diff --git a/src/main/java/org/springframework/data/elasticsearch/core/index/MappingParameters.java b/src/main/java/org/springframework/data/elasticsearch/core/index/MappingParameters.java
index 1489bb9d2..d615f0923 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/springframework/data/elasticsearch/core/index/MappingParameters.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/springframework/data/elasticsearch/core/index/MappingParameters.java
@@ -332,6 +332,8 @@ public final class MappingParameters {
 
 		if (similarity != Similarity.Default) {
 			objectNode.put(FIELD_PARAM_SIMILARITY, similarity.toString());
+			// similarity must have index explicitly set, otherwise Elasticsearch returns an error
+			objectNode.put(FIELD_PARAM_INDEX, index);
 		}
 
 		if (termVector != TermVector.none) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/springframework/data/elasticsearch/core/index/MappingBuilderIntegrationTests.java b/src/test/java/org/springframework/data/elasticsearch/core/index/MappingBuilderIntegrationTests.java
index 3f3912b20..f38be56f6 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/springframework/data/elasticsearch/core/index/MappingBuilderIntegrationTests.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/springframework/data/elasticsearch/core/index/MappingBuilderIntegrationTests.java
@@ -279,6 +279,12 @@ public abstract class MappingBuilderIntegrationTests extends MappingContextBaseT
 		indexOps.createWithMapping();
 	}
 
+	@Test // #2659
+	@DisplayName("should write correct mapping for dense vector property")
+	void shouldWriteCorrectMappingForDenseVectorProperty() {
+		operations.indexOps(SimilarityEntity.class).createWithMapping();
+	}
+
 	// region Entities
 	@Document(indexName = "#{@indexNameProvider.indexName()}")
 	static class Book {
@@ -901,5 +907,14 @@ public abstract class MappingBuilderIntegrationTests extends MappingContextBaseT
 		@Nullable
 		@Field(type = FieldType.Dense_Vector, dims = 1) String denseVectorField;
 	}
+
+	@Document(indexName = "#{@indexNameProvider.indexName()}")
+	static class SimilarityEntity {
+		@Nullable
+		@Id private String id;
+
+		@Field(type = FieldType.Dense_Vector, dims = 42, similarity = "cosine") private double[] denseVector;
+	}
+
 	// endregion
 }