diff --git a/dev-tools/create-bwc-index.py b/dev-tools/create-bwc-index.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5954722dd12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev-tools/create-bwc-index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+# Licensed to Elasticsearch under one or more contributor
+# license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+# this work for additional information regarding copyright
+# ownership. Elasticsearch licenses this file to you under
+# the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
+# not use this file except in compliance  with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on
+# an 'AS IS' BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND,
+# either express or implied. See the License for the specific
+# language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+import random
+import os
+import tempfile
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import time
+import argparse
+import logging
+import sys
+import re
+
+if sys.version_info[0] > 2:
+  print('%s must use python 2.x (for the ES python client)' % sys.argv[0])
+
+from datetime import datetime
+try:
+  from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
+  from elasticsearch.exceptions import ConnectionError
+  from elasticsearch.exceptions import TransportError
+except ImportError as e:
+  print('Can\'t import elasticsearch please install `sudo pip install elasticsearch`')
+  sys.exit(1)
+
+BLACK_LIST = {'1.2.0' : { 'reason': 'Contains a major bug where routing hashes are not consistent with previous version',
+                          'issue': 'https://github.com/elasticsearch/elasticsearch/pull/6393'},
+              '1.3.0' : { 'reason': 'Lucene Related bug prevents upgrades from 0.90.7 and some earlier versions ',
+                          'issue' : 'https://github.com/elasticsearch/elasticsearch/pull/7055'}}
+# sometimes returns True
+def rarely():
+  return random.randint(0, 10) == 0
+
+# usually returns True
+def frequently():
+  return not rarely()
+
+# asserts the correctness of the given hits given they are sorted asc
+def assert_sort(hits):
+  values = [hit['sort'] for hit in hits['hits']['hits']]
+  assert len(values) > 0, 'expected non emtpy result'
+  val = min(values)
+  for x in values:
+    assert x >= val, '%s >= %s' % (x, val)
+    val = x
+
+# Indexes the given number of document into the given index
+# and randomly runs refresh, optimize and flush commands
+def index_documents(es, index_name, type, num_docs):
+  logging.info('Indexing %s docs' % num_docs)
+  for id in range(0, num_docs):
+    es.index(index=index_name, doc_type=type, id=id, body={'string': str(random.randint(0, 100)),
+                                                           'long_sort': random.randint(0, 100),
+                                                           'double_sort' : float(random.randint(0, 100))})
+    if rarely():
+      es.indices.refresh(index=index_name)
+    if rarely():
+      es.indices.flush(index=index_name, force=frequently())
+  if rarely():
+      es.indices.optimize(index=index_name)
+  logging.info('Flushing index')
+  es.indices.flush(index=index_name)
+
+def run_basic_asserts(es, index_name, type, num_docs):
+  count = es.count(index=index_name)['count']
+  assert count == num_docs, 'Expected %r but got %r documents' % (num_docs, count)
+  for _ in range(0, num_docs):
+    random_doc_id = random.randint(0, num_docs-1)
+    doc = es.get(index=index_name, doc_type=type, id=random_doc_id)
+    assert doc, 'Expected document for id %s but got %s' % (random_doc_id, doc)
+
+  assert_sort(es.search(index=index_name,
+                  body={
+                    'sort': [
+                      {'double_sort': {'order': 'asc'}}
+                    ]
+                  }))
+
+  assert_sort(es.search(index=index_name,
+                  body={
+                    'sort': [
+                      {'long_sort': {'order': 'asc'}}
+                    ]
+                  }))
+
+
+def build_version(version_tuple):
+  return '.'.join([str(x) for x in version_tuple])
+
+def build_tuple(version_string):
+  return [int(x) for x in version_string.split('.')]
+
+def start_node(version, release_dir, data_dir, tcp_port, http_port):
+  logging.info('Starting node from %s on port %s/%s' % (release_dir, tcp_port, http_port))
+  cmd = [
+    os.path.join(release_dir, 'bin/elasticsearch'),
+    '-Des.path.data=%s' % data_dir,
+    '-Des.path.logs=logs',
+    '-Des.cluster.name=bwc_index_' + version,  
+    '-Des.network.host=localhost', 
+    '-Des.discovery.zen.ping.multicast.enabled=false',
+    '-Des.script.disable_dynamic=true',
+    '-Des.transport.tcp.port=%s' % tcp_port,
+    '-Des.http.port=%s' % http_port
+  ]
+  if version.startswith('0.') or version == '1.0.0.Beta1':
+    cmd.append('-f') # version before 1.0 start in background automatically
+  return subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+
+def create_client(http_port, timeout=30):
+  logging.info('Waiting for node to startup')
+  for _ in range(0, timeout):
+    # TODO: ask Honza if there is a better way to do this?
