[[dynamic-templates]] === Dynamic templates Dynamic templates allow you to define custom mappings that can be applied to dynamically added fields based on: * the <> detected by Elasticsearch, with <>. * the name of the field, with <> or <>. * the full dotted path to the field, with <>. The original field name `{name}` and the detected data type `{dynamic_type}` <> can be used in the mapping specification as placeholders. IMPORTANT: Dynamic field mappings are only added when a field contains a concrete value -- not `null` or an empty array. This means that if the `null_value` option is used in a `dynamic_template`, it will only be applied after the first document with a concrete value for the field has been indexed. Dynamic templates are specified as an array of named objects: [source,js] -------------------------------------------------- "dynamic_templates": [ { "my_template_name": { <1> ... match conditions ... <2> "mapping": { ... } <3> } }, ... ] -------------------------------------------------- // NOTCONSOLE <1> The template name can be any string value. <2> The match conditions can include any of : `match_mapping_type`, `match`, `match_pattern`, `unmatch`, `path_match`, `path_unmatch`. <3> The mapping that the matched field should use. If a provided mapping contains an invalid mapping snippet, a validation error is returned. Validation occurs when applying the dynamic template at index time, and, in most cases, when the dynamic template is updated. Providing an invalid mapping snippet may cause the update or validation of a dynamic template to fail under certain conditions: * If no `match_mapping_type` has been specified but the template is valid for at least one predefined mapping type, the mapping snippet is considered valid. However, a validation error is returned at index time if a field matching the template is indexed as a different type. For example, configuring a dynamic template with no `match_mapping_type` is considered valid as string type, but if a field matching the dynamic template is indexed as a long, a validation error is returned at index time. * If the `{name}` placeholder is used in the mapping snippet, validation is skipped when updating the dynamic template. This is because the field name is unknown at that time. Instead, validation occurs when the template is applied at index time. Templates are processed in order -- the first matching template wins. When putting new dynamic templates through the <> API, all existing templates are overwritten. This allows for dynamic templates to be reordered or deleted after they were initially added. [[match-mapping-type]] ==== `match_mapping_type` The `match_mapping_type` is the data type detected by the JSON parser. Since JSON doesn't distinguish a `long` from an `integer` or a `double` from a `float`, it will always choose the wider data type, i.e. `long` for integers and `double` for floating-point numbers. The following data types may be automatically detected: - `boolean` when `true` or `false` are encountered. - `date` when <> is enabled and a string matching any of the configured date formats is found. - `double` for numbers with a decimal part. - `long` for numbers without a decimal part. - `object` for objects, also called hashes. - `string` for character strings. `*` may also be used in order to match all data types. For example, if we wanted to map all integer fields as `integer` instead of `long`, and all `string` fields as both `text` and `keyword`, we could use the following template: [source,console] -------------------------------------------------- PUT my-index-000001 { "mappings": { "dynamic_templates": [ { "integers": { "match_mapping_type": "long", "mapping": { "type": "integer" } } }, { "strings": { "match_mapping_type": "string", "mapping": { "type": "text", "fields": { "raw": { "type": "keyword", "ignore_above": 256 } } } } } ] } } PUT my-index-000001/_doc/1 { "my_integer": 5, <1> "my_string": "Some string" <2> } -------------------------------------------------- <1> The `my_integer` field is mapped as an `integer`. <2> The `my_string` field is mapped as a `text`, with a `keyword` <>. [[match-unmatch]] ==== `match` and `unmatch` The `match` parameter uses a pattern to match on the field name, while `unmatch` uses a pattern to exclude fields matched by `match`. The following example matches all `string` fields whose name starts with `long_` (except for those which end with `_text`) and maps them as `long` fields: [source,console] -------------------------------------------------- PUT my-index-000001 { "mappings": { "dynamic_templates": [ { "longs_as_strings": { "match_mapping_type": "string", "match": "long_*", "unmatch": "*_text", "mapping": { "type": "long" } } } ] } } PUT my-index-000001/_doc/1 { "long_num": "5", <1> "long_text": "foo" <2> } -------------------------------------------------- <1> The `long_num` field is mapped as a `long`. <2> The `long_text` field uses the default `string` mapping. [[match-pattern]] ==== `match_pattern` The `match_pattern` parameter adjusts the behavior of the `match` parameter such that it supports full Java regular expression matching on the field name instead of simple wildcards, for instance: [source,js] -------------------------------------------------- "match_pattern": "regex", "match": "^profit_\d+$" -------------------------------------------------- // NOTCONSOLE [[path-match-unmatch]] ==== `path_match` and `path_unmatch` The `path_match` and `path_unmatch` parameters work in the same way as `match` and `unmatch`, but operate on the full dotted path to the field, not just the final name, e.g. `some_object.