OpenSearch/docs/reference/modules/node.asciidoc

[[modules-node]]
== Node

Any time that you start an instance of Elasticsearch, you are starting a
_node_. A collection of connected nodes is  called a
<<modules-cluster,cluster>>. If you are running a single node of Elasticsearch,
then you have a cluster of one node.

Every node in the cluster can handle <<modules-http,HTTP>> and
<<modules-transport,Transport>> traffic by default. The transport layer
is used exclusively for communication between nodes and the
{javaclient}/transport-client.html[Java `TransportClient`]; the HTTP layer is
used only by external REST clients.

All nodes know about all the other nodes in the cluster and can forward client
requests to the appropriate node. Besides that, each node serves one or more
purpose:

<<master-node,Master-eligible node>>::

A node that has `node.master` set to `true` (default), which makes it eligible
to be <<modules-discovery,elected as the _master_ node>>, which controls
the cluster.

<<data-node,Data node>>::

A node that has `node.data` set to `true` (default). Data nodes hold data and
perform data related operations such as CRUD, search, and aggregations.

<<ingest,Ingest node>>::

A node that has `node.ingest` set to `true` (default). Ingest nodes are able
to apply an <<pipeline,ingest pipeline>> to a document in order to transform
and enrich the document before indexing. With a heavy ingest load, it makes
sense to use dedicated ingest nodes and to mark the master and data nodes as
`node.ingest: false`.

[NOTE]
[[coordinating-node]]
.Coordinating node
===============================================

Requests like search requests or bulk-indexing requests may involve data held
on different data nodes. A search request, for example, is executed in two
phases which are coordinated by the node which receives the client request --
the _coordinating node_.

In the _scatter_ phase, the coordinating node forwards the request to the data
nodes which hold the data.  Each data node executes the request locally and
returns its results to the coordinating node. In the _gather_  phase, the
coordinating node reduces each data node's results into a single global
resultset.

Every node is implicitly a coordinating node. This means that a node that has
all three `node.master`, `node.data` and `node.ingest` set to `false` will
only act as a coordinating node, which cannot be disabled. As a result, such
a node needs to have enough memory and CPU in order to deal with the gather
phase.

===============================================

[float]
[[master-node]]
=== Master Eligible Node

The master node is responsible for lightweight cluster-wide actions such as
creating or deleting an index, tracking which nodes are part of the cluster,
and deciding which shards to allocate to which nodes. It is important for
cluster health to have a stable master node.

Any master-eligible node (all nodes by default) may be elected to become the
master node by the <<modules-discovery,master election process>>.

IMPORTANT: Master nodes must have access to the `data/` directory (just like
`data` nodes) as this is where the cluster state is persisted between node restarts.

Indexing and searching your data is CPU-, memory-, and I/O-intensive work
which can put pressure on a node's resources. To ensure that your master
node is stable and not under pressure, it is a good idea in a bigger
cluster to split the roles between dedicated master-eligible nodes and
dedicated data nodes.

While master nodes can also behave as <<coordinating-node,coordinating nodes>>
and route search and indexing requests from clients to data nodes, it is
better _not_ to use dedicated master nodes for this purpose. It is important
for the stability of the cluster that master-eligible nodes do as little work
as possible.

To create a dedicated master-eligible node, set:

[source,yaml]
-------------------
node.master: true <1>
node.data: false <2>
node.ingest: false <3>
cluster.remote.connect: false <4>
-------------------
<1> The `node.master` role is enabled by default.
<2> Disable the `node.data` role (enabled by default).
<3> Disable the `node.ingest` role (enabled by default).
<4> Disable {ccs} (enabled by default).

ifdef::include-xpack[]
NOTE: These settings apply only when {xpack} is not installed. To create a
dedicated master-eligible node when {xpack} is installed, see <<modules-node-xpack,{xpack} node settings>>.
endif::include-xpack[]

[float]
[[data-node]]
=== Data Node

Data nodes hold the shards that contain the documents you have indexed. Data
nodes handle data related operations like CRUD, search, and aggregations.
These operations are I/O-, memory-, and CPU-intensive. It is important to
monitor these resources and to add more data nodes if they are overloaded.

The main benefit of having dedicated data nodes is the separation of the
master and data roles.

To create a dedicated data node, set:

[source,yaml]
-------------------
node.master: false <1>
node.data: true <2>
node.ingest: false <3>
cluster.remote.connect: false <4>
-------------------
<1> Disable the `node.master` role (enabled by default).
<2> The `node.data` role is enabled by default.
<3> Disable the `node.ingest` role (enabled by default).
<4> Disable {ccs} (enabled by default).

ifdef::include-xpack[]
NOTE: These settings apply only when {xpack} is not installed. To create a
dedicated data node when {xpack} is installed, see <<modules-node-xpack,{xpack} node settings>>.
endif::include-xpack[]

[float]
[[node-ingest-node]]
=== Ingest Node

Ingest nodes can execute pre-processing pipelines, composed of one or more
ingest processors. Depending on the type of operations performed by the ingest
processors and the required resources, it may make sense to have dedicated
ingest nodes, that will only perform this specific task.

