<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0" xml:id="technical-overview"
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
    <info>
        <title>Technical Overview</title>
    </info>
    <section xml:id="runtime-environment">
        <info>
            <title>Runtime Environment</title>
        </info>
        <para>Spring Security 3.0 requires a Java 5.0 Runtime Environment or higher. As Spring
            Security aims to operate in a self-contained manner, there is no need to place any
            special configuration files into your Java Runtime Environment. In particular, there is
            no need to configure a special Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS)
            policy file or place Spring Security into common classpath locations.</para>
        <para>Similarly, if you are using an EJB Container or Servlet Container there is no need to
            put any special configuration files anywhere, nor include Spring Security in a server
            classloader. All the required files will be contained within your application.</para>
        <para>This design offers maximum deployment time flexibility, as you can simply copy your
            target artifact (be it a JAR, WAR or EAR) from one system to another and it will
            immediately work.</para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="core-components">
        <info>
            <title>Core Components</title>
        </info>
        <para>In Spring Security 3.0, the contents of the <filename>spring-security-core</filename>
            jar were stripped down to the bare minimum. It no longer contains any code related to
            web-application security, LDAP or namespace configuration. We'll take a look here at
            some of the Java types that you'll find in the core module. They represent the building
            blocks of the the framework, so if you ever need to go beyond a simple namespace
            configuration then it's important that you understand what they are, even if you don't
            actually need to interact with them directly.</para>
        <section>
            <title> SecurityContextHolder, SecurityContext and Authentication Objects </title>
            <para>The most fundamental object is <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>. This
                is where we store details of the present security context of the application, which
                includes details of the principal currently using the application. By default the
                <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> uses a <literal>ThreadLocal</literal>
                to store these details, which means that the security context is always available to
                methods in the same thread of execution, even if the security context is not
                explicitly passed around as an argument to those methods. Using a
                <literal>ThreadLocal</literal> in this way is quite safe if care is taken to clear
                the thread after the present principal's request is processed. Of course, Spring
                Security takes care of this for you automatically so there is no need to worry about
                it.</para>
            <para>Some applications aren't entirely suitable for using a
                <literal>ThreadLocal</literal>, because of the specific way they work with threads.
                For example, a Swing client might want all threads in a Java Virtual Machine to use
                the same security context. <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> can be
                configured with a strategy on startup to specify how you would like the context to
                be stored. For a standalone application you would use the
                <literal>SecurityContextHolder.MODE_GLOBAL</literal> strategy. Other applications
                might want to have threads spawned by the secure thread also assume the same
                security identity. This is achieved by using
                <literal>SecurityContextHolder.MODE_INHERITABLETHREADLOCAL</literal>. You can change
                the mode from the default <literal>SecurityContextHolder.MODE_THREADLOCAL</literal>
                in two ways. The first is to set a system property, the second is to call a static
                method on <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>. Most applications won't need
                to change from the default, but if you do, take a look at the JavaDocs for
                <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> to learn more.</para>
            <section>
                <title>Obtaining information about the current user</title>
                <para>Inside the <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> we store details of
                    the principal currently interacting with the application. Spring Security uses
                    an <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object to represent this
                    information. You won't normally need to create an
                    <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object yourself, but it is fairly
                    common for users to query the <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename>
                    object. You can use the following code block - from anywhere in your application
                    - to obtain the name of the currently authenticated user, for example:</para>
                <programlisting language="java">
Object principal = SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication().getPrincipal();

if (principal instanceof UserDetails) {
  String username = ((UserDetails)principal).getUsername();
} else {
  String username = principal.toString();
}</programlisting>
                <para>The object returned by the call to <methodname>getContext()</methodname> is an
                    instance of the <interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename> interface. This
                    is the object that is kept in thread-local storage. As we'll see below, most
                    authentication mechanisms withing Spring Security return an instance of
                    <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> as the principal. </para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="tech-userdetailsservice">
            <title>The UserDetailsService</title>
            <para>Another item to note from the above code fragment is that you can obtain a
                principal from the <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object. The
                principal is just an <literal>Object</literal>. Most of the time this can be cast
                into a <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> object.