*.some_field`. This example copies the values of any fields in the `name` object to the top-level `full_name` field, except for the `middle` field: [source,console] -------------------------------------------------- PUT my-index-000001 { "mappings": { "dynamic_templates": [ { "full_name": { "path_match": "name.*", "path_unmatch": "*.middle", "mapping": { "type": "text", "copy_to": "full_name" } } } ] } } PUT my-index-000001/_doc/1 { "name": { "first": "John", "middle": "Winston", "last": "Lennon" } } -------------------------------------------------- Note that the `path_match` and `path_unmatch` parameters match on object paths in addition to leaf fields. As an example, indexing the following document will result in an error because the `path_match` setting also matches the object field `name.title`, which can't be mapped as text: [source,console] -------------------------------------------------- PUT my-index-000001/_doc/2 { "name": { "first": "Paul", "last": "McCartney", "title": { "value": "Sir", "category": "order of chivalry" } } } -------------------------------------------------- // TEST[continued] // TEST[catch:bad_request] [[template-variables]] ==== `{name}` and `{dynamic_type}` The `{name}` and `{dynamic_type}` placeholders are replaced in the `mapping` with the field name and detected dynamic type. The following example sets all string fields to use an <> with the same name as the field, and disables <> for all non-string fields: [source,console] -------------------------------------------------- PUT my-index-000001 { "mappings": { "dynamic_templates": [ { "named_analyzers": { "match_mapping_type": "string", "match": "*", "mapping": { "type": "text", "analyzer": "{name}" } } }, { "no_doc_values": { "match_mapping_type":"*", "mapping": { "type": "{dynamic_type}", "doc_values": false } } } ] } } PUT my-index-000001/_doc/1 { "english": "Some English text", <1> "count": 5 <2> } -------------------------------------------------- <1> The `english` field is mapped as a `string` field with the `english` analyzer. <2> The `count` field is mapped as a `long` field with `doc_values` disabled. [[template-examples]] ==== Template examples Here are some examples of potentially useful dynamic templates: ===== Structured search By default Elasticsearch will map string fields as a `text` field with a sub `keyword` field. However if you are only indexing structured content and not interested in full text search, you can make Elasticsearch map your fields only as `keyword`s. Note that this means that in order to search those fields, you will have to search on the exact same value that was indexed. [source,console] -------------------------------------------------- PUT my-index-000001 { "mappings": { "dynamic_templates": [ { "strings_as_keywords": { "match_mapping_type": "string", "mapping": { "type": "keyword" } } } ] } } -------------------------------------------------- [[text-only-mappings-strings]] ===== `text`-only mappings for strings On the contrary to the previous example, if the only thing that you care about on your string fields is full-text search, and if you don't plan on running aggregations, sorting or exact search on your string fields, you could tell Elasticsearch to map it only as a text field (which was the default behaviour before 5.0): [source,console] -------------------------------------------------- PUT my-index-000001 { "mappings": { "dynamic_templates": [ { "strings_as_text": { "match_mapping_type": "string", "mapping": { "type": "text" } } } ] } } -------------------------------------------------- ===== Disabled norms Norms are index-time scoring factors. If you do not care about scoring, which would be the case for instance if you never sort documents by score, you could disable the storage of these scoring factors in the index and save some space. [source,console] -------------------------------------------------- PUT my-index-000001 { "mappings": { "dynamic_templates": [ { "strings_as_keywords": { "match_mapping_type": "string", "mapping": { "type": "text", "norms": false, "fields": { "keyword": { "type": "keyword", "ignore_above": 256 } } } } } ] } } -------------------------------------------------- The sub `keyword` field appears in this template to be consistent with the default rules of dynamic mappings. Of course if you do not need them because you don't need to perform exact search or aggregate on this field, you could remove it as described in the previous section. ===== Time-series When doing time series analysis with Elasticsearch, it is common to have many numeric fields that you will often aggregate on but never filter on. In such a case, you could disable indexing on those fields to save disk space and also maybe gain some indexing speed: [source,console] -------------------------------------------------- PUT my-index-000001 { "mappings": { "dynamic_templates": [ { "unindexed_longs": { "match_mapping_type": "long", "mapping": { "type": "long", "index": false } } }, { "unindexed_doubles": { "match_mapping_type": "double", "mapping": { "type": "float", <1> "index": false } } } ] } } -------------------------------------------------- <1> Like the default dynamic mapping rules, doubles are mapped as floats, which are usually accurate enough, yet require half the disk space.