Build/Test Tools: Cache the results of `PHP_CodeSniffer` across workflow runs.

When the `PHP_CodeSniffer` runs, it produces a cache file. When a cache file is present, only changed files are rescanned, making subsequent scans significantly faster.

This adds the needed steps to the corresponding GitHub Actions workflows to cache these files across runs. The cache keys include the date of the previous Monday to ensure that the cache is flushed at least weekly.

Since GitHub Action caches cannot be updated once created, the scans will take slightly longer as the week progresses and more PHP files are updated. The date within the cache key can be updated to purge twice weekly if the scan time starts to approach the current scan times.

This change also introduces a `.cache` directory for all caching files related to build/test tools.

Props johnbillion, jrf.
Fixes #49783.
Built from https://develop.svn.wordpress.org/trunk@52179


git-svn-id: http://core.svn.wordpress.org/trunk@51771 1a063a9b-81f0-0310-95a4-ce76da25c4cd

wp-includes/version.php

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
  *
  * @global string $wp_version
  */
-$wp_version = '5.9-alpha-52178';
+$wp_version = '5.9-alpha-52179';
 
 /**
  * Holds the WordPress DB revision, increments when changes are made to the WordPress DB schema.