                <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> is a core interface in Spring
                Security. It represents a principal, but in an extensible and application-specific
                way. Think of <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> as the adapter between your
                own user database and what Spring Security needs inside the
                <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>. Being a representation of something
                from your own user database, quite often you will cast the
                <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> to the original object that your
                application provided, so you can call business-specific methods (like
                <literal>getEmail()</literal>, <literal>getEmployeeNumber()</literal> and so
                on).</para>
            <para>By now you're probably wondering, so when do I provide a
                <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> object? How do I do that? I thought you
                said this thing was declarative and I didn't need to write any Java code - what
                gives? The short answer is that there is a special interface called
                <interfacename>UserDetailsService</interfacename>. The only method on this interface
                accepts a <literal>String</literal>-based username argument and returns a
                <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename>:
                <programlisting language="java">
  UserDetails loadUserByUsername(String username) throws UsernameNotFoundException;
</programlisting>
                This is the most common approach to loading information for a user within Spring
                Security and you will see it used throughout the framework whenever information on a
                user is required.</para>
            <para> On successful authentication, <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> is used
                to build the <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object that is stored in
                the <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> (more on this <link
                linkend="tech-intro-authentication">below</link>). The good news is that we
                provide a number of <interfacename>UserDetailsService</interfacename>
                implementations, including one that uses an in-memory map
                (<classname>InMemoryDaoImpl</classname>) and another that uses JDBC
                (<classname>JdbcDaoImpl</classname>). Most users tend to write their own, though,
                with their implementations often simply sitting on top of an existing Data Access
                Object (DAO) that represents their employees, customers, or other users of the
                application. Remember the advantage that whatever your
                <interfacename>UserDetailsService</interfacename> returns can always be obtained
                from the <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> using the above code fragment.
            </para>
            <note>
                <para>There is often some confusion about <interfacename>UserDetailsService</interfacename>.
                    It is purely a DAO for user data and performs no other function other than to supply that data
                    to other components within the framework. In particular, it <emphasis>does not</emphasis>
                    authenticate the user, which is done by the <interfacename>AuthenticationManager</interfacename>.
                    In many cases it makes more sense to
                    <link linkend="core-services-authentication-manager">implement <interfacename>AuthenticationProvider</interfacename></link>
                    directly if you require a custom authentication process.
                </para>
            </note>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="tech-granted-authority">
            <title>GrantedAuthority</title>
            <para>Besides the principal, another important method provided by
                <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> is
                <literal>getAuthorities(</literal>). This method provides an array of
                <interfacename>GrantedAuthority</interfacename> objects. A
                <interfacename>GrantedAuthority</interfacename> is, not surprisingly, an authority
                that is granted to the principal. Such authorities are usually <quote>roles</quote>,
                such as <literal>ROLE_ADMINISTRATOR</literal> or
                <literal>ROLE_HR_SUPERVISOR</literal>. These roles are later on configured for web
                authorization, method authorization and domain object authorization. Other parts of
                Spring Security are capable of interpreting these authorities, and expect them to be
                present. <interfacename>GrantedAuthority</interfacename> objects are usually loaded
                by the <interfacename>UserDetailsService</interfacename>.</para>
            <para>Usually the <interfacename>GrantedAuthority</interfacename> objects are
                application-wide permissions. They are not specific to a given domain object. Thus,
                you wouldn't likely have a <interfacename>GrantedAuthority</interfacename> to
                represent a permission to <literal>Employee</literal> object number 54, because if
                there are thousands of such authorities you would quickly run out of memory (or, at
                the very least, cause the application to take a long time to authenticate a user).
