<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0" xml:id="technical-overview"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
  <info>
    <title>Technical Overview</title>
  </info>
  <section xml:id="runtime-environment">
    <info>
      <title>Runtime Environment</title>
    </info>
    <para>Spring Security 3.0 requires a Java 5.0 Runtime Environment or higher. As Spring Security
      aims to operate in a self-contained manner, there is no need to place any special
      configuration files into your Java Runtime Environment. In particular, there is no need to
      configure a special Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS) policy file or place
      Spring Security into common classpath locations.</para>
    <para>Similarly, if you are using an EJB Container or Servlet Container there is no need to put
      any special configuration files anywhere, nor include Spring Security in a server classloader.
      All the required files will be contained within your application.</para>
    <para>This design offers maximum deployment time flexibility, as you can simply copy your target
      artifact (be it a JAR, WAR or EAR) from one system to another and it will immediately
      work.</para>
  </section>
  <section xml:id="core-components">
    <info>
      <title>Core Components</title>
    </info>
    <para>In Spring Security 3.0, the contents of the <filename>spring-security-core</filename> jar
      were stripped down to the bare minimum. It no longer contains any code related to
      web-application security, LDAP or namespace configuration. We'll take a look here at some of
      the Java types that you'll find in the core module. They represent the building blocks of the
      the framework, so if you ever need to go beyond a simple namespace configuration then it's
      important that you understand what they are, even if you don't actually need to interact with
      them directly.</para>
    <section>
      <title> SecurityContextHolder, SecurityContext and Authentication Objects </title>
      <para>The most fundamental object is <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>. This is
        where we store details of the present security context of the application, which includes
        details of the principal currently using the application. By default the
          <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> uses a <literal>ThreadLocal</literal> to
        store these details, which means that the security context is always available to methods in
        the same thread of execution, even if the security context is not explicitly passed around
        as an argument to those methods. Using a <literal>ThreadLocal</literal> in this way is quite
        safe if care is taken to clear the thread after the present principal's request is
        processed. Of course, Spring Security takes care of this for you automatically so there is
        no need to worry about it.</para>
      <para>Some applications aren't entirely suitable for using a <literal>ThreadLocal</literal>,
        because of the specific way they work with threads. For example, a Swing client might want
        all threads in a Java Virtual Machine to use the same security context.
          <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> can be configured with a strategy on startup
        to specify how you would like the contex to be stored. For a standalone application you
        would use the <literal>SecurityContextHolder.MODE_GLOBAL</literal> strategy. Other
        applications might want to have threads spawned by the secure thread also assume the same
        security identity. This is achieved by using
          <literal>SecurityContextHolder.MODE_INHERITABLETHREADLOCAL</literal>. You can change the
        mode from the default <literal>SecurityContextHolder.MODE_THREADLOCAL</literal> in two ways.
        The first is to set a system property, the second is to call a static method on
          <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>. Most applications won't need to change from
        the default, but if you do, take a look at the JavaDocs for
          <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> to learn more.</para>
      <section>
        <title>Obtaining information about the current user</title>
        <para>Inside the <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> we store details of the
          principal currently interacting with the application. Spring Security uses an
            <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object to represent this information. You
          won't normally need to create an <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object
          yourself, but it is fairly common for users to query the
            <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object. You can use the following code
          block - from anywhere in your application - to obtain the name of the currently
          authenticated user, for example:</para>
        <programlisting language="java">
Object principal = SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication().getPrincipal();

if (principal instanceof UserDetails) {
  String username = ((UserDetails)principal).getUsername();
} else {
  String username = principal.toString();
}</programlisting>
        <para>The object returned by the call to <methodname>getContext()</methodname> is an
          instance of the <interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename> interface. This is the
          object that is kept in thread-local storage. As we'll see below, Most authentication
          mechanisms withing Spring Security return an instance of
            <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> as the principal. </para>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>The UserDetailsService</title>
      <para>Another item to note from the above code fragment is that you can obtain a principal
        from the <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object. The principal is just an
          <literal>Object</literal>. Most of the time this can be cast into a
          <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> object.
          <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> is a central interface in Spring Security. It
        represents a principal, but in an extensible and application-specific way. Think of
          <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> as the adapter between your own user database
        and what Spring Security needs inside the <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>.