+    try:
+      client = Elasticsearch([{'host': '127.0.0.1', 'port': http_port}])
+      client.cluster.health(wait_for_nodes=1)
+      client.count() # can we actually search or do we get a 503? -- anyway retry
+      return client
+    except (ConnectionError, TransportError):
+      pass
+    time.sleep(1)
+  assert False, 'Timed out waiting for node for %s seconds' % timeout
+
+def generate_index(client):
+  client.indices.delete(index='test', ignore=404)
+  num_shards = random.randint(1, 10)
+  num_replicas = random.randint(0, 1)
+  logging.info('Create single shard test index')
+  client.indices.create(index='test', body={
+      'settings': {
+          'number_of_shards': 1,
+          'number_of_replicas': 0
+      }
+  })
+  health = client.cluster.health(wait_for_status='green', wait_for_relocating_shards=0)
+  assert health['timed_out'] == False, 'cluster health timed out %s' % health
+
+  num_docs = random.randint(10, 100)
+  index_documents(client, 'test', 'doc', num_docs)
+  logging.info('Running basic asserts on the data added')
+  run_basic_asserts(client, 'test', 'doc', num_docs)
+
+def compress_index(version, tmp_dir, output_dir):
+  abs_output_dir = os.path.abspath(output_dir)
+  zipfile = os.path.join(abs_output_dir, 'index-%s.zip' % version)
+  if os.path.exists(zipfile):
+    os.remove(zipfile)
+  logging.info('Compressing index into %s', zipfile)
+  olddir = os.getcwd()
+  os.chdir(tmp_dir)
+  subprocess.check_call('zip -r %s *' % zipfile, shell=True)
+  os.chdir(olddir)
+
+def parse_config():
+  parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Builds an elasticsearch index for backwards compatibility tests')
+  parser.add_argument('version', metavar='X.Y.Z',
+                      help='The elasticsearch version to build an index for')
+  parser.add_argument('--releases-dir', '-d', default='backwards', metavar='DIR',
+                      help='The directory containing elasticsearch releases')
+  parser.add_argument('--output-dir', '-o', default='src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat',
+                      help='The directory to write the zipped index into')
+  parser.add_argument('--tcp-port', default=9300, type=int,
+                      help='The port to use as the minimum port for TCP communication')
+  parser.add_argument('--http-port', default=9200, type=int,
+                      help='The port to use as the minimum port for HTTP communication')
+  cfg = parser.parse_args()
+
+  if cfg.version in BLACK_LIST:
+    entry = BLACK_LIST[cfg.version]
+    msg = 'Cannot use version %s\n  reason: %s\n  issue: %s' % \
+          (cfg.version, entry['reason'], entry['issue'])
+    parser.error(msg)
+
+  cfg.release_dir = os.path.join(cfg.releases_dir, 'elasticsearch-%s' % cfg.version)
+  if not os.path.exists(cfg.release_dir):
+    parser.error('ES version %s does not exist in %s' % (cfg.version, cfg.releases_dir)) 
+
+  if not os.path.exists(cfg.output_dir):
+    parser.error('Output directory does not exist: %s' % cfg.output_dir)
+
+  cfg.tmp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+  cfg.data_dir = os.path.join(cfg.tmp_dir, 'data')
+  logging.info('Temp data dir: %s' % cfg.data_dir)
+
+  return cfg
+
+def main():
+  logging.basicConfig(format='[%(levelname)s] [%(asctime)s] %(message)s', level=logging.INFO,
+                      datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %I:%M:%S %p')
+  logging.getLogger('elasticsearch').setLevel(logging.ERROR)
+  logging.getLogger('urllib3').setLevel(logging.WARN)
+
+  cfg = parse_config()
+  try:
+    node = start_node(cfg.version, cfg.release_dir, cfg.data_dir, cfg.tcp_port, cfg.http_port)
+    client = create_client(cfg.http_port)
+    generate_index(client)
+  finally:
+    if 'node' in vars():
+      logging.info('Shutting down node with pid %d', node.pid)
+      node.terminate()
+  compress_index(cfg.version, cfg.tmp_dir, cfg.output_dir)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  try:
+    main()
+  except KeyboardInterrupt:
+    print('Caught keyboard interrupt, exiting...')
