[[mapping-routing-field]] === `_routing` field A document is routed to a particular shard in an index using the following formula: shard_num = hash(_routing) % num_primary_shards The default value used for `_routing` is the document's <>. Custom routing patterns can be implemented by specifying a custom `routing` value per document. For instance: [source,js] ------------------------------ PUT my_index/_doc/1?routing=user1&refresh=true <1> { "title": "This is a document" } GET my_index/_doc/1?routing=user1 <2> ------------------------------ // CONSOLE // TESTSETUP <1> This document uses `user1` as its routing value, instead of its ID. <2> The same `routing` value needs to be provided when <>, <>, or <> the document. The value of the `_routing` field is accessible in queries: [source,js] -------------------------- GET my_index/_search { "query": { "terms": { "_routing": [ "user1" ] <1> } } } -------------------------- // CONSOLE <1> Querying on the `_routing` field (also see the <>) ==== Searching with custom routing Custom routing can reduce the impact of searches. Instead of having to fan out a search request to all the shards in an index, the request can be sent to just the shard that matches the specific routing value (or values): [source,js] ------------------------------ GET my_index/_search?routing=user1,user2 <1> { "query": { "match": { "title": "document" } } } ------------------------------ // CONSOLE <1> This search request will only be executed on the shards associated with the `user1` and `user2` routing values. ==== Making a routing value required When using custom routing, it is important to provide the routing value whenever <>, <>, <>, or <> a document. Forgetting the routing value can lead to a document being indexed on more than one shard. As a safeguard, the `_routing` field can be configured to make a custom `routing` value required for all CRUD operations: [source,js] ------------------------------ PUT my_index2 { "mappings": { "_routing": { "required": true <1> } } } PUT my_index2/_doc/1 <2> { "text": "No routing value provided" } ------------------------------ // CONSOLE // TEST[catch:bad_request] <1> Routing is required for `_doc` documents. <2> This index request throws a `routing_missing_exception`. ==== Unique IDs with custom routing When indexing documents specifying a custom `_routing`, the uniqueness of the `_id` is not guaranteed across all of the shards in the index. In fact, documents with the same `_id` might end up on different shards if indexed with different `_routing` values. It is up to the user to ensure that IDs are unique across the index. [[routing-index-partition]] ==== Routing to an index partition An index can be configured such that custom routing values will go to a subset of the shards rather than a single shard. This helps mitigate the risk of ending up with an imbalanced cluster while still reducing the impact of searches. This is done by providing the index level setting <> at index creation. As the partition size increases, the more evenly distributed the data will become at the expense of having to search more shards per request. When this setting is present, the formula for calculating the shard becomes: shard_num = (hash(_routing) + hash(_id) % routing_partition_size) % num_primary_shards That is, the `_routing` field is used to calculate a set of shards within the index and then the `_id` is used to pick a shard within that set. To enable this feature, the `index.routing_partition_size` should