2010-10-12 16:41:27 -04:00
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<!--
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~ Hibernate, Relational Persistence for Idiomatic Java
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~
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2015-05-19 00:23:35 -04:00
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~ License: GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), version 2.1 or later.
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~ See the lgpl.txt file in the root directory or <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-2.1.html>.
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2010-10-12 16:41:27 -04:00
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-->
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<body>
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2023-09-15 11:59:26 -04:00
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<h2>Hibernate ORM Javadocs</h2>
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2010-10-12 16:41:27 -04:00
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2022-12-26 16:42:42 -05:00
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<p>
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Hibernate is a library for object/relation mapping (ORM). It provides:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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a <em>native API</em> centered around {@link org.hibernate.SessionFactory} and
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{@link org.hibernate.Session},
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</li>
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<li>
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an implementation of the <em>Java (or Jakarta) Persistence API</em> (JPA),
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where the equivalent central interfaces are {@link jakarta.persistence.EntityManagerFactory}
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and {@link jakarta.persistence.EntityManager},
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</li>
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<li>
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a set of <em>mapping annotations</em> which augment the O/R mapping annotations defined
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by JPA, and which may be used with either API, and
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</li>
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<li>
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<em>compile-time tooling</em> for writing more type-safe code.
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</li>
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</ul>
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2010-10-12 16:41:27 -04:00
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<h3>Native API</h3>
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<p>
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Along with {@link org.hibernate.SessionFactory} and {@link org.hibernate.Session}, applications
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using the native API will often make use of the following interfaces:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>{@link org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration} to configure and bootstrap Hibernate,</li>
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<li>{@link org.hibernate.StatelessSession} for processes involving many entity instances,</li>
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<li>{@link org.hibernate.Cache} to manage the second-level cache,</li>
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<li>{@link org.hibernate.Transaction} to control local transactions,</li>
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<li>{@link org.hibernate.query.Query} to execute HQL queries,</li>
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<li>{@link org.hibernate.query.NativeQuery} to execute native SQL queries,</li>
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<li>{@link org.hibernate.Filter} to manage filters,</li>
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<li>{@link org.hibernate.query.criteria.HibernateCriteriaBuilder} to construct criteria queries,
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and</li>
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<li>{@link org.hibernate.relational.SchemaManager} to execute DDL in tests.</li>
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</ul>
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2010-10-12 16:41:27 -04:00
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<h3>JPA</h3>
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<p>
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The JPA interfaces are defined by the JPA specification. For details see the latest
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<a href="https://jakarta.ee/specifications/persistence/">specification</a> along with the
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<a href="https://jakarta.ee/specifications/persistence/2.2/apidocs/">API documentation</a>
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for the package {@link jakarta.persistence}.
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</p>
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<p>
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Note that since Hibernate 5.2, the native API extends the JPA API rather than wrapping it.
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For example, <code>SessionFactory</code> extends <code>EntityManagerFactory</code>, and
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<code>Session</code> extends <code>EntityManager</code>.
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</p>
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<p>
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It's always possible to fall back from JPA interfaces to native APIs, by calling
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{@link jakarta.persistence.EntityManager#unwrap entityManager.unwrap(Session.class)},
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{@link jakarta.persistence.EntityManagerFactory#unwrap entityManagerFactory.unwrap(SessionFactory.class)},
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or {@link jakarta.persistence.Query#unwrap query.unwrap(Query.class)}. In certain cases
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it's also possible to access native functionality by passing a
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{@linkplain org.hibernate.jpa.SpecHints JPA-defined} or
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{@linkplain org.hibernate.jpa.HibernateHints Hibernate-defined} hint, at the cost of a
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loss of type-safety.
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</p>
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<p>
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These packages define additional extensions to the JPA APIs:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>{@link org.hibernate.query.criteria} packages extensions to {@link jakarta.persistence.criteria}, and</li>
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<li>{@link org.hibernate.metamodel.model.domain} packages extensions to {@link jakarta.persistence.metamodel}.</li>
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</ul>
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<h3>Mapping annotations</h3>
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<p>
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The mapping annotations defined by the JPA specification provide a foundation for expressing
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object/relational mappings in Hibernate and other JPA implementations.
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</p>
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<p>
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The annotations in the package {@link org.hibernate.annotations} extend this foundation and
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accommodate more specialized requirements. These annotation are not tied to the native API,
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and may be used in conjunction with the JPA API.
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</p>
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<p>
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The full power of Hibernate can only be unlocked via judicious use of these extra annotations.
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</p>
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2022-11-05 07:21:51 -04:00
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2023-01-02 16:26:31 -05:00
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<h3>XML-based mappings</h3>
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Annotation-based mappings are the best choice for most users, but Hibernate offers XML-based
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mappings as an alternative.
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<ul>
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<li>
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The JPA-standard XML schema is
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<a href="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/persistence/orm/orm_3_0.xsd">orm_3_0.xsd</a>.
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</li>
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<li>
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Hibernate extends this schema with some additional mapping elements. The extended schema is
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<a href="https://hibernate.org/xsd/orm/mapping/mapping-3.1.0.xsd">mapping-3.1.0.xsd</a>.