        Being a representation of something from your own user database, quite often you will cast
        the <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> to the original object that your application
        provided, so you can call business-specific methods (like <literal>getEmail()</literal>,
          <literal>getEmployeeNumber()</literal> and so on).</para>
      <para>By now you're probably wondering, so when do I provide a
          <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> object? How do I do that? I thought you said
        this thing was declarative and I didn't need to write any Java code - what gives? The short
        answer is that there is a special interface called
          <interfacename>UserDetailsService</interfacename>. The only method on this interface
        accepts a <literal>String</literal>-based username argument and returns a
          <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename>:
        <programlisting language="java">
  UserDetails loadUserByUsername(String username) throws UsernameNotFoundException;
</programlisting>
        This is the most common approach to loading information for a user within Spring Security
        and you will see it used throughout the framework whenever information on a user is
        required.</para>
      <para> On successful authentication, <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> is used to
        build the <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object that is stored in the
          <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> (more on this <link
          xlink:href="#tech-intro-authentication">below</link>). The good news is that we
        provide a number of <interfacename>UserDetailsService</interfacename> implementations,
        including one that uses an in-memory map (<classname>InMemoryDaoImpl</classname>) and
        another that uses JDBC (<classname>JdbcDaoImpl</classname>). Most users tend to
        write their own, though, with their implementations often simply sitting on top of an
        existing Data Access Object (DAO) that represents their employees, customers, or other users
        of the application. Remember the advantage that whatever your
          <interfacename>UserDetailsService</interfacename> returns can always be obtained from the
          <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> using the above code fragment. </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="tech-granted-authority">
      <title>GrantedAuthority</title>
      <para>Besides the principal, another important method provided by
          <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> is <literal>getAuthorities(</literal>). This
        method provides an array of <interfacename>GrantedAuthority</interfacename> objects. A
          <interfacename>GrantedAuthority</interfacename> is, not surprisingly, an authority that is
        granted to the principal. Such authorities are usually <quote>roles</quote>, such as
          <literal>ROLE_ADMINISTRATOR</literal> or <literal>ROLE_HR_SUPERVISOR</literal>. These
        roles are later on configured for web authorization, method authorization and domain object
        authorization. Other parts of Spring Security are capable of interpreting these authorities,
        and expect them to be present. <interfacename>GrantedAuthority</interfacename> objects are
        usually loaded by the <interfacename>UserDetailsService</interfacename>.</para>
      <para>Usually the <interfacename>GrantedAuthority</interfacename> objects are application-wide
        permissions. They are not specific to a given domain object. Thus, you wouldn't likely have
        a <interfacename>GrantedAuthority</interfacename> to represent a permission to
          <literal>Employee</literal> object number 54, because if there are thousands of such
        authorities you would quickly run out of memory (or, at the very least, cause the
        application to take a long time to authenticate a user). Of course, Spring Security is
        expressly designed to handle this common requirement, but you'd instead use the project's
        domain object security capabilities for this purpose.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Summary</title>
      <para>Just to recap, the major building blocks of Spring Security that we've seen so far
        are:</para>
      <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
        <listitem>
          <para><classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>, to provide access to the
              <interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename>.</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename>, to hold the
              <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> and possibly request-specific security
            information.</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><interfacename>Authentication</interfacename>, to represent the principal in a
            Spring Security-specific manner.</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><interfacename>GrantedAuthority</interfacename>, to reflect the application-wide
            permissions granted to a principal.</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename>, to provide the necessary information to
            build an Authentication object from your application's DAOs or other source source of
            security data.</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><interfacename>UserDetailsService</interfacename>, to create a
              <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> when passed in a
            <literal>String</literal>-based username (or certificate ID or the like).</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>Now that you've gained an understanding of these repeatedly-used components, let's take
        a closer look at the process of authentication.</para>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section xml:id="tech-intro-authentication">
    <info>
      <title>Authentication</title>
    </info>
    <para>Spring Security can participate in many different authentication environments. While we
      recommend people use Spring Security for authentication and not integrate with existing
      Container Managed Authentication, it is nevertheless supported - as is integrating with your
      own proprietary authentication system. </para>
    <section>
      <title>What is authentication in Spring Security?</title>
      <para> Let's consider a standard authentication scenario that everyone is familiar with. <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>A user is prompted to log in with a username and password.</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>The system (successfully) verifies that the password is correct for the
              username.</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>The context information for that user is obtained (their list of roles and so
              on).</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>A security context is established for the user</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>The user proceeds, potentially to perform some operation which is potentially
              protected by an access control mechanism which checks the required permissions for the
              operation against the current security context information. </para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist> The first three items constitute the authentication process so we'll take a
        look at how these take place within Spring Security.<orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>The username and password are obtained and combined into an instance of
                <classname>UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken</classname> (an instance of the
                <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> interface, which we saw
              earlier).</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>The token is passed to an instance of
                <interfacename>AuthenticationManager</interfacename> for validation.</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>The <interfacename>AuthenticationManager</interfacename> returns a fully populated
                <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> instance on successful
              authentication.</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>The security context is established by calling
                <code>SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(...)</code>, passing in
              the returned authentication object.</para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>From that point on, the user is considered to be authenticated. Let's look at
        some code as an example.
