OPEN - issue SEC-905: <protect-pointcut /> pointcuts do not respect method arguments

http://jira.springframework.org/browse/SEC-905. Added extra registration method to MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource which takes a Method instance rather than the method name.
This commit is contained in:
Luke Taylor 2008-08-12 17:11:38 +00:00
parent d9ab0758ee
commit 55d357f42d
8 changed files with 295 additions and 200 deletions

View File

@ -39,8 +39,10 @@ public interface BusinessService {
public void someUserMethod1();
@Secured({"ROLE_USER"})
@RolesAllowed({"ROLE_USER"})
@RolesAllowed({"ROLE_USER"})
public void someUserMethod2();
public int someOther(String s);
public int someOther(int input);
}

View File

@ -26,7 +26,11 @@ public class BusinessServiceImpl<E extends Entity> implements BusinessService {
return entity;
}
public int someOther(int input) {
return input;
}
public int someOther(String s) {
return 0;
}
public int someOther(int input) {
return input;
}
}

View File

@ -27,7 +27,11 @@ public class Jsr250BusinessServiceImpl implements BusinessService {
public void someAdminMethod() {
}
public int someOther(String input) {
return 0;
}
public int someOther(int input) {
return input;
}
}
return input;
}
}

View File

@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ public class GlobalMethodSecurityBeanDefinitionParserTests {
setContext(
"<b:bean id='target' class='org.springframework.security.annotation.BusinessServiceImpl'/>" +
"<global-method-security>" +
" <protect-pointcut expression='execution(* *.someUser*(..))' access='ROLE_USER'/>" +
" <protect-pointcut expression='execution(* *.someAdmin*(..))' access='ROLE_ADMIN'/>" +
" <protect-pointcut expression='execution(* *.someUser*(..))' access='ROLE_USER'/>" +
" <protect-pointcut expression='execution(* *.someAdmin*(..))' access='ROLE_ADMIN'/>" +
"</global-method-security>" + ConfigTestUtils.AUTH_PROVIDER_XML
);
target = (BusinessService) appContext.getBean("target");
@ -106,6 +106,21 @@ public class GlobalMethodSecurityBeanDefinitionParserTests {
service.loadUserByUsername("notused");
}
@Test
public void supportsMethodArgumentsInPointcut() {
setContext(
"<b:bean id='target' class='org.springframework.security.annotation.BusinessServiceImpl'/>" +
"<global-method-security>" +
" <protect-pointcut expression='execution(* *.someOther(String))' access='ROLE_ADMIN'/>" +
" <protect-pointcut expression='execution(* *.BusinessService*(..))' access='ROLE_USER'/>" +
"</global-method-security>" + ConfigTestUtils.AUTH_PROVIDER_XML
);
SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken("user", "password"));
target = (BusinessService) appContext.getBean("target");
// someOther(int) should not be matched by someOther(String)
target.someOther(0);
}
@Test(expected=BeanDefinitionParsingException.class)
public void duplicateElementCausesError() {
setContext(
@ -116,21 +131,21 @@ public class GlobalMethodSecurityBeanDefinitionParserTests {
@Test(expected=AccessDeniedException.class)
public void worksWithoutTargetOrClass() {
setContext(
"<global-method-security secured-annotations='enabled'/>" +
"<b:bean id='businessService' class='org.springframework.remoting.httpinvoker.HttpInvokerProxyFactoryBean'>" +
" <b:property name='serviceUrl' value='http://localhost:8080/SomeService'/>" +
" <b:property name='serviceInterface' value='org.springframework.security.annotation.BusinessService'/>" +
"</b:bean>" + AUTH_PROVIDER_XML
);
setContext(
"<global-method-security secured-annotations='enabled'/>" +
"<b:bean id='businessService' class='org.springframework.remoting.httpinvoker.HttpInvokerProxyFactoryBean'>" +
" <b:property name='serviceUrl' value='http://localhost:8080/SomeService'/>" +
" <b:property name='serviceInterface' value='org.springframework.security.annotation.BusinessService'/>" +
"</b:bean>" + AUTH_PROVIDER_XML
);
UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken token = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken("Test", "Password",
new GrantedAuthority[] {new GrantedAuthorityImpl("ROLE_SOMEOTHERROLE")});
SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(token);
target = (BusinessService) appContext.getBean("businessService");
target.someUserMethod1();
}
private void setContext(String context) {
appContext = new InMemoryXmlApplicationContext(context);
}

