OpenSearch/docs/reference/sql/functions/date-time.asciidoc

[role="xpack"]
[testenv="basic"]
[[sql-functions-datetime]]
=== Date/Time and Interval Functions and Operators

beta[]

{es-sql} offers a wide range of facilities for performing date/time manipulations.

[[sql-functions-datetime-interval]]
==== Intervals

A common requirement when dealing with date/time in general revolves around 
the notion of `interval`, a topic that is worth exploring in the context of {es} and {es-sql}.

{es} has comprehensive support for <<date-math, date math>> both inside <<date-math-index-names, index names>> and <<mapping-date-format, queries>>.
Inside {es-sql} the former is supported as is by passing the expression in the table name, while the latter is supported through the standard SQL `INTERVAL`.

The table below shows the mapping between {es} and {es-sql}:

[cols="^m,^m"]
|==========================
s|{es}
s|{es-sql}
2+h| Index/Table date math
2+|<index-{now/M{YYYY.MM}}>
2+h| Query date math
| 1y  | INTERVAL 1 YEAR
| 2M  | INTERVAL 2 MONTH
| 3w  | INTERVAL 21 DAY
| 4d  | INTERVAL 4 DAY
| 5h  | INTERVAL 5 HOUR
| 6m  | INTERVAL 6 MINUTE
| 7s  | INTERVAL 7 SECOND
|==========================

`INTERVAL` allows either `YEAR` and `MONTH` to be mixed together _or_ `DAY`, `HOUR`, `MINUTE` and `SECOND`.

TIP: {es-sql} accepts also the plural for each time unit (e.g. both `YEAR` and `YEARS` are valid).

Example of the possible combinations below:

[cols="^,^"]

|===
s|Interval
s|Description
| `INTERVAL '1-2' YEAR TO MONTH`                | 1 year and 2 months
| `INTERVAL '3 4' DAYS TO HOURS`                | 3 days and 4 hours
| `INTERVAL '5 6:12' DAYS TO MINUTES`           | 5 days, 6 hours and 12 minutes
| `INTERVAL '3 4:56:01' DAY TO SECOND`          | 3 days, 4 hours, 56 minutes and 1 second
| `INTERVAL '2 3:45:01.23456789' DAY TO SECOND` | 2 days, 3 hours, 45 minutes, 1 second and 234567890 nanoseconds
| `INTERVAL '123:45' HOUR TO MINUTES`           | 123 hours and 45 minutes
| `INTERVAL '65:43:21.0123' HOUR TO SECONDS`    | 65 hours, 43 minutes, 21 seconds and 12300000 nanoseconds
| `INTERVAL '45:01.23' MINUTES TO SECONDS`      | 45 minutes, 1 second and 230000000 nanoseconds
|===

==== Operators

Basic arithmetic operators (`+`, `-`, etc) support date-time parameters as indicated below:

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[dtIntervalPlusInterval]
--------------------------------------------------

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[dtDatePlusInterval]
--------------------------------------------------

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[dtMinusInterval]
--------------------------------------------------

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[dtIntervalMinusInterval]
--------------------------------------------------

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[dtDateMinusInterval]
--------------------------------------------------

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[dtIntervalMul]
--------------------------------------------------

==== Functions

beta[]

[[sql-functions-current-timestamp]]
==== `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(precision <1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> fractional digits; optional

*Output*: date/time

.Description:

Returns the date/time when the current query reached the server.
As a function, `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()` accepts _precision_ as an optional
parameter for rounding the second fractional digits (nanoseconds).