        <programlisting language="java">import org.springframework.security.authentication.*;
import org.springframework.security.core.*;
import org.springframework.security.core.authority.GrantedAuthorityImpl;
import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextHolder;

public class AuthenticationExample {
  private static AuthenticationManager am = new SampleAuthenticationManager();

  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

    while(true) {
      System.out.println("Please enter your username:");
      String name = in.readLine();
      System.out.println("Please enter your password:");
      String password = in.readLine();
      try {
        Authentication request = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(name, password);
        Authentication result = am.authenticate(request);
        SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(result);
        break;
      } catch(AuthenticationException e) {
        System.out.println("Authentication failed: " + e.getMessage());
      }
    }
    System.out.println("Successfully authenticated. Security context contains: " +
              SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication());
  }
}

class SampleAuthenticationManager implements AuthenticationManager {
  static final List&lt;GrantedAuthority> AUTHORITIES = new ArrayList&lt;GrantedAuthority>();

  static {
    AUTHORITIES.add(new GrantedAuthorityImpl("ROLE_USER"));
  }

  public Authentication authenticate(Authentication auth) throws AuthenticationException {
    if (auth.getName().equals(auth.getCredentials())) {
      return new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(auth.getName(),
        auth.getCredentials(), AUTHORITIES);
      }
      throw new BadCredentialsException("Bad Credentials");
  }
}</programlisting>Here
        we have written a little program that asks the user to enter a username and password and
        performs the above sequence. The <interfacename>AuthenticationManager</interfacename> which
        we've implemented here will authenticate any user whose username and password are the same.
        It assigns a single role to every user. The output from the above will be something
        like:<programlisting>
Please enter your username:
bob
Please enter your password:
password
Authentication failed: Bad Credentials
Please enter your username:
bob
Please enter your password:
bob
Successfully authenticated. Security context contains: \
 org.springframework.security.authentication.UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken@441d0230: \
 Principal: bob; Password: [PROTECTED]; \
 Authenticated: true; Details: null; \
 Granted Authorities: ROLE_USER
        </programlisting></para>
      <para>Note that you don't normally need to write any code like this. The process will normally
        occur internally, in a web authentication filter for example. We've just included the code
        here to show that the question of what actually constitutes authentication in Spring
        Security has quite a simple answer. A user is authenticated when the
          <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> contains a fully populated
          <interfacename>Authentiation</interfacename> object.</para>
      <section>
        <title>Setting the SecurityContextHolder Contents Directly</title>
        <para>In fact, Spring Security doesn't mind how you put the
            <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object inside the
            <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>. The only critical requirement is that the
            <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> contains an
            <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> that represents a principal before the
            <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> (which we'll see more about later)
          needs to authorize a user operation.</para>
        <para>You can (and many users do) write their own filters or MVC controllers to provide
          interoperability with authentication systems that are not based on Spring Security. For
          example, you might be using Container-Managed Authentication which makes the current user
          available from a ThreadLocal or JNDI location. Or you might work for a company that has a
          legacy proprietary authentication system, which is a corporate "standard" over which you
          have little control. In situations like this it's quite easy to get Spring Security to
          work, and still provide authorization capabilities. All you need to do is write a filter
          (or equivalent) that reads the third-party user information from a location, build a
          Spring Security-specific <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object, and put it
          into the <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>.</para>
        <para> If you're wondering how the <interfacename>AuthenticationManager</interfacename>
          manager is implemented in a real world example, we'll look at that in </para>
      </section>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section xml:id="tech-intro-web-authentication">
    <title>Authentication in a Web Application</title>
    <para> Now let's explore the situation where you are using Spring Security in a web application
      (without <filename>web.xml</filename> security enabled). How is a user authenticated and the
      security context established?</para>
    <para>Consider a typical web application's authentication process:</para>
    <orderedlist inheritnum="ignore" continuation="restarts">
      <listitem>
        <para>You visit the home page, and click on a link.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>A request goes to the server, and the server decides that you've asked for a protected
          resource.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>As you're not presently authenticated, the server sends back a response indicating
          that you must authenticate. The response will either be an HTTP response code, or a
          redirect to a particular web page.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Depending on the authentication mechanism, your browser will either redirect to the
          specific web page so that you can fill out the form, or the browser will somehow retrieve
          your identity (via a BASIC authentication dialogue box, a cookie, a X.509 certificate
          etc.).</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>The browser will send back a response to the server. This will either be an HTTP POST
          containing the contents of the form that you filled out, or an HTTP header containing your
          authentication details.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Next the server will decide whether or not the presented credentials are valid. If
          they're valid, the next step will happen. If they're invalid, usually your browser will be
          asked to try again (so you return to step two above).</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>The original request that you made to cause the authentication process will be
          retried. Hopefully you've authenticated with sufficient granted authorities to access the
          protected resource. If you have sufficient access, the request will be successful.