View File

@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ import org.springframework.util.ClassUtils;
/**
* Stores a {@link ConfigAttributeDefinition} for a method or class signature.
*
*
* <p>
* This class is the preferred implementation of {@link MethodDefinitionSource} for XML-based
* definition of method security metadata. To assist in XML-based definition, wildcard support
* is provided.
* </p>
*
*
* @author Ben Alex
* @version $Id$
* @since 2.0
@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ public class MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource extends AbstractFallbackMethodDefini
private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource.class);
//~ Instance fields ================================================================================================
private ClassLoader beanClassLoader = ClassUtils.getDefaultClassLoader();
private ClassLoader beanClassLoader = ClassUtils.getDefaultClassLoader();
/** Map from RegisteredMethod to ConfigAttributeDefinition */
/** Map from RegisteredMethod to ConfigAttributeDefinition */
protected Map methodMap = new HashMap();
/** Map from RegisteredMethod to name pattern used for registration */
@ -74,48 +74,33 @@ public class MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource extends AbstractFallbackMethodDefini
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) iterator.next();
addSecureMethod((String)entry.getKey(), (ConfigAttributeDefinition)entry.getValue());
}
}
}
/**
* Implementation does not support class-level attributes.
*/
protected ConfigAttributeDefinition findAttributes(Class clazz) {
return null;
}
/**
* Will walk the method inheritance tree to find the most specific declaration applicable.
*/
protected ConfigAttributeDefinition findAttributes(Method method, Class targetClass) {
return findAttributesSpecifiedAgainst(method, targetClass);
}
private ConfigAttributeDefinition findAttributesSpecifiedAgainst(Method method, Class clazz) {
RegisteredMethod registeredMethod = new RegisteredMethod(method, clazz);
if (methodMap.containsKey(registeredMethod)) {
return (ConfigAttributeDefinition) methodMap.get(registeredMethod);
}
// Search superclass
if (clazz.getSuperclass() != null) {
return findAttributesSpecifiedAgainst(method, clazz.getSuperclass());
}
return null;
}
/**
* Implementation does not support class-level attributes.
*/
protected ConfigAttributeDefinition findAttributes(Class clazz) {
return null;
}
/**
* Add configuration attributes for a secure method.
*
* @param method the method to be secured
* @param attr required authorities associated with the method
* Will walk the method inheritance tree to find the most specific declaration applicable.
*/
private void addSecureMethod(RegisteredMethod method, ConfigAttributeDefinition attr) {
Assert.notNull(method, "RegisteredMethod required");
Assert.notNull(attr, "Configuration attribute required");
if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
logger.info("Adding secure method [" + method + "] with attributes [" + attr + "]");
}
this.methodMap.put(method, attr);
protected ConfigAttributeDefinition findAttributes(Method method, Class targetClass) {
return findAttributesSpecifiedAgainst(method, targetClass);
}
private ConfigAttributeDefinition findAttributesSpecifiedAgainst(Method method, Class clazz) {
RegisteredMethod registeredMethod = new RegisteredMethod(method, clazz);
if (methodMap.containsKey(registeredMethod)) {
return (ConfigAttributeDefinition) methodMap.get(registeredMethod);
}
// Search superclass
if (clazz.getSuperclass() != null) {
return findAttributesSpecifiedAgainst(method, clazz.getSuperclass());
}
return null;
}
/**
@ -126,7 +111,7 @@ public class MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource extends AbstractFallbackMethodDefini
* @param attr required authorities associated with the method
*/
public void addSecureMethod(String name, ConfigAttributeDefinition attr) {
int lastDotIndex = name.lastIndexOf(".");
int lastDotIndex = name.lastIndexOf(".");
if (lastDotIndex == -1) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("'" + name + "' is not a valid method name: format is FQN.methodName");
@ -134,17 +119,17 @@ public class MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource extends AbstractFallbackMethodDefini
String methodName = name.substring(lastDotIndex + 1);
Assert.hasText(methodName, "Method not found for '" + name + "'");
String typeName = name.substring(0, lastDotIndex);
Class type = ClassUtils.resolveClassName(typeName, this.beanClassLoader);
addSecureMethod(type, methodName, attr);
}
/**
* Add configuration attributes for a secure method. Mapped method names can end or start with <code>&#42</code>
* for matching multiple methods.
*
*
* @param javaType target interface or class the security configuration attribute applies to
* @param mappedName mapped method name, which the javaType has declared or inherited
* @param attr required authorities associated with the method