                Of course, Spring Security is expressly designed to handle this common requirement,
                but you'd instead use the project's domain object security capabilities for this
                purpose.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Summary</title>
            <para>Just to recap, the major building blocks of Spring Security that we've seen so far
                are:</para>
            <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
                <listitem>
                    <para><classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>, to provide access to the
                        <interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename>.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename>, to hold the
                        <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> and possibly request-specific
                        security information.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><interfacename>Authentication</interfacename>, to represent the principal
                        in a Spring Security-specific manner.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><interfacename>GrantedAuthority</interfacename>, to reflect the
                        application-wide permissions granted to a principal.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename>, to provide the necessary
                        information to build an Authentication object from your application's DAOs
                        or other source of security data.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><interfacename>UserDetailsService</interfacename>, to create a
                        <interfacename>UserDetails</interfacename> when passed in a
                        <literal>String</literal>-based username (or certificate ID or the
                        like).</para>
                </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>Now that you've gained an understanding of these repeatedly-used components, let's
                take a closer look at the process of authentication.</para>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="tech-intro-authentication">
        <info>
            <title>Authentication</title>
        </info>
        <para>Spring Security can participate in many different authentication environments. While
            we recommend people use Spring Security for authentication and not integrate with
            existing Container Managed Authentication, it is nevertheless supported - as is
            integrating with your own proprietary authentication system. </para>
        <section>
            <title>What is authentication in Spring Security?</title>
            <para> Let's consider a standard authentication scenario that everyone is familiar with. <orderedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>A user is prompted to log in with a username and password.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>The system (successfully) verifies that the password is correct for the
                        username.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>The context information for that user is obtained (their list of roles and
                        so on).</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>A security context is established for the user</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>The user proceeds, potentially to perform some operation which is
                        potentially protected by an access control mechanism which checks the
                        required permissions for the operation against the current security context
                        information. </para>
                </listitem>
                </orderedlist> The first three items constitute the authentication process so we'll
                take a look at how these take place within Spring Security.<orderedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>The username and password are obtained and combined into an instance of
                        <classname>UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken</classname> (an instance of
                        the <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> interface, which we saw
                        earlier).</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>The token is passed to an instance of
                        <interfacename>AuthenticationManager</interfacename> for validation.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>The <interfacename>AuthenticationManager</interfacename> returns a fully
                        populated <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> instance on
                        successful authentication.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>The security context is established by calling
                        <code>SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(...)</code>,
                        passing in the returned authentication object.</para>
                </listitem>
                </orderedlist>From that point on, the user is considered to be authenticated. Let's
                look at some code as an example.
                <programlisting language="java">import org.springframework.security.authentication.*;
import org.springframework.security.core.*;
import org.springframework.security.core.authority.SimpleGrantedAuthority;
import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextHolder;

public class AuthenticationExample {
  private static AuthenticationManager am = new SampleAuthenticationManager();

  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

    while(true) {
      System.out.println("Please enter your username:");
      String name = in.readLine();
      System.out.println("Please enter your password:");
      String password = in.readLine();
      try {
        Authentication request = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(name, password);
        Authentication result = am.authenticate(request);
        SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(result);
        break;
      } catch(AuthenticationException e) {
        System.out.println("Authentication failed: " + e.getMessage());
      }
    }
    System.out.println("Successfully authenticated. Security context contains: " +
              SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication());
  }
}

class SampleAuthenticationManager implements AuthenticationManager {
  static final List&lt;GrantedAuthority> AUTHORITIES = new ArrayList&lt;GrantedAuthority>();

  static {
    AUTHORITIES.add(new SimpleGrantedAuthority("ROLE_USER"));
  }

  public Authentication authenticate(Authentication auth) throws AuthenticationException {
    if (auth.getName().equals(auth.getCredentials())) {
      return new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(auth.getName(),
        auth.getCredentials(), AUTHORITIES);
      }
      throw new BadCredentialsException("Bad Credentials");
  }
}</programlisting>Here
                we have written a little program that asks the user to enter a username and password
                and performs the above sequence. The
                <interfacename>AuthenticationManager</interfacename> which we've implemented here
                will authenticate any user whose username and password are the same. It assigns a
                single role to every user. The output from the above will be something
                like:<programlisting language="txt">
Please enter your username:
bob
Please enter your password:
password
Authentication failed: Bad Credentials
Please enter your username:
bob
Please enter your password:
bob
Successfully authenticated. Security context contains: \
 org.springframework.security.authentication.UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken@441d0230: \
 Principal: bob; Password: [PROTECTED]; \
 Authenticated: true; Details: null; \
 Granted Authorities: ROLE_USER
        </programlisting></para>
            <para>Note that you don't normally need to write any code like this. The process will
                normally occur internally, in a web authentication filter for example. We've just
                included the code here to show that the question of what actually constitutes
                authentication in Spring Security has quite a simple answer. A user is authenticated
                when the <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> contains a fully populated
                <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Setting the SecurityContextHolder Contents Directly</title>
            <para>In fact, Spring Security doesn't mind how you put the
                <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object inside the
                <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>. The only critical requirement is that
                the <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> contains an
                <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> which represents a principal before
                the <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> (which we'll see more about
                later) needs to authorize a user operation.</para>
            <para>You can (and many users do) write their own filters or MVC controllers to provide
                interoperability with authentication systems that are not based on Spring Security.
