diff --git a/hibernate-core/src/main/java/org/hibernate/event/internal/DefaultRefreshEventListener.java b/hibernate-core/src/main/java/org/hibernate/event/internal/DefaultRefreshEventListener.java
index f4a14baa44..ac260791fb 100644
--- a/hibernate-core/src/main/java/org/hibernate/event/internal/DefaultRefreshEventListener.java
+++ b/hibernate-core/src/main/java/org/hibernate/event/internal/DefaultRefreshEventListener.java
@@ -92,6 +92,10 @@ public class DefaultRefreshEventListener implements RefreshEventListener {
 			//refresh() does not pass an entityName
 			persister = source.getEntityPersister( event.getEntityName(), object );
 			id = persister.getIdentifier( object, event.getSession() );
+			if ( id == null ) {
+				throw new HibernateException( "attempted to refresh an instance that is not part of the persistence context yet: "
+								+ infoString( persister, id, source.getFactory() ));
+			}
 			if ( LOG.isTraceEnabled() ) {
 				LOG.tracev(
 						"Refreshing transient {0}",
diff --git a/hibernate-core/src/test/java/org/hibernate/orm/test/refresh/RefreshTest.java b/hibernate-core/src/test/java/org/hibernate/orm/test/refresh/RefreshTest.java
index cdc9265681..0dd05697db 100644
--- a/hibernate-core/src/test/java/org/hibernate/orm/test/refresh/RefreshTest.java
+++ b/hibernate-core/src/test/java/org/hibernate/orm/test/refresh/RefreshTest.java
@@ -6,9 +6,12 @@ import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.LinkedList;
 import java.util.Set;
 
+import org.hibernate.HibernateException;
+
 import org.hibernate.testing.orm.junit.DomainModel;
 import org.hibernate.testing.orm.junit.SessionFactory;
 import org.hibernate.testing.orm.junit.SessionFactoryScope;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 
 import jakarta.persistence.CascadeType;
@@ -27,6 +30,7 @@ import jakarta.persistence.Table;
 				RefreshTest.RealmEntity.class,
 				RefreshTest.RealmAttributeEntity.class,
 				RefreshTest.ComponentEntity.class,
+				RefreshTest.SimpleEntity.class
 		}
 )
 @SessionFactory
@@ -74,6 +78,34 @@ public class RefreshTest {
 		);
 	}
 
+	@Test
+	public void testRefreshWithNullId(SessionFactoryScope scope) {
+		Assertions.assertThrows(
+				HibernateException.class,
+				() -> {
+					scope.inTransaction(
+							session -> {
+								SimpleEntity se = new SimpleEntity();
+								se.setName( "a" );
+								session.refresh( se );
+							}
+					);
+				},
+				"attempted to refresh an instance that is not part of the persistence context yet: [org.hibernate.orm.test.refresh.RefreshTest$SimpleEntity#<null>]"
+		);
+	}
+
+	@Entity(name= "SimpleEntity" )
+	public static class SimpleEntity {
+		@Id
+		Long id;
+		String name;
+
+		public void setName(String name) {
+			this.name = name;
+		}
+	}
+
 	@Table(name="REALM")
 	@Entity(name = "RealmEntity")
 	public static class RealmEntity {