diff --git a/web/src/main/java/org/springframework/security/web/ObservationFilterChainDecorator.java b/web/src/main/java/org/springframework/security/web/ObservationFilterChainDecorator.java
index 33c2ff0674..60c8cca5fa 100644
--- a/web/src/main/java/org/springframework/security/web/ObservationFilterChainDecorator.java
+++ b/web/src/main/java/org/springframework/security/web/ObservationFilterChainDecorator.java
@@ -377,7 +377,6 @@ public final class ObservationFilterChainDecorator implements FilterChainProxy.F
 
 				private void error(Throwable error) {
 					if (this.state.get() == 1) {
-						this.scope.close();
 						this.scope.getCurrentObservation().error(error);
 					}
 				}
diff --git a/web/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/web/ObservationFilterChainDecoratorTests.java b/web/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/web/ObservationFilterChainDecoratorTests.java
index 5e8c2a47d5..a8a1655c43 100644
--- a/web/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/web/ObservationFilterChainDecoratorTests.java
+++ b/web/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/web/ObservationFilterChainDecoratorTests.java
@@ -34,8 +34,10 @@ import org.springframework.mock.web.MockHttpServletRequest;
 import org.springframework.mock.web.MockHttpServletResponse;
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.given;
+import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.willThrow;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
@@ -109,6 +111,23 @@ public class ObservationFilterChainDecoratorTests {
 		assertThat(events.get(1).getName()).isEqualTo("authentication.basic.after");
 	}
 
+	// gh-12787
+	@Test
+	void decorateFiltersWhenErrorsThenClosesObservationOnlyOnce() throws Exception {
+		ObservationHandler<?> handler = mock(ObservationHandler.class);
+		given(handler.supportsContext(any())).willReturn(true);
+		ObservationRegistry registry = ObservationRegistry.create();
+		registry.observationConfig().observationHandler(handler);
+		ObservationFilterChainDecorator decorator = new ObservationFilterChainDecorator(registry);
+		FilterChain chain = mock(FilterChain.class);
+		Filter filter = mock(Filter.class);
+		willThrow(IllegalArgumentException.class).given(filter).doFilter(any(), any(), any());
+		FilterChain decorated = decorator.decorate(chain, List.of(filter));
+		assertThatExceptionOfType(IllegalArgumentException.class).isThrownBy(
+				() -> decorated.doFilter(new MockHttpServletRequest("GET", "/"), new MockHttpServletResponse()));
+		verify(handler).onScopeClosed(any());
+	}
+
 	private static class BasicAuthenticationFilter implements Filter {
 
 		@Override