To create a dedicated ingest node, set:

[source,yaml]
-------------------
node.master: false <1>
node.data: false <2>
node.ingest: true <3>
cluster.remote.connect: false <4>
-------------------
<1> Disable the `node.master` role (enabled by default).
<2> Disable the `node.data` role (enabled by default).
<3> The `node.ingest` role is enabled by default.
<4> Disable {ccs} (enabled by default).

ifdef::include-xpack[]
NOTE: These settings apply only when {xpack} is not installed. To create a
dedicated ingest node when {xpack} is installed, see <<modules-node-xpack,{xpack} node settings>>.
endif::include-xpack[]

[float]
[[coordinating-only-node]]
=== Coordinating only node

If you take away the ability to be able to handle master duties, to hold data,
and pre-process documents, then you are left with a _coordinating_ node that
can only route requests, handle the search reduce phase, and distribute bulk
indexing. Essentially, coordinating only nodes behave as smart load balancers.

Coordinating only nodes can benefit large clusters by offloading the
coordinating node role from data and master-eligible nodes.  They join the
cluster and receive the full <<cluster-state,cluster state>>, like every other
node, and they use the cluster state to route requests directly to the
appropriate place(s).

WARNING: Adding too many coordinating only nodes to a cluster can increase the
burden on the entire cluster because the elected master node must await
acknowledgement of cluster state updates from every node! The benefit of
coordinating only nodes should not be overstated -- data nodes can happily
serve the same purpose.

To create a dedicated coordinating node, set:

[source,yaml]
-------------------
node.master: false <1>
node.data: false <2>
node.ingest: false <3>
cluster.remote.connect: false <4>
-------------------
<1> Disable the `node.master` role (enabled by default).
<2> Disable the `node.data` role (enabled by default).
<3> Disable the `node.ingest` role (enabled by default).
<4> Disable {ccs} (enabled by default).

ifdef::include-xpack[]
NOTE: These settings apply only when {xpack} is not installed. To create a
dedicated coordinating node when {xpack} is installed, see <<modules-node-xpack,{xpack} node settings>>.
endif::include-xpack[]

[float]
[[change-node-role]]
=== Changing the role of a node

Each data node maintains the following data on disk:

* the shard data for every shard allocated to that node,
* the index metadata corresponding with every shard allocated to that node, and
* the cluster-wide metadata, such as settings and index templates.

Similarly, each master-eligible node maintains the following data on disk:

* the index metadata for every index in the cluster, and
* the cluster-wide metadata, such as settings and index templates.

Each node checks the contents of its data path at startup. If it discovers
unexpected data then it will refuse to start. This is to avoid importing
unwanted <<modules-gateway-dangling-indices,dangling indices>> which can lead
to a red cluster health. To be more precise, nodes with `node.data: false` will
refuse to start if they find any shard data on disk at startup, and nodes with
both `node.master: false` and `node.data: false` will refuse to start if they
have any index metadata on disk at startup.

It is possible to change the roles of a node by adjusting its
`elasticsearch.yml` file and restarting it. This is known as _repurposing_ a
node. In order to satisfy the checks for unexpected data described above, you
must perform some extra steps to prepare a node for repurposing when setting
its `node.data` or `node.master` roles to `false`:

* If you want to repurpose a data node by changing `node.data` to `false` then
  you should first use an <<allocation-filtering,allocation filter>> to safely
  migrate all the shard data onto other nodes in the cluster.

* If you want to repurpose a node to have both `node.master: false` and
  `node.data: false` then it is simplest to start a brand-new node with an
  empty data path and the desired roles. You may find it safest to use an
  <<allocation-filtering,allocation filter>> to migrate the shard data
  elsewhere in the cluster first.

If it is not possible to follow these extra steps then you may be able to use
the <<node-tool-repurpose,`elasticsearch-node repurpose`>> tool to delete any
excess data that prevents a node from starting.

[float]
== Node data path settings

[float]
[[data-path]]
=== `path.data`

Every data and master-eligible node requires access to a data directory where
shards and index and cluster metadata will be stored. The `path.data` defaults
to `$ES_HOME/data` but can be configured in the `elasticsearch.yml` config
file an absolute path or a path relative to `$ES_HOME` as follows:

[source,yaml]
-----------------------
path.data:  /var/elasticsearch/data
-----------------------

Like all node settings, it can also be specified on the command line as:

[source,sh]
-----------------------
./bin/elasticsearch -Epath.data=/var/elasticsearch/data
-----------------------

TIP: When using the `.zip` or `.tar.gz` distributions, the `path.data` setting
should be configured to locate the data directory outside the Elasticsearch
home directory, so that the home directory can be deleted without deleting
your data! The RPM and Debian distributions do this for you already.


[float]
[[max-local-storage-nodes]]
=== `node.max_local_storage_nodes`

The <<data-path,data path>> can be shared by multiple nodes, even by nodes from different
clusters. It is recommended however to only run one node of Elasticsearch using the same data path.
This setting is deprecated in 7.x and will be removed in version 8.0.

By default, Elasticsearch is configured to prevent more than one node from sharing the same data
path. To allow for more than one node (e.g., on your development machine), use the setting
`node.max_local_storage_nodes` and set this to a positive integer larger than one.

WARNING: Never run different node types (i.e. master, data) from the same data directory. This can
lead to unexpected data loss.

[float]
== Other node settings

More node settings can be found in <<modules,Modules>>.  Of particular note are
the <<cluster.name,`cluster.name`>>, the <<node.name,`node.name`>> and the
<<modules-network,network settings>>.

ifdef::include-xpack[]
include::ml-node.asciidoc[]
endif::include-xpack[]