@ -192,6 +177,38 @@ public class MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource extends AbstractFallbackMethodDefini
}
}
/**
* Adds configuration attributes for a specific method, for example where the method has been
* matched using a pointcut expression. If a match already exists in the map for the method, then
* the existing match will be retained, so that if this method is called for a more general pointcut
* it will not override a more specific one which has already been added. This
*/
public void addSecureMethod(Class javaType, Method method, ConfigAttributeDefinition attr) {
RegisteredMethod key = new RegisteredMethod(method, javaType);
if (methodMap.containsKey(key)) {
logger.debug("Method [" + method + "] is already registered with attributes [" + methodMap.get(key) + "]");
return;
}
methodMap.put(key, attr);
}
/**
* Add configuration attributes for a secure method.
*
* @param method the method to be secured
* @param attr required authorities associated with the method
*/
private void addSecureMethod(RegisteredMethod method, ConfigAttributeDefinition attr) {
Assert.notNull(method, "RegisteredMethod required");
Assert.notNull(attr, "Configuration attribute required");
if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
logger.info("Adding secure method [" + method + "] with attributes [" + attr + "]");
}
this.methodMap.put(method, attr);
}
/**
* Obtains the configuration attributes explicitly defined against this bean.
*
@ -254,54 +271,54 @@ public class MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource extends AbstractFallbackMethodDefini
attributes.addAll(toMerge.getConfigAttributes());
}
public void setBeanClassLoader(ClassLoader beanClassLoader) {
Assert.notNull(beanClassLoader, "Bean class loader required");
this.beanClassLoader = beanClassLoader;
}
public void setBeanClassLoader(ClassLoader beanClassLoader) {
Assert.notNull(beanClassLoader, "Bean class loader required");
this.beanClassLoader = beanClassLoader;
}
/**
* @return map size (for unit tests and diagnostics)
*/
public int getMethodMapSize() {
return methodMap.size();
}
/**
* Stores both the Java Method as well as the Class we obtained the Method from. This is necessary because Method only
* provides us access to the declaring class. It doesn't provide a way for us to introspect which Class the Method
* was registered against. If a given Class inherits and redeclares a method (i.e. calls super();) the registered Class
* and declaring Class are the same. If a given class merely inherits but does not redeclare a method, the registered
* Class will be the Class we're invoking against and the Method will provide details of the declared class.
*/
private class RegisteredMethod {
private Method method;
private Class registeredJavaType;
/**
* @return map size (for unit tests and diagnostics)
*/
public int getMethodMapSize() {
return methodMap.size();
}
public RegisteredMethod(Method method, Class registeredJavaType) {
Assert.notNull(method, "Method required");
Assert.notNull(registeredJavaType, "Registered Java Type required");
this.method = method;
this.registeredJavaType = registeredJavaType;
}
/**
* Stores both the Java Method as well as the Class we obtained the Method from. This is necessary because Method only
* provides us access to the declaring class. It doesn't provide a way for us to introspect which Class the Method
* was registered against. If a given Class inherits and redeclares a method (i.e. calls super();) the registered Class
* and declaring Class are the same. If a given class merely inherits but does not redeclare a method, the registered
* Class will be the Class we're invoking against and the Method will provide details of the declared class.
*/
private class RegisteredMethod {
private Method method;
private Class registeredJavaType;
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) {
return true;
}
if (obj != null && obj instanceof RegisteredMethod) {
RegisteredMethod rhs = (RegisteredMethod) obj;
return method.equals(rhs.method) && registeredJavaType.equals(rhs.registeredJavaType);
}
return false;
}
public RegisteredMethod(Method method, Class registeredJavaType) {
Assert.notNull(method, "Method required");
Assert.notNull(registeredJavaType, "Registered Java Type required");
this.method = method;
this.registeredJavaType = registeredJavaType;
}
public int hashCode() {
return method.hashCode() * registeredJavaType.hashCode();
}
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) {
return true;
}
if (obj != null && obj instanceof RegisteredMethod) {
RegisteredMethod rhs = (RegisteredMethod) obj;
return method.equals(rhs.method) && registeredJavaType.equals(rhs.registeredJavaType);
}
return false;
}
public int hashCode() {
return method.hashCode() * registeredJavaType.hashCode();
}
public String toString() {
return "RegisteredMethod[" + registeredJavaType.getName() + "; " + method + "]";
}
}
public String toString() {
return "RegisteredMethod[" + registeredJavaType.getName() + "; " + method + "]";
}
}
}