                For example, you might be using Container-Managed Authentication which makes the
                current user available from a ThreadLocal or JNDI location. Or you might work for a
                company that has a legacy proprietary authentication system, which is a corporate
                "standard" over which you have little control. In situations like this it's quite
                easy to get Spring Security to work, and still provide authorization capabilities.
                All you need to do is write a filter (or equivalent) that reads the third-party user
                information from a location, build a Spring Security-specific
                <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object, and put it into the
                <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>. In this case you also need to think
                about things which are normally taken care of automatically by the built-in authentication
                infrastructure. For example, you might need to pre-emptively create an HTTP session to
                <link xlink:href="tech-intro-sec-context-persistence">cache the context between requests</link>,
                before you write the response to the client<footnote><para>It isn't possible to create a session once the
                response has been committed.</para></footnote>.
            </para>
            <para> If you're wondering how the <interfacename>AuthenticationManager</interfacename>
                 is implemented in a real world example, we'll look at that in the <link
                linkend="core-services-authentication-manager">core services
                chapter</link>.</para>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="tech-intro-web-authentication">
        <title>Authentication in a Web Application</title>
        <para> Now let's explore the situation where you are using Spring Security in a web
            application (without <filename>web.xml</filename> security enabled). How is a user
            authenticated and the security context established?</para>
        <para>Consider a typical web application's authentication process:</para>
        <orderedlist inheritnum="ignore" continuation="restarts">
            <listitem>
                <para>You visit the home page, and click on a link.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>A request goes to the server, and the server decides that you've asked for a
                    protected resource.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>As you're not presently authenticated, the server sends back a response
                    indicating that you must authenticate. The response will either be an HTTP
                    response code, or a redirect to a particular web page.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Depending on the authentication mechanism, your browser will either redirect
                    to the specific web page so that you can fill out the form, or the browser will
                    somehow retrieve your identity (via a BASIC authentication dialogue box, a
                    cookie, a X.509 certificate etc.).</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>The browser will send back a response to the server. This will either be an
                    HTTP POST containing the contents of the form that you filled out, or an HTTP
                    header containing your authentication details.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Next the server will decide whether or not the presented credentials are
                    valid. If they're valid, the next step will happen. If they're invalid, usually
                    your browser will be asked to try again (so you return to step two
                    above).</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>The original request that you made to cause the authentication process will be
                    retried. Hopefully you've authenticated with sufficient granted authorities to
                    access the protected resource. If you have sufficient access, the request will
                    be successful. Otherwise, you'll receive back an HTTP error code 403, which
                    means "forbidden".</para>
            </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
        <para>Spring Security has distinct classes responsible for most of the steps described
            above. The main participants (in the order that they are used) are the
            <classname>ExceptionTranslationFilter</classname>, an
            <interfacename>AuthenticationEntryPoint</interfacename> and an <quote>authentication
            mechanism</quote>, which is responsible for calling the
            <classname>AuthenticationManager</classname> which we saw in the previous
            section.</para>
        <section>
            <title>ExceptionTranslationFilter</title>
            <para><classname>ExceptionTranslationFilter</classname> is a Spring Security filter that
                has responsibility for detecting any Spring Security exceptions that are thrown.
                Such exceptions will generally be thrown by an
                <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname>, which is the main provider of
                authorization services. We will discuss
                <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> in the next section, but for now
                we just need to know that it produces Java exceptions and knows nothing about HTTP
                or how to go about authenticating a principal. Instead the
                <classname>ExceptionTranslationFilter</classname> offers this service, with specific
                responsibility for either returning error code 403 (if the principal has been
                authenticated and therefore simply lacks sufficient access - as per step seven
                above), or launching an <interfacename>AuthenticationEntryPoint</interfacename> (if
                the principal has not been authenticated and therefore we need to go commence step
                three).</para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="tech-intro-auth-entry-point">
            <title>AuthenticationEntryPoint</title>
            <para>The <interfacename>AuthenticationEntryPoint</interfacename> is responsible for
                step three in the above list. As you can imagine, each web application will have a
                default authentication strategy (well, this can be configured like nearly everything
                else in Spring Security, but let's keep it simple for now). Each major
                authentication system will have its own