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/OldIndexBackwardsCompatibilityTests.java b/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/OldIndexBackwardsCompatibilityTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..36a5ebd2fc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/OldIndexBackwardsCompatibilityTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to Elasticsearch under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright
+ * ownership. Elasticsearch licenses this file to you under
+ * the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
+ * not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.elasticsearch.bwcompat;
+
+import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexFormatTooOldException;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.get.GetResponse;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.search.SearchRequestBuilder;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.search.SearchResponse;
+import org.elasticsearch.common.settings.ImmutableSettings;
+import org.elasticsearch.index.query.QueryBuilders;
+import org.elasticsearch.search.SearchHit;
+import org.elasticsearch.search.sort.SortOrder;
+import org.elasticsearch.test.hamcrest.ElasticsearchAssertions;
+import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class OldIndexBackwardsCompatibilityTests extends StaticIndexBackwardCompatibilityTest {
+    
+    List<String> indexes = Arrays.asList(
+        "index-0.90.0.zip",
+        "index-0.90.1.zip",
+        "index-0.90.2.zip",
+        "index-0.90.3.zip",
+        "index-0.90.4.zip",
+        "index-0.90.5.zip",
+        "index-0.90.6.zip",
+        "index-0.90.7.zip",
+        "index-0.90.8.zip",
+        "index-0.90.9.zip",
+        "index-0.90.10.zip",
+        /* skipping 0.90.12...ensureGreen always times out while loading the index...*/
+        "index-0.90.13.zip",
+        "index-1.0.0.Beta1.zip",
+        "index-1.0.0.zip",
+        "index-1.0.1.zip",
+        "index-1.0.2.zip",
+        "index-1.0.3.zip",
+        "index-1.1.0.zip",
+        "index-1.1.1.zip",
+        "index-1.1.2.zip",
+        "index-1.2.1.zip",
+        "index-1.2.2.zip",
+        "index-1.2.3.zip",
+        "index-1.2.4.zip",
+        "index-1.3.1.zip",
+        "index-1.3.2.zip",
+        "index-1.3.3.zip",
+        "index-1.3.4.zip",
+        "index-1.4.0.Beta1.zip",
+        "index-1.4.0.zip"
+    );
+
+    public void testOldIndexes() throws Exception {
+        Collections.shuffle(indexes, getRandom());
+        for (String index : indexes) {
+            logger.info("Testing old index " + index);
+            assertOldIndexWorks(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void assertOldIndexWorks(String index) throws Exception {
+        loadIndex(index);
+        assertBasicSearchWorks();
+        assertRealtimeGetWorks();
+        assertNewReplicasWork();
+        unloadIndex();
+    }
+
+    void assertBasicSearchWorks() {
+        SearchRequestBuilder searchReq = client().prepareSearch("test").setQuery(QueryBuilders.matchAllQuery());
+        SearchResponse searchRsp = searchReq.get();
+        ElasticsearchAssertions.assertNoFailures(searchRsp);
+        long numDocs = searchRsp.getHits().getTotalHits();
+        logger.debug("Found " + numDocs + " in old index");
+        
+        searchReq.addSort("long_sort", SortOrder.ASC);
+        ElasticsearchAssertions.assertNoFailures(searchReq.get());
+    }
+
+    void assertRealtimeGetWorks() {
+        client().admin().indices().prepareUpdateSettings("test").setSettings(ImmutableSettings.builder()
+            .put("refresh_interval", -1)
+            .build());
+        SearchRequestBuilder searchReq = client().prepareSearch("test").setQuery(QueryBuilders.matchAllQuery());
+        SearchHit hit = searchReq.get().getHits().getAt(0);
+        String docId = hit.getId();
+        // foo is new, it is not a field in the generated index
+        client().prepareUpdate("test", "doc", docId).setDoc("foo", "bar").get();
+        GetResponse getRsp = client().prepareGet("test", "doc", docId).get();
+        Map<String, Object> source = getRsp.getSourceAsMap();
+        assertThat(source, Matchers.hasKey("foo"));
+
+        client().admin().indices().prepareUpdateSettings("test").setSettings(ImmutableSettings.builder()
+            .put("refresh_interval", "1s")
+            .build());
+    }
+
+    void assertNewReplicasWork() {
+        final int numReplicas = randomIntBetween(1, 2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < numReplicas; ++i) {
+            logger.debug("Creating another node for replica " + i);
+            internalCluster().startNode(ImmutableSettings.builder()
+                .put("data.node", true)
+                .put("master.node", false).build());
+        }
+        ensureGreen("test");
+        client().admin().indices().prepareUpdateSettings("test").setSettings(ImmutableSettings.builder()
+            .put("number_of_replicas", numReplicas)
+            .build());
+        ensureGreen("test"); // TODO: what is the proper way to wait for new replicas to recover?