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@ -21,25 +21,25 @@ import org.springframework.util.Assert;
/**
* Parses AspectJ pointcut expressions, registering methods that match the pointcut with a
* traditional {@link MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource}.
*
*
* <p>
* This class provides a convenient way of declaring a list of pointcuts, and then
* having every method of every bean defined in the Spring application context compared with
* those pointcuts. Where a match is found, the matching method will be registered with the
* {@link MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource}.
* </p>
*
*
* <p>
* It is very important to understand that only the <b>first</b> pointcut that matches a given
* method will be taken as authoritative for that method. This is why pointcuts should be provided
* as a <tt>LinkedHashMap</tt>, because their order is very important.
* </p>
*
*
* <p>
* Note also that only beans defined in the Spring application context will be examined by this
* class.
* class.
* </p>
*
*
* <p>
* Because this class registers method security metadata with {@link MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource},
* normal Spring Security capabilities such as {@link MethodDefinitionSourceAdvisor} can be used.
@ -57,18 +57,18 @@ public final class ProtectPointcutPostProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {
private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(ProtectPointcutPostProcessor.class);
private Map pointcutMap = new LinkedHashMap(); /** Key: string-based pointcut, value: ConfigAttributeDefinition */
private MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource mapBasedMethodDefinitionSource;
private PointcutParser parser;
public ProtectPointcutPostProcessor(MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource mapBasedMethodDefinitionSource) {
Assert.notNull(mapBasedMethodDefinitionSource, "MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource to populate is required");
this.mapBasedMethodDefinitionSource = mapBasedMethodDefinitionSource;
// Setup AspectJ pointcut expression parser
Set supportedPrimitives = new HashSet();
supportedPrimitives.add(PointcutPrimitive.EXECUTION);
supportedPrimitives.add(PointcutPrimitive.ARGS);
supportedPrimitives.add(PointcutPrimitive.REFERENCE);
private MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource mapBasedMethodDefinitionSource;
private PointcutParser parser;
public ProtectPointcutPostProcessor(MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource mapBasedMethodDefinitionSource) {
Assert.notNull(mapBasedMethodDefinitionSource, "MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource to populate is required");
this.mapBasedMethodDefinitionSource = mapBasedMethodDefinitionSource;
// Setup AspectJ pointcut expression parser
Set supportedPrimitives = new HashSet();
supportedPrimitives.add(PointcutPrimitive.EXECUTION);
supportedPrimitives.add(PointcutPrimitive.ARGS);
supportedPrimitives.add(PointcutPrimitive.REFERENCE);
// supportedPrimitives.add(PointcutPrimitive.THIS);
// supportedPrimitives.add(PointcutPrimitive.TARGET);
// supportedPrimitives.add(PointcutPrimitive.WITHIN);
@ -76,79 +76,79 @@ public final class ProtectPointcutPostProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {
// supportedPrimitives.add(PointcutPrimitive.AT_WITHIN);
// supportedPrimitives.add(PointcutPrimitive.AT_ARGS);
// supportedPrimitives.add(PointcutPrimitive.AT_TARGET);
parser = PointcutParser.getPointcutParserSupportingSpecifiedPrimitivesAndUsingContextClassloaderForResolution(supportedPrimitives);
}
parser = PointcutParser.getPointcutParserSupportingSpecifiedPrimitivesAndUsingContextClassloaderForResolution(supportedPrimitives);
}
public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
return bean;
}
public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
return bean;
}
public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
// Obtain methods for the present bean
Method[] methods;
try {
methods = bean.getClass().getMethods();
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new IllegalStateException(e.getMessage());
}
// Check to see if any of those methods are compatible with our pointcut expressions
for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
Iterator iter = pointcutMap.keySet().iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
String ex = iter.next().toString();
// Parse the presented AspectJ pointcut expression
PointcutExpression expression = parser.parsePointcutExpression(ex);