          Otherwise, you'll receive back an HTTP error code 403, which means "forbidden".</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>Spring Security has distinct classes responsible for most of the steps described above.
      The main participants (in the order that they are used) are the
        <classname>ExceptionTranslationFilter</classname>, an
        <interfacename>AuthenticationEntryPoint</interfacename> and an <quote>authentication
        mechanism</quote>, which is resposible for calling the
        <classname>AuthenticationManager</classname> which we saw in the previous section.</para>
    <section>
      <title>ExceptionTranslationFilter</title>
      <para><classname>ExceptionTranslationFilter</classname> is a Spring Security filter that has
        responsibility for detecting any Spring Security exceptions that are thrown. Such exceptions
        will generally be thrown by an <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname>, which is
        the main provider of authorization services. We will discuss
          <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> in the next section, but for now we
        just need to know that it produces Java exceptions and knows nothing about HTTP or how to go
        about authenticating a principal. Instead the
          <classname>ExceptionTranslationFilter</classname> offers this service, with specific
        responsibility for either returning error code 403 (if the principal has been authenticated
        and therefore simply lacks sufficient access - as per step seven above), or launching an
          <interfacename>AuthenticationEntryPoint</interfacename> (if the principal has not been
        authenticated and therefore we need to go commence step three).</para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="tech-intro-auth-entry-point">
      <title>AuthenticationEntryPoint</title>
      <para>The <interfacename>AuthenticationEntryPoint</interfacename> is responsible for step
        three in the above list. As you can imagine, each web application will have a default
        authentication strategy (well, this can be configured like nearly everything else in Spring
        Security, but let's keep it simple for now). Each major authentication system will have its
        own <interfacename>AuthenticationEntryPoint</interfacename> implementation, which typically
        performs one of the actions described in step 3.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Authentication Mechanism</title>
      <para>Once your browser submits your authentication credentials (either as an HTTP form post
        or HTTP header) there needs to be something on the server that <quote>collects</quote> these
        authentication details. By now we're at step six in the above list. In Spring Security we
        have a special name for the function of collecting authentication details from a user agent
        (usually a web browser), referring to it as the <quote>authentication mechanism</quote>.