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</li>
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<li>
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Prior to the existence of JPA, Hibernate had its own format for XML-based mappings,
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which still works, though it has not been improved in a long time. The DTD is
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<a href="https://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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2022-12-30 13:34:19 -05:00
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<h3>Bootstrapping Hibernate</h3>
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<p>
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There are four basic ways to obtain an instance of Hibernate:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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as a JPA <em>persistence provider</em>, by using
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{@link jakarta.persistence.Persistence#createEntityManagerFactory},
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</li>
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<li>
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by using the "simplified" {@link org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration} API,
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</li>
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<li>
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for those who enjoy dirty hands, by using the APIs in {@link org.hibernate.boot}, or
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</li>
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<li>
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in a <em>container environment</em> like
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<a href="https://www.wildfly.org">WildFly</a> or <a href="https://quarkus.io">Quarkus</a>,
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by letting the container take care of the bootstrap process and of injecting the
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{@code EntityManagerFactory} or {@code SessionFactory}.
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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All major Java application servers and microservice frameworks come with built-in support for
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Hibernate. Such container environments also typically feature facilities to automatically
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manage the lifecycle of a {@code EntityManager} or {@code Session} and its association with
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container-managed transactions.
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</p>
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2023-01-05 15:30:47 -05:00
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<p>
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2023-01-05 16:52:31 -05:00
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Example configuration files for JPA and native usage may be found {@linkplain org.hibernate.cfg
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here}. A comprehensive list of configuration properties understood by Hibernate may be found in
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the class {@link org.hibernate.cfg.AvailableSettings}. Most sensible programs will only ever need
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to use a tiny handful of them.
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</p>
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<h3>Popular extension points</h3>
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<p>
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Hibernate offers an enormous wealth of extension points for customizing almost any aspect of
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its implementation. Most of these extension points are far too technical to be of interest to
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the typical application developer.
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</p>
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<p>
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However, the following extension points are of quite general interest:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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{@link org.hibernate.boot.model.naming} allows the quantity of repetitive O/R mapping
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metadata to be minimized via the use of naming strategies,
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</li>
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<li>
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{@link org.hibernate.type.descriptor.jdbc} and {@link org.hibernate.type.descriptor.java}
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contain the built-in {@code JdbcType}s and {@code JavaType}s for "compositional" basic
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attribute type mappings,
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</li>
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<li>
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{@link org.hibernate.usertype} defines support for user-defined custom attribute types,
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</li>
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<li>
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{@link org.hibernate.generator} defines support for generated attribute values,
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</li>
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<li>
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{@link org.hibernate.context.spi} defines support for context-bound "current" sessions
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and contextual multi-tenancy, and
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</li>
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<li>
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{@link org.hibernate.binder} allows for user-defined mapping annotations.
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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More advanced extension points include:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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{@link org.hibernate.dialect} provides a framework for modelling dialects of SQL,
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</li>
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<li>
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{@link org.hibernate.cache.spi} defines an SPI for integrating with second-level cache
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providers,
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</li>
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<li>
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{@link org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.connections.spi} defines an SPI for integrating with
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JDBC connection pools.
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</li>
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</ul>
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2023-01-04 11:21:32 -05:00
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<p>
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Finally, Hibernate ORM Core is itself a framework for advanced extensions like Hibernate Search,
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Hibernate Reactive, and Envers, which do much more than just implementing a single well-defined
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extension point. The starting points for such extensions are found in the packages
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{@link org.hibernate.integrator.spi} and {@link org.hibernate.event.spi}.
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</p>
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2022-12-26 16:42:42 -05:00
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<h3>Package categories</h3>
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2022-12-26 16:42:42 -05:00
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<p>
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The organization of code into packages is based on the following classification:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<strong>API packages</strong> include classes and interfaces which are used directly by
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a typical application. These packages never have <code>spi</code> nor <code>internal</code>
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in their name, and are not under the namespace <code>org.hibernate.testing</code>.
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</li>
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<li>
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<strong>SPI packages</strong> include classes and interfaces which are used by integrators,
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library developers, and framework developers to develop extensions to Hibernate, or to alter
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its behavior in some way. These packages usually have <code>spi</code> in their name.
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</li>
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<li>
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Some classes and interfaces are considered part of the internal implementation of Hibernate.
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This category includes packages with <code>internal</code> in their name, along with any class
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or interface annotated {@link org.hibernate.Internal @Internal}. Clients should avoid depending
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directly on these types.
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</li>
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<li>
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The <code>hibernate-testing</code> module, and the namespace <code>org.hibernate.testing</code>
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contain <strong>testing support</strong> used in the Hibernate test suite.
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</li>
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</ul>
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2022-11-05 07:21:51 -04:00
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2022-12-26 16:42:42 -05:00
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<h3>More information</h3>
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2022-12-26 16:42:42 -05:00
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<p>
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Complete documentation may be found online at
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<a href="http://hibernate.org/orm/documentation">http://hibernate.org/orm/documentation/</a>.
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</p>
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2010-10-12 16:41:27 -04:00
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</body>
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