This method always returns the same value within a query.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[curTs]
--------------------------------------------------

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[curTsFunction]
--------------------------------------------------

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[curTsFunctionPrecision]
--------------------------------------------------

Typically, this function (as well as its twin <<sql-functions-now,NOW())>> function is used for
relative date/time filtering:

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[filterNow]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-day]]
==== `DAY_OF_MONTH/DOM/DAY`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
DAY_OF_MONTH(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract the day of the month from a date.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[dayOfMonth]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-dow]]
==== `DAY_OF_WEEK/DAYOFWEEK/DOW`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
DAY_OF_WEEK(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract the day of the week from a date. Sunday is `1`, Monday is `2`, etc.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[dayOfWeek]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-doy]]
==== `DAY_OF_YEAR/DOY`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
DAY_OF_YEAR(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract the day of the year from a date.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[dayOfYear]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-dayname]]
==== `DAY_NAME/DAYNAME`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
DAY_NAME(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: string

.Description:

Extract the day of the week from a datetime in text format (`Monday`, `Tuesday`...).

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[dayName]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-hour]]
==== `HOUR_OF_DAY/HOUR`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
HOUR_OF_DAY(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract the hour of the day from a date.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[hourOfDay]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-isodow]]
==== `ISO_DAY_OF_WEEK/ISODAYOFWEEK/ISODOW/IDOW`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
ISO_DAY_OF_WEEK(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract the day of the week from a date, following the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_week_date[ISO 8601 standard].
Monday is `1`, Tuesday is `2`, etc.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[isoDayOfWeek]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-isoweek]]
==== `ISO_WEEK_OF_YEAR/ISOWEEKOFYEAR/ISOWEEK/IWOY/IW`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
ISO_WEEK_OF_YEAR(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract the week of the year from a date, following https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_week_date[ISO 8601 standard]. The first week
of a year is the first week with a majority (4 or more) of its days in January.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[isoWeekOfYear]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-minuteofday]]
==== `MINUTE_OF_DAY`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
MINUTE_OF_DAY(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract the minute of the day from a date.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[minuteOfDay]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-minute]]
==== `MINUTE_OF_HOUR/MINUTE`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
MINUTE_OF_HOUR(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract the minute of the hour from a date.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[minuteOfHour]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-month]]
==== `MONTH_OF_YEAR/MONTH`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
MONTH(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract the month of the year from a date.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[monthOfYear]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-monthname]]
==== `MONTH_NAME/MONTHNAME`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
MONTH_NAME(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: string

.Description:

Extract the month from a datetime in text format (`January`, `February`...).

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[monthName]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-now]]
==== `NOW`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
NOW()
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*: _none_

*Output*: date/time

.Description:

This function offers the same functionality as <<sql-functions-current-timestamp,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()>> function: returns the date/time 
when the current query reached the server. This method always returns the same value within a query.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[nowFunction]
--------------------------------------------------

Typically, this function (as well as its twin <<sql-functions-current-timestamp,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP())>> function is used for
relative date/time filtering:

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[filterNow]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-second]]
==== `SECOND_OF_MINUTE/SECOND`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
SECOND_OF_MINUTE(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract the second of the minute from a date.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[secondOfMinute]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-quarter]]
==== `QUARTER`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
QUARTER(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract the year quarter the date falls in.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[quarter]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-week]]
==== `WEEK_OF_YEAR/WEEK`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
WEEK_OF_YEAR(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract the week of the year from a date.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[weekOfYear]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-year]]
==== `YEAR`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
YEAR(date_exp<1>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract the year from a date.

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[year]
--------------------------------------------------

[[sql-functions-datetime-extract]]
==== `EXTRACT`

.Synopsis:
[source, sql]
--------------------------------------------------
EXTRACT(datetime_function<1> FROM date_exp<2>)
--------------------------------------------------

*Input*:

<1> datetime function name
<2> date expression

*Output*: integer

.Description:

Extract fields from a datetime by specifying the name of a <<sql-functions-datetime,datetime function>>.
The following

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[extractDayOfYear]
--------------------------------------------------

is the equivalent to

["source","sql",subs="attributes,callouts,macros"]
--------------------------------------------------
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs.csv-spec[dayOfYear]
--------------------------------------------------