        Examples are form-base login and Basic authentication. Once the authentication details have
        been collected from the user agent, an <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename>
        <quote>request</quote> object is built and then presented to the
          <interfacename>AuthenticationManager</interfacename>.</para>
      <para>After the authentication mechanism receives back the fully-populated
          <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object, it will deem the request valid, put
        the <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> into the
          <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>, and cause the original request to be retried
        (step seven above). If, on the other hand, the <classname>AuthenticationManager</classname>
        rejected the request, the authentication mechanism will ask the user agent to retry (step
        two above).</para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="tech-intro-sec-context-persistence">
      <title>Storing the <interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename> between requests</title>
      <para>Depending on the type of application, there may need to be a strategy in place to store
        the security context between user operations. In a typical web application, a user logs in
        once and is subsequently identified by their session Id. The server caches the principal
        information for the duration session. In Spring Security, the responsibility for storing the
          <interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename> between requests falls to the
          <classname>SecurityContextPersistenceFilter</classname>, which by default stores the
        context as an <literal>HttpSession</literal> attribute between HTTP requests. It restores
        the context to the <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> for each request and,
        crucially, clears the <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> when the request
        completes. You shouldn't interact directly with the <literal>HttpSession</literal> for
        security purposes. There is simply no justification for doing so - always use the
          <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> instead. </para>
      <para> Many other types of application (for example, a stateless RESTful web service) do not
        use HTTP sessions and will re-authenticate on every request. However, it is still important
        that the <classname>SecurityContextPersistenceFilter</classname> is included in the chain to
        make sure that the <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> is cleared after each
        request.</para>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section xml:id="tech-intro-access-control">
    <title>Access-Control (Authorization) in Spring Security</title>
    <para> The main interface resposible for making access-control decisions in Spring Security is
      the <interfacename>AccessDecisionMananger</interfacename>. It has a
        <methodname>decide</methodname> method which takes an
        <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object representing the principal requesting
      access, a <quote>secure object</quote> (see below) and a list of security metadata attributes
      which apply for the object (such as a list of roles which are required for access to be
      granted). </para>
    <section>
      <title>Security and AOP Advice</title>
      <para>If you're familiar with AOP, you'd be aware there are different types of advice
        available: before, after, throws and around. An around advice is very useful, because an
        advisor can elect whether or not to proceed with a method invocation, whether or not to
        modify the response, and whether or not to throw an exception. Spring Security provides an
        around advice for method invocations as well as web requests. We achieve an around advice
        for method invocations using Spring's standard AOP support and we achieve an around advice
        for web requests using a standard Filter.</para>
      <para>For those not familiar with AOP, the key point to understand is that Spring Security can
        help you protect method invocations as well as web requests. Most people are interested in
        securing method invocations on their services layer. This is because the services layer is
        where most business logic resides in current-generation J2EE applications. If you just need
        to secure method invocations in the services layer, Spring's standard AOP will be adequate.
        If you need to secure domain objects directly, you will likely find that AspectJ is worth
        considering.</para>
      <para>You can elect to perform method authorization using AspectJ or Spring AOP, or you can
        elect to perform web request authorization using filters. You can use zero, one, two or
        three of these approaches together. The mainstream usage pattern is to perform some web
        request authorization, coupled with some Spring AOP method invocation authorization on the
        services layer.</para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="secure-objects">
      <title>Secure Objects and the <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname></title>
      <para>So what <emphasis>is</emphasis> a <quote>secure object</quote> anyway? Spring Security
        uses the term to refer to any object that can have security (such as an authorization
        decision) applied to it. The most common examples are method invocations and web
        requests.</para>
      <para>Each supported secure object type has its own interceptor class, which is a subclass of
          <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname>. Importantly, by the time the
          <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> is called, the
          <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> will contain a valid
          <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> if the principal has been
        authenticated.</para>
      <para><classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> provides a consistent workflow for
        handling secure object requests, typically: <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Look up the <quote>configuration attributes</quote> associated with the present
              request</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>Submitting the secure object, current
                <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> and configuration attributes to the
                <interfacename>AccessDecisionManager</interfacename> for an authorization
              decision</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>Optionally change the <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> under which
              the invocation takes place</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>Allow the secure object invocation to proceed (assuming access was granted)</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>Call the <interfacename>AfterInvocationManager</interfacename> if configured, once
              the invocation has returned.</para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist></para>
      <section xml:id="tech-intro-config-attributes">
        <title>What are Configuration Attributes?</title>
        <para> A <quote>configuration attribute</quote> can be thought of as a String that has
          special meaning to the classes used by <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname>.
          They are represented by the interface <interfacename>ConfigAttribute</interfacename>
          within the framework. They may be simple role names or have more complex meaning,
          depending on the how sophisticated the
            <interfacename>AccessDecisionManager</interfacename> implementation is. The
            <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> is configured with a
            <interfacename>SecurityMetadataSource</interfacename> which it uses to look up the
          attributes for a secure object. Usually this configuration will be hidden from the user.