public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
// Obtain methods for the present bean
Method[] methods;
try {
methods = bean.getClass().getMethods();
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new IllegalStateException(e.getMessage());
}
// Try for the bean class directly
if (attemptMatch(bean.getClass(), methods[i], expression, beanName)) {
// We've found the first expression that matches this method, so move onto the next method now
break; // the "while" loop, not the "for" loop
}
}
}
return bean;
}
private boolean attemptMatch(Class targetClass, Method method, PointcutExpression expression, String beanName) {
// Determine if the presented AspectJ pointcut expression matches this method
boolean matches = expression.matchesMethodExecution(method).alwaysMatches();
// Handle accordingly
if (matches) {
ConfigAttributeDefinition attr = (ConfigAttributeDefinition) pointcutMap.get(expression.getPointcutExpression());
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("AspectJ pointcut expression '" + expression.getPointcutExpression() + "' matches target class '" + targetClass.getName() + "' (bean ID '" + beanName + "') for method '" + method + "'; registering security configuration attribute '" + attr + "'");
}
mapBasedMethodDefinitionSource.addSecureMethod(targetClass, method.getName(), attr);
}
return matches;
}
public void setPointcutMap(Map map) {
Assert.notEmpty(map);
Iterator i = map.keySet().iterator();
while (i.hasNext()) {
String expression = i.next().toString();
Object value = map.get(expression);
Assert.isInstanceOf(ConfigAttributeDefinition.class, value, "Map keys must be instances of ConfigAttributeDefinition");
addPointcut(expression, (ConfigAttributeDefinition) value);
}
}
// Check to see if any of those methods are compatible with our pointcut expressions
for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
Iterator iter = pointcutMap.keySet().iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
String ex = iter.next().toString();
// Parse the presented AspectJ pointcut expression
PointcutExpression expression = parser.parsePointcutExpression(ex);
// Try for the bean class directly
if (attemptMatch(bean.getClass(), methods[i], expression, beanName)) {
// We've found the first expression that matches this method, so move onto the next method now
break; // the "while" loop, not the "for" loop
}
}
}
return bean;
}
private boolean attemptMatch(Class targetClass, Method method, PointcutExpression expression, String beanName) {
// Determine if the presented AspectJ pointcut expression matches this method
boolean matches = expression.matchesMethodExecution(method).alwaysMatches();
// Handle accordingly
if (matches) {
ConfigAttributeDefinition attr = (ConfigAttributeDefinition) pointcutMap.get(expression.getPointcutExpression());
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("AspectJ pointcut expression '" + expression.getPointcutExpression() + "' matches target class '" + targetClass.getName() + "' (bean ID '" + beanName + "') for method '" + method + "'; registering security configuration attribute '" + attr + "'");
}
mapBasedMethodDefinitionSource.addSecureMethod(targetClass, method, attr);
}
return matches;
}
public void setPointcutMap(Map map) {
Assert.notEmpty(map);
Iterator i = map.keySet().iterator();
while (i.hasNext()) {
String expression = i.next().toString();
Object value = map.get(expression);
Assert.isInstanceOf(ConfigAttributeDefinition.class, value, "Map keys must be instances of ConfigAttributeDefinition");
addPointcut(expression, (ConfigAttributeDefinition) value);
}
}
public void addPointcut(String pointcutExpression, ConfigAttributeDefinition definition) {
Assert.hasText(pointcutExpression, "An AspectJ pointcut expression is required");
Assert.notNull(definition, "ConfigAttributeDefinition required");
pointcutMap.put(pointcutExpression, definition);
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("AspectJ pointcut expression '" + pointcutExpression + "' registered for security configuration attribute '" + definition + "'");
}
}
public void addPointcut(String pointcutExpression, ConfigAttributeDefinition definition) {
Assert.hasText(pointcutExpression, "An AspectJ pointcut expression is required");
Assert.notNull(definition, "ConfigAttributeDefinition required");
pointcutMap.put(pointcutExpression, definition);
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("AspectJ pointcut expression '" + pointcutExpression + "' registered for security configuration attribute '" + definition + "'");
}
}
}