+
+        client().admin().indices().prepareUpdateSettings("test").setSettings(ImmutableSettings.builder()
+            .put("number_of_replicas", 0)
+            .build());
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/StaticIndexBackwardCompatibilityTest.java b/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/StaticIndexBackwardCompatibilityTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0c74f5b6fdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/StaticIndexBackwardCompatibilityTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to Elasticsearch under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright
+ * ownership. Elasticsearch licenses this file to you under
+ * the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
+ * not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.elasticsearch.bwcompat;
+
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.LuceneTestCase;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.admin.cluster.node.info.NodeInfo;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.admin.cluster.node.info.NodesInfoResponse;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.admin.indices.get.GetIndexResponse;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.search.SearchResponse;
+import org.elasticsearch.client.Client;
+import org.elasticsearch.common.settings.Settings;
+import org.elasticsearch.common.transport.InetSocketTransportAddress;
+import org.elasticsearch.common.transport.TransportAddress;
+import org.elasticsearch.test.ElasticsearchIntegrationTest;
+import org.elasticsearch.test.hamcrest.ElasticsearchAssertions;
+import org.elasticsearch.test.rest.client.http.HttpRequestBuilder;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.greaterThanOrEqualTo;
+
+/**
+ * These tests are against static indexes, built from versions of ES that cannot be upgraded without
+ * a full cluster restart (ie no wire format compatibility).
+ */
+@LuceneTestCase.SuppressCodecs({"Lucene3x", "MockFixedIntBlock", "MockVariableIntBlock", "MockSep", "MockRandom", "Lucene40", "Lucene41", "Appending", "Lucene42", "Lucene45", "Lucene46", "Lucene49"})
+@ElasticsearchIntegrationTest.ClusterScope(scope = ElasticsearchIntegrationTest.Scope.TEST, numDataNodes = 0, minNumDataNodes = 0, maxNumDataNodes = 0)
+public class StaticIndexBackwardCompatibilityTest extends ElasticsearchIntegrationTest {
+
+    public void loadIndex(String index) throws Exception {
+        logger.info("Checking static index " + index);
+        Settings settings = prepareBackwardsDataDir(new File(getClass().getResource(index).toURI()));
+        internalCluster().startNode(settings);
+        ensureGreen("test");
+        assertIndexSanity();
+    }
+    
+    public void unloadIndex() throws Exception {
+        ElasticsearchAssertions.assertAcked(client().admin().indices().prepareDelete("test").get());
+        while (internalCluster().stopRandomDataNode()) {} // stop all data nodes
+    }
+
+    void assertIndexSanity() {
+        GetIndexResponse getIndexResponse = client().admin().indices().prepareGetIndex().get();
+        assertEquals(1, getIndexResponse.indices().length);
+        assertEquals("test", getIndexResponse.indices()[0]);
+        ensureYellow("test");
+        SearchResponse test = client().prepareSearch("test").get();
+        assertThat(test.getHits().getTotalHits(), greaterThanOrEqualTo(1l));
+    }
+
+    protected static HttpRequestBuilder httpClient() {
+        NodeInfo info = nodeInfo(client());
+        info.getHttp().address().boundAddress();
+        TransportAddress publishAddress = info.getHttp().address().publishAddress();
+        assertEquals(1, publishAddress.uniqueAddressTypeId());
+        InetSocketAddress address = ((InetSocketTransportAddress) publishAddress).address();
+        return new HttpRequestBuilder(HttpClients.createDefault()).host(address.getHostName()).port(address.getPort());
+    }
+
+    static NodeInfo nodeInfo(final Client client) {
+        final NodesInfoResponse nodeInfos = client.admin().cluster().prepareNodesInfo().get();
+        final NodeInfo[] nodes = nodeInfos.getNodes();
+        assertEquals(1, nodes.length);
+        return nodes[0];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/test/InternalTestCluster.java b/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/test/InternalTestCluster.java
index 93ac23851b5..9f07c3b42ff 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/test/InternalTestCluster.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/test/InternalTestCluster.java
@@ -1076,9 +1076,9 @@ public final class InternalTestCluster extends TestCluster {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Stops a random data node in the cluster.
+     * Stops a random data node in the cluster. Returns true if a node was found to stop, false otherwise.
      */
-    public synchronized void stopRandomDataNode() throws IOException {
+    public synchronized boolean stopRandomDataNode() throws IOException {
         ensureOpen();
         NodeAndClient nodeAndClient = getRandomNodeAndClient(new DataNodePredicate());
         if (nodeAndClient != null) {
@@ -1086,7 +1086,9 @@ public final class InternalTestCluster extends TestCluster {
             removeDisruptionSchemeFromNode(nodeAndClient);
             nodes.remove(nodeAndClient.name);
             nodeAndClient.close();
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.0.zip b/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.0.zip
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.1.zip b/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.1.zip
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diff --git a/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.10.zip b/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.10.zip
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diff --git a/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.11.zip b/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.11.zip
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diff --git a/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.13.zip b/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.13.zip
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diff --git a/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.2.zip b/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.2.zip
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diff --git a/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.3.zip b/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.3.zip
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diff --git a/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.5.zip b/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.5.zip
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diff --git a/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.6.zip b/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.6.zip
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diff --git a/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.7.zip b/src/test/resources/org/elasticsearch/bwcompat/index-0.90.7.zip
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