src/main/java/org/apache/openjpa/persistence/EntityManagerImpl.java
index 83d28ae35..18e39c930 100644
--- a/openjpa-persistence/src/main/java/org/apache/openjpa/persistence/EntityManagerImpl.java
+++ b/openjpa-persistence/src/main/java/org/apache/openjpa/persistence/EntityManagerImpl.java
@@ -761,7 +761,8 @@ public class EntityManagerImpl
         assertValidAttchedEntity(REFRESH, entity);
 
         _broker.assertWriteOperation();
-        configureCurrentFetchPlan(pushFetchPlan(), properties, mode, true);
+        configureCurrentCacheModes(pushFetchPlan(), properties);
+        configureCurrentFetchPlan(getFetchPlan(), properties, mode, true);
         DataCacheRetrieveMode rmode = getFetchPlan().getCacheRetrieveMode();
         if (DataCacheRetrieveMode.USE.equals(rmode) || rmode == null) {
             getFetchPlan().setCacheRetrieveMode(DataCacheRetrieveMode.BYPASS);