          Configuration attributes will be entered as annotations on secured methods, or as access
          attributes on secured URLs (using the namespace <literal>&lt;intercept-url&gt;</literal>
          syntax). </para>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>RunAsManager</title>
        <para>Assuming <interfacename>AccessDecisionManager</interfacename> decides to allow the
          request, the <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> will normally just proceed
          with the request. Having said that, on rare occasions users may want to replace the
            <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> inside the
            <interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename> with a different
            <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename>, which is handled by the
            <interfacename>AccessDecisionManager</interfacename> calling a
            <literal>RunAsManager</literal>. This might be useful in reasonably unusual situations,
          such as if a services layer method needs to call a remote system and present a different
          identity. Because Spring Security automatically propagates security identity from one
          server to another (assuming you're using a properly-configured RMI or HttpInvoker remoting
          protocol client), this may be useful.</para>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>AfterInvocationManager</title>
        <para>Following the secure object proceeding and then returning - which may mean a method
          invocation completing or a filter chain proceeding - the
            <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> gets one final chance to handle the
          invocation. At this stage the <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> is
          interested in possibly modifying the return object. We might want this to happen because
          an authorization decision couldn't be made <quote>on the way in</quote> to a secure object
          invocation. Being highly pluggable, <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname>
          will pass control to an <literal>AfterInvocationManager</literal> to actually modify the
          object if needed. This class can even entirely replace the object, or throw an exception,
          or not change it in any way as it chooses.</para>
        <para><classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> and its related objects are shown
          in <xref linkend="abstract-security-interceptor"/>. <figure
            xml:id="abstract-security-interceptor">
            <title>Security interceptors and the <quote>secure object</quote> model</title>
            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata align="center" fileref="images/security-interception.png" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure></para>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Extending the Secure Object Model</title>
        <para>Only developers contemplating an entirely new way of intercepting and authorizing
          requests would need to use secure objects directly. For example, it would be possible to
          build a new secure object to secure calls to a messaging system. Anything that requires
          security and also provides a way of intercepting a call (like the AOP around advice
          semantics) is capable of being made into a secure object. Having said that, most Spring
          applications will simply use the three currently supported secure object types (AOP
          Alliance <classname>MethodInvocation</classname>, AspectJ <classname>JoinPoint</classname>
          and web request <classname>FilterInvocation</classname>) with complete
          transparency.</para>
      </section>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section xml:id="localization">
    <title>Localization</title>
    <para>Spring Security supports localization of exception messages that end users are likely to
      see. If your application is designed for English-speaking users, you don't need to do anything
      as by default all Security Security messages are in English. If you need to support other
      locales, everything you need to know is contained in this section.</para>
    <para>All exception messages can be localized, including messages related to authentication
      failures and access being denied (authorization failures). Exceptions and logging that is
      focused on developers or system deployers (including incorrect attributes, interface contract
      violations, using incorrect constructors, startup time validation, debug-level logging) etc
      are not localized and instead are hard-coded in English within Spring Security's code.</para>
    <para>Shipping in the <literal>spring-security-core-xx.jar</literal> you will find an
        <literal>org.springframework.security</literal> package that in turn contains a
        <literal>messages.properties</literal> file. This should be referred to by your
        <literal>ApplicationContext</literal>, as Spring Security classes implement Spring's
        <literal>MessageSourceAware</literal> interface and expect the message resolver to be
      dependency injected at application context startup time. Usually all you need to do is
      register a bean inside your application context to refer to the messages. An example is shown
      below:</para>
    <para>
      <programlisting><![CDATA[
<bean id="messageSource" 
    class="org.springframework.context.support.ReloadableResourceBundleMessageSource">
  <property name="basename" value="org/springframework/security/messages"/>
</bean>
]]></programlisting>
    </para>
    <para>The <literal>messages.properties</literal> is named in accordance with standard resource
      bundles and represents the default language supported by Spring Security messages. This
      default file is in English. If you do not register a message source, Spring Security will
      still work correctly and fallback to hard-coded English versions of the messages.</para>
    <para>If you wish to customize the <literal>messages.properties</literal> file, or support other
      languages, you should copy the file, rename it accordingly, and register it inside the above
      bean definition. There are not a large number of message keys inside this file, so
      localization should not be considered a major initiative. If you do perform localization of
      this file, please consider sharing your work with the community by logging a JIRA task and
      attaching your appropriately-named localized version of
      <literal>messages.properties</literal>.</para>
    <para>Rounding out the discussion on localization is the Spring <literal>ThreadLocal</literal>
      known as <classname>org.springframework.context.i18n.LocaleContextHolder</classname>. You
      should set the <classname>LocaleContextHolder</classname> to represent the preferred
        <literal>Locale</literal> of each user. Spring Security will attempt to locate a message
      from the message source using the <literal>Locale</literal> obtained from this
        <literal>ThreadLocal</literal>. Please refer to the Spring Framework documentation for
      further details on using <literal>LocaleContextHolder</literal>.</para>
  </section>
</chapter>