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@ -6,9 +6,8 @@ public abstract class ConfigTestUtils {
" <user-service id='us'>" +
" <user name='bob' password='bobspassword' authorities='ROLE_A,ROLE_B' />" +
" <user name='bill' password='billspassword' authorities='ROLE_A,ROLE_B,AUTH_OTHER' />" +
" <user name='admin' password='password' authorities='ROLE_ADMIN,ROLE_USER' />" +
" <user name='user' password='password' authorities='ROLE_USER' />" +
" </user-service>" +
" </authentication-provider>";
}

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@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
package org.springframework.security.intercept.method;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.security.ConfigAttributeDefinition;
/**
* Tests for {@link MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource}.
*
* @author Luke Taylor
* @since 2.0.4
*/
public class MapBasedMethodDefinitionSourceTests {
private final ConfigAttributeDefinition ROLE_A = new ConfigAttributeDefinition("ROLE_A");
private final ConfigAttributeDefinition ROLE_B = new ConfigAttributeDefinition("ROLE_B");
private MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource mds;
private Method someMethodString;
private Method someMethodInteger;
@Before
public void initialize() throws Exception {
mds = new MapBasedMethodDefinitionSource();
someMethodString = MockService.class.getMethod("someMethod", String.class);
someMethodInteger = MockService.class.getMethod("someMethod", Integer.class);
}
@Test
public void wildcardedMatchIsOverwrittenByMoreSpecificMatch() {
mds.addSecureMethod(MockService.class, "some*", ROLE_A);
mds.addSecureMethod(MockService.class, "someMethod*", ROLE_B);
assertEquals(ROLE_B, mds.getAttributes(someMethodInteger, MockService.class));
}
@Test
public void methodsWithDifferentArgumentsAreMatchedCorrectly() throws Exception {
mds.addSecureMethod(MockService.class, someMethodInteger, ROLE_A);
mds.addSecureMethod(MockService.class, someMethodString, ROLE_B);
assertEquals(ROLE_A, mds.getAttributes(someMethodInteger, MockService.class));
assertEquals(ROLE_B, mds.getAttributes(someMethodString, MockService.class));
}
private class MockService {
public void someMethod(String s) {
}
public void someMethod(Integer i) {
}
}
}