[[modules-scripting-using]] === How to use scripts Wherever scripting is supported in the Elasticsearch API, the syntax follows the same pattern: [source,js] ------------------------------------- "script": { "lang": "...", <1> "inline" | "stored" | "file": "...", <2> "params": { ... } <3> } ------------------------------------- <1> The language the script is written in, which defaults to `painless`. <2> The script itself which may be specified as `inline`, `stored`, or `file`. <3> Any named parameters that should be passed into the script. For example, the following script is used in a search request to return a <>: [source,js] ------------------------------------- PUT my_index/my_type/1 { "my_field": 5 } GET my_index/_search { "script_fields": { "my_doubled_field": { "script": { "lang": "expression", "inline": "doc['my_field'] * multiplier", "params": { "multiplier": 2 } } } } } ------------------------------------- // CONSOLE [float] === Script Parameters `lang`:: Specifies the language the script is written in. Defaults to `painless` but may be set to any of languages listed in <>. The default language may be changed in the `elasticsearch.yml` config file by setting `script.default_lang` to the appropriate language. `inline`, `stored`, `file`:: Specifies the source of the script. An `inline` script is specified `inline` as in the example above, a `stored` script is specified `stored` and is retrieved from the cluster state (see <>), and a `file` script is retrieved from a file in the `config/scripts` directory (see <>). + While languages like `expression` and `painless` can be used out of the box as inline or stored scripts, other languages can only be specified as `file` unless you first adjust the default <>. `params`:: Specifies any named parameters that are passed into the script as variables. [IMPORTANT] [[prefer-params]] .Prefer parameters ======================================== The first time Elasticsearch sees a new script, it compiles it and stores the compiled version in a cache. Compilation can be a heavy process. If you need to pass variables into the script, you should pass them in as named `params` instead of hard-coding values into the script itself. For example, if you want to be able to multiply a field value by different multipliers, don't hard-code the multiplier into the script: [source,js] ---------------------- "inline": "doc['my_field'] * 2" ---------------------- Instead, pass it in as a named parameter: [source,js] ---------------------- "inline": "doc['my_field'] * multiplier", "params": { "multiplier": 2 } ---------------------- The first version has to be recompiled every time the multiplier changes. The second version is only compiled once. If you compile too many unique scripts within a small amount of time, Elasticsearch will reject the new dynamic scripts with a `circuit_breaking_exception` error. By default, up to 15 inline scripts per minute will be compiled. You can change this setting dynamically by setting `script.max_compilations_per_minute`. ======================================== [float] [[modules-scripting-file-scripts]] === File-based Scripts To increase security, non-sandboxed languages can only be specified in script files stored on every node in the cluster. File scripts must be saved in the `scripts` directory whose default location depends on whether you use the <> (`$ES_HOME/config/scripts/`), <>, or <> package. The default may be changed with the `path.scripts` setting. The languages which are assumed to be safe by default are: `painless`, `expression`, and `mustache` (used for search and query templates). Any files placed in the `scripts` directory will be compiled automatically when the node starts up and then <>. The file should be named as follows: `{script-name}.{lang}`. For instance, the following example creates a Groovy script called `calculate-score`: [source,sh] -------------------------------------------------- cat "Math.log(_score * 2) + my_modifier" > config/scripts/calculate-score.painless -------------------------------------------------- This script can be used as follows: [source,js] -------------------------------------------------- GET my_index/_search { "query": { "script": { "script": { "lang": "painless", <1> "file": "calculate-score", <2> "params": { "my_modifier": 2 } } } } } -------------------------------------------------- <1> The language of the script, which should correspond with the script file suffix. <2> The name of the script, which should be the name of the file. The `script` directory may contain sub-directories, in which case the hierarchy of directories is flattened and concatenated with underscores. A script in `group1/group2/my_script.painless` should use `group1_group2_myscript` as the `file` name. [[reload-scripts]] [float] ==== Automatic script reloading The `scripts` directory will be rescanned every `60s` (configurable with the `resource.reload.interval` setting) and new, changed, or removed scripts will be compiled, updated, or deleted from the script cache. Script reloading can be completely disabled by setting `script.auto_reload_enabled` to `false`. [float] [[modules-scripting-stored-scripts]] === Stored Scripts Scripts may be stored in and retrieved from the cluster state using the `_scripts` end-point. ==== Deprecated Namespace The namespace for stored scripts using both `lang` and `id` as a unique identifier has been deprecated. The new namespace for stored scripts will only use `id`. Stored scripts with the same `id`, but different `lang`'s will no longer be allowed in 6.0. To comply with the new namespace for stored scripts, existing stored scripts should be deleted and put again. Any scripts that share an `id` but have different `lang`s will need to be re-named. For example, take the following: "id": "example", "lang": "painless" "id": "example", "lang": "expressions" The above scripts will conflict under the new namespace since the id's are the same. At least one will have to be re-named to comply with the new namespace of only `id`. As a final caveat, stored search templates and stored scripts share the same namespace, so if a search template has the same `id` as a stored script, one of the two will have to be re-named as well using delete and put requests. ==== Request Examples The following are examples of stored script requests: [source,js] ----------------------------------- /_scripts/{id} <1> ----------------------------------- <1> The `id` is a unique identifier for the stored script. This example stores a Painless script called `calculate-score` in the cluster state: [source,js] ----------------------------------- POST _scripts/calculate-score { "script": { "lang": "painless", "code": "Math.log(_score * 2) + params.my_modifier" } } ----------------------------------- // CONSOLE This same script can be retrieved with: [source,js] ----------------------------------- GET _scripts/calculate-score ----------------------------------- // CONSOLE // TEST[continued] Stored scripts can be used by specifying the `stored` parameters as follows: [source,js] -------------------------------------------------- GET _search { "query": { "script": { "script": { "stored": "calculate-score", "params": { "my_modifier": 2 } } } } } -------------------------------------------------- // CONSOLE // TEST[continued] And deleted with: [source,js] ----------------------------------- DELETE _scripts/calculate-score ----------------------------------- // CONSOLE // TEST[continued] [float] [[modules-scripting-using-caching]] === Script Caching All scripts are cached by default so that they only need to be recompiled when updates occur. File scripts keep a static cache and will always reside in memory. Both inline and stored scripts are stored in a cache that can evict residing scripts. By default, scripts do not have a time-based expiration, but you can change this behavior by using the `script.cache.expire` setting. You can configure the size of this cache by using the `script.cache.max_size` setting. By default, the cache size is `100`. NOTE: The size of stored scripts is limited to 65,535 bytes. This can be changed by setting `script.max_size_in_bytes` setting to increase that soft limit, but if scripts are really large then alternatives like <> scripts should be considered instead.