                <interfacename>AuthenticationEntryPoint</interfacename> implementation, which
                typically performs one of the actions described in step 3.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Authentication Mechanism</title>
            <para>Once your browser submits your authentication credentials (either as an HTTP form
                post or HTTP header) there needs to be something on the server that
                <quote>collects</quote> these authentication details. By now we're at step six in
                the above list. In Spring Security we have a special name for the function of
                collecting authentication details from a user agent (usually a web browser),
                referring to it as the <quote>authentication mechanism</quote>. Examples are
                form-base login and Basic authentication. Once the authentication details have been
                collected from the user agent, an <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename>
                <quote>request</quote> object is built and then presented to the
                <interfacename>AuthenticationManager</interfacename>.</para>
            <para>After the authentication mechanism receives back the fully-populated
                <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object, it will deem the request
                valid, put the <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> into the
                <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname>, and cause the original request to be
                retried (step seven above). If, on the other hand, the
                <classname>AuthenticationManager</classname> rejected the request, the
                authentication mechanism will ask the user agent to retry (step two above).</para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="tech-intro-sec-context-persistence">
            <title>Storing the <interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename> between
                requests</title>
            <para>Depending on the type of application, there may need to be a strategy in place to
                store the security context between user operations. In a typical web application, a
                user logs in once and is subsequently identified by their session Id. The server
                caches the principal information for the duration session. In Spring Security, the
                responsibility for storing the <interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename>
                between requests falls to the
                <classname>SecurityContextPersistenceFilter</classname>, which by default stores the
                context as an <literal>HttpSession</literal> attribute between HTTP requests. It
                restores the context to the <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> for each
                request and, crucially, clears the <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> when
                the request completes. You shouldn't interact directly with the
                <literal>HttpSession</literal> for security purposes. There is simply no
                justification for doing so - always use the
                <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> instead. </para>
            <para> Many other types of application (for example, a stateless RESTful web service) do
                not use HTTP sessions and will re-authenticate on every request. However, it is
                still important that the <classname>SecurityContextPersistenceFilter</classname> is
                included in the chain to make sure that the
                <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> is cleared after each request.</para>
            <note>
                <para>In an application which receives concurrent requests in a single session, the
                    same <interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename> instance will be shared
                    between threads. Even though a <classname>ThreadLocal</classname> is being used,
                    it is the same instance that is retrieved from the
                    <interfacename>HttpSession</interfacename> for each thread. This has
                    implications if you wish to temporarily change the context under which a thread
                    is running. If you just use <code>SecurityContextHolder.getContext()</code>, and
                    call <code>setAuthentication(anAuthentication)</code> on the returned context
                    object, then the <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object will
                    change in <emphasis>all</emphasis> concurrent threads which share the same
                    <interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename> instance. You can customize the
                    behaviour of <classname>SecurityContextPersistenceFilter</classname> to create a
                    completely new <interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename> for each request,
                    preventing changes in one thread from affecting another. Alternatively you can
                    create a new instance just at the point where you temporarily change the
                    context. The method <code>SecurityContextHolder.createEmptyContext()</code>
                    always returns a new context instance.</para>
            </note>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="tech-intro-access-control">
        <title>Access-Control (Authorization) in Spring Security</title>
        <para> The main interface responsible for making access-control decisions in Spring Security
            is the <interfacename>AccessDecisionManager</interfacename>. It has a
            <methodname>decide</methodname> method which takes an
            <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> object representing the principal
            requesting access, a <quote>secure object</quote> (see below) and a list of security
            metadata attributes which apply for the object (such as a list of roles which are
            required for access to be granted). </para>
        <section>
            <title>Security and AOP Advice</title>
            <para>If you're familiar with AOP, you'd be aware there are different types of advice
                available: before, after, throws and around. An around advice is very useful,
                because an advisor can elect whether or not to proceed with a method invocation,
                whether or not to modify the response, and whether or not to throw an exception.
