OpenSearch/x-pack/docs/en/security/overview.asciidoc

[role="xpack"]
[[elasticsearch-security]]
== Security overview
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<titleabbrev>Overview</titleabbrev>
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An {es} cluster is typically made out of many moving parts. There are the {es}
nodes that form the cluster and often {ls} instances, {kib} instances, Beats
agents, and clients all communicating with the cluster. It should not come as a
surprise that securing such clusters has many facets and layers.

Security protects {es} clusters by:

* <<preventing-unauthorized-access, Preventing unauthorized access>>
  with password protection, role-based access control, and IP filtering.
* <<preserving-data-integrity, Preserving the integrity of your data>>
  with SSL/TLS encryption.
* <<maintaining-audit-trail, Maintaining an audit trail>>
  so you know who's doing what to your cluster and the data it stores.  

[float]
[[preventing-unauthorized-access]]
=== Preventing unauthorized access

To prevent unauthorized access to your {es} cluster, you must have a
way to _authenticate_ users. This simply means that you need a way to validate
that a user is who they claim to be. For example, you have to make sure only
the person named _Kelsey Andorra_ can sign in as the user `kandorra`. The
{es-security-features} provide a standalone authentication mechanism that enables
you to quickly password-protect your cluster. If you're already using LDAP, 
Active Directory, or PKI to manage users in your organization, the
{security-features} are able to integrate with those systems to perform user
authentication. 

In many cases, simply authenticating users isn't enough. You also need a way to
control what data users have access to and what tasks they can perform. The
{es-security-features} enable you to _authorize_ users by assigning access
_privileges_ to _roles_ and assigning those roles to users. For example, this
role-based access control mechanism (a.k.a RBAC) enables you to specify that the
user `kandorra` can only perform read operations on the `events` index and can't
do anything at all with other indices.

See <<setting-up-authentication>> and <<authorization>>.

The {security-features} also enable you to restrict the nodes and clients that
can connect to the cluster based on <<ip-filtering,IP filters>>. You can
whitelist and blacklist specific IP addresses, subnets, or DNS domains to
control network-level access to a cluster.

[float]
[[preserving-data-integrity]]
=== Preserving data integrity

A critical part of security is keeping confidential data confidential.
{es} has built-in protections against accidental data loss and
corruption. However, there's nothing to stop deliberate tampering or data
interception. The {stack-security-features} preserve the integrity of your
data by encrypting communications to, from, and within the cluster. See
<<encrypting-communications>>. For even	greater protection, you can increase the
<<ciphers,encryption strength>>.

[float]
[[maintaining-audit-trail]]
=== Maintaining an audit trail

Keeping a system secure takes vigilance. By using {stack-security-features} to
maintain an audit trail, you can easily see who is accessing your cluster and
what they're doing. You can configure the audit level, which accounts for the
type of events that are logged. These events include failed authentication
attempts, user access denied, node connection denied, and more. By analyzing
access patterns and failed attempts to access your cluster, you can gain
insights into attempted attacks and data breaches. Keeping an auditable log of
the activity in your cluster can also help diagnose operational issues. For more
information, see <<auditing>>.