[[mapping-routing-field]]
=== `_routing` field

A document is routed to a particular shard in an index using the following
formula:

    shard_num = hash(_routing) % num_primary_shards

The default value used for `_routing` is the document's <<mapping-id-field,`_id`>>.

Custom routing patterns can be implemented by specifying a custom `routing`
value per document.  For instance:

[source,console]
------------------------------
PUT my-index-000001/_doc/1?routing=user1&refresh=true <1>
{
  "title": "This is a document"
}

GET my-index-000001/_doc/1?routing=user1 <2>
------------------------------
// TESTSETUP

<1> This document uses `user1` as its routing value, instead of its ID.
<2> The same `routing` value needs to be provided when
    <<docs-get,getting>>, <<docs-delete,deleting>>, or <<docs-update,updating>>
    the document.

The value of the `_routing` field is accessible in queries:

[source,console]
--------------------------
GET my-index-000001/_search
{
  "query": {
    "terms": {
      "_routing": [ "user1" ] <1>
    }
  }
}
--------------------------

<1> Querying on the `_routing` field (also see the <<query-dsl-ids-query,`ids` query>>)

NOTE: Data streams do not support custom routing. Instead, target the
appropriate backing index for the stream.

==== Searching with custom routing

Custom routing can reduce the impact of searches.  Instead of having to fan
out a search request to all the shards in an index, the request can be sent to
just the shard that matches the specific routing value (or values):

[source,console]
------------------------------
GET my-index-000001/_search?routing=user1,user2 <1>
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "title": "document"
    }
  }
}
------------------------------

<1> This search request will only be executed on the shards associated with the `user1` and `user2` routing values.


==== Making a routing value required

When using custom routing, it is important to provide the routing value
whenever <<docs-index_,indexing>>, <<docs-get,getting>>,
<<docs-delete,deleting>>, or <<docs-update,updating>> a document.

Forgetting the routing value can lead to a document being indexed on more than
one shard.  As a safeguard, the `_routing` field can be configured to make a
custom `routing` value required for all CRUD operations:

[source,console]
------------------------------
PUT my-index-000002
{
  "mappings": {
    "_routing": {
      "required": true <1>
    }
  }
}

PUT my-index-000002/_doc/1 <2>
{
  "text": "No routing value provided"
}
------------------------------
// TEST[catch:bad_request]

<1> Routing is required for all documents.
<2> This index request throws a `routing_missing_exception`.

==== Unique IDs with custom routing

When indexing documents specifying a custom `_routing`, the uniqueness of the
`_id` is not guaranteed across all of the shards in the index. In fact,
documents with the same `_id` might end up on different shards if indexed with
different `_routing` values.

It is up to the user to ensure that IDs are unique across the index.

[[routing-index-partition]]
==== Routing to an index partition

An index can be configured such that custom routing values will go to a subset of the shards rather
than a single shard. This helps mitigate the risk of ending up with an imbalanced cluster while still
reducing the impact of searches.

This is done by providing the index level setting <<routing-partition-size,`index.routing_partition_size`>> at index creation.
As the partition size increases, the more evenly distributed the data will become at the
expense of having to search more shards per request.

When this setting is present, the formula for calculating the shard becomes:

    shard_num = (hash(_routing) + hash(_id) % routing_partition_size) % num_primary_shards

That is, the `_routing` field is used to calculate a set of shards within the index and then the
`_id` is used to pick a shard within that set.

To enable this feature, the `index.routing_partition_size` should have a value greater than 1 and
less than `index.number_of_shards`.

Once enabled, the partitioned index will have the following limitations:

*   Mappings with <<parent-join,`join` field>> relationships cannot be created within it.
*   All mappings within the index must have the `_routing` field marked as required.