                Spring Security provides an around advice for method invocations as well as web
                requests. We achieve an around advice for method invocations using Spring's standard
                AOP support and we achieve an around advice for web requests using a standard
                Filter.</para>
            <para>For those not familiar with AOP, the key point to understand is that Spring
                Security can help you protect method invocations as well as web requests. Most
                people are interested in securing method invocations on their services layer. This
                is because the services layer is where most business logic resides in
                current-generation J2EE applications. If you just need to secure method invocations
                in the services layer, Spring's standard AOP will be adequate. If you need to secure
                domain objects directly, you will likely find that AspectJ is worth
                considering.</para>
            <para>You can elect to perform method authorization using AspectJ or Spring AOP, or you
                can elect to perform web request authorization using filters. You can use zero, one,
                two or three of these approaches together. The mainstream usage pattern is to
                perform some web request authorization, coupled with some Spring AOP method
                invocation authorization on the services layer.</para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="secure-objects">
            <title>Secure Objects and the <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname></title>
            <para>So what <emphasis>is</emphasis> a <quote>secure object</quote> anyway? Spring
                Security uses the term to refer to any object that can have security (such as an
                authorization decision) applied to it. The most common examples are method
                invocations and web requests.</para>
            <para>Each supported secure object type has its own interceptor class, which is a
                subclass of <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname>. Importantly, by the
                time the <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> is called, the
                <classname>SecurityContextHolder</classname> will contain a valid
                <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> if the principal has been
                authenticated.</para>
            <para><classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> provides a consistent workflow
                for handling secure object requests, typically: <orderedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Look up the <quote>configuration attributes</quote> associated with the
                        present request</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Submitting the secure object, current
                        <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> and configuration attributes
                        to the <interfacename>AccessDecisionManager</interfacename> for an
                        authorization decision</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Optionally change the <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename> under
                        which the invocation takes place</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Allow the secure object invocation to proceed (assuming access was
                        granted)</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Call the <interfacename>AfterInvocationManager</interfacename> if
                        configured, once the invocation has returned. If the invocation raised an
                        exception, the <interfacename>AfterInvocationManager</interfacename>
                        will not be invoked.</para>
                </listitem>
                </orderedlist></para>
            <section xml:id="tech-intro-config-attributes">
                <title>What are Configuration Attributes?</title>
                <para> A <quote>configuration attribute</quote> can be thought of as a String that
                    has special meaning to the classes used by
                    <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname>. They are represented by the
                    interface <interfacename>ConfigAttribute</interfacename> within the framework.
                    They may be simple role names or have more complex meaning, depending on the how
                    sophisticated the <interfacename>AccessDecisionManager</interfacename>
                    implementation is. The <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> is
                    configured with a <interfacename>SecurityMetadataSource</interfacename> which it
                    uses to look up the attributes for a secure object. Usually this configuration
                    will be hidden from the user. Configuration attributes will be entered as
                    annotations on secured methods or as access attributes on secured URLs. For
                    example, when we saw something like <literal>&lt;intercept-url
                    pattern='/secure/**' access='ROLE_A,ROLE_B'/></literal> in the namespace
                    introduction, this is saying that the configuration attributes
                    <literal>ROLE_A</literal> and <literal>ROLE_B</literal> apply to web requests
                    matching the given pattern. In practice, with the default
                    <interfacename>AccessDecisionManager</interfacename> configuration, this means
                    that anyone who has a <interfacename>GrantedAuthority</interfacename> matching
                    either of these two attributes will be allowed access. Strictly speaking though,
                    they are just attributes and the interpretation is dependent on the
                    <interfacename>AccessDecisionManager</interfacename> implementation. The use of
                    the prefix <literal>ROLE_</literal> is a marker to indicate that these
                    attributes are roles and should be consumed by Spring Security's
                    <classname>RoleVoter</classname>. This is only relevant when a voter-based
                    <interfacename>AccessDecisionManager</interfacename> is in use. We'll see how
                    the <interfacename>AccessDecisionManager</interfacename> is implemented in the
                    <link linkend="authz-arch">authorization chapter</link>.</para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>RunAsManager</title>
                <para>Assuming <interfacename>AccessDecisionManager</interfacename> decides to allow
                    the request, the <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> will
                    normally just proceed with the request. Having said that, on rare occasions
                    users may want to replace the <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename>
                    inside the <interfacename>SecurityContext</interfacename> with a different
                    <interfacename>Authentication</interfacename>, which is handled by the
                    <interfacename>AccessDecisionManager</interfacename> calling a
                    <literal>RunAsManager</literal>. This might be useful in reasonably unusual
                    situations, such as if a services layer method needs to call a remote system and
                    present a different identity. Because Spring Security automatically propagates
                    security identity from one server to another (assuming you're using a
                    properly-configured RMI or HttpInvoker remoting protocol client), this may be
                    useful.</para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>AfterInvocationManager</title>
                <para>Following the secure object invocation proceeding and then returning - which may mean a
                    method invocation completing or a filter chain proceeding - the
                    <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> gets one final chance to
                    handle the invocation. At this stage the
                    <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> is interested in possibly
                    modifying the return object. We might want this to happen because an
                    authorization decision couldn't be made <quote>on the way in</quote> to a secure
                    object invocation. Being highly pluggable,
                    <classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> will pass control to an
                    <literal>AfterInvocationManager</literal> to actually modify the object if
                    needed. This class can even entirely replace the object, or throw an exception,
                    or not change it in any way as it chooses. The after-invocation checks will only
                    be executed if the invocation is successful. If an exception occurs, the additional
                    checks will be skipped.
                </para>
                <para><classname>AbstractSecurityInterceptor</classname> and its related objects are
                    shown in <xref linkend="abstract-security-interceptor"/>. <figure
                    xml:id="abstract-security-interceptor">
                    <title>Security interceptors and the <quote>secure object</quote> model</title>
                    <mediaobject>
                        <imageobject>
                            <imagedata align="center" fileref="images/security-interception.png"
                                format="PNG" scale="75"/>
                        </imageobject>
                    </mediaobject>
                    </figure></para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Extending the Secure Object Model</title>
                <para>Only developers contemplating an entirely new way of intercepting and
                    authorizing requests would need to use secure objects directly. For example, it
                    would be possible to build a new secure object to secure calls to a messaging
                    system. Anything that requires security and also provides a way of intercepting
                    a call (like the AOP around advice semantics) is capable of being made into a
                    secure object. Having said that, most Spring applications will simply use the
                    three currently supported secure object types (AOP Alliance
                    <classname>MethodInvocation</classname>, AspectJ
                    <classname>JoinPoint</classname> and web request
                    <classname>FilterInvocation</classname>) with complete transparency.</para>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="localization">
        <title>Localization</title>
        <para>Spring Security supports localization of exception messages that end users are likely
            to see. If your application is designed for English-speaking users, you don't need to do
            anything as by default all Security Security messages are in English. If you need to
            support other locales, everything you need to know is contained in this section.</para>
        <para>All exception messages can be localized, including messages related to authentication
            failures and access being denied (authorization failures). Exceptions and logging
            messages that are focused on developers or system deployers (including incorrect
            attributes, interface contract violations, using incorrect constructors, startup time
            validation, debug-level logging) are not localized and instead are hard-coded in English
            within Spring Security's code.</para>
        <para>Shipping in the <literal>spring-security-core-xx.jar</literal> you will find an
            <literal>org.springframework.security</literal> package that in turn contains a
            <literal>messages.properties</literal> file, as well as localized versions for some
            common languages. This should be referred to by your
            <literal>ApplicationContext</literal>, as Spring Security classes implement Spring's
            <literal>MessageSourceAware</literal> interface and expect the message resolver to be
            dependency injected at application context startup time. Usually all you need to do is
            register a bean inside your application context to refer to the messages. An example is
            shown below:</para>
        <para>
            <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[
<bean id="messageSource"
    class="org.springframework.context.support.ReloadableResourceBundleMessageSource">
  <property name="basename" value="classpath:org/springframework/security/messages"/>
</bean>
]]></programlisting>
        </para>
        <para>The <literal>messages.properties</literal> is named in accordance with standard
            resource bundles and represents the default language supported by Spring Security
            messages. This default file is in English. </para>
        <para>If you wish to customize the <literal>messages.properties</literal> file, or support
            other languages, you should copy the file, rename it accordingly, and register it inside
            the above bean definition. There are not a large number of message keys inside this
            file, so localization should not be considered a major initiative. If you do perform
            localization of this file, please consider sharing your work with the community by
            logging a JIRA task and attaching your appropriately-named localized version of
            <literal>messages.properties</literal>.</para>
        <para>Spring Security relies on Spring's localization support in order to actually lookup
            the appropriate message. In order for this to work, you have to make sure that the
            locale from the incoming request is stored in Spring's
            <classname>org.springframework.context.i18n.LocaleContextHolder</classname>. Spring
            MVC's <classname>DispatcherServlet</classname> does this for your application
            automatically, but since Spring Security's filters are invoked before this, the
            <classname>LocaleContextHolder</classname> needs to be set up to contain the correct
            <literal>Locale</literal> before the filters are called. You can either do this in a
            filter yourself (which must come before the Spring Security filters in
            <filename>web.xml</filename>) or you can use Spring's
            <classname>RequestContextFilter</classname>.  Please refer to the Spring Framework
            documentation for further details on using localization with Spring. </para>
        <para>The <quote>contacts</quote> sample application is set up to use localized messages.
        </para>
    </section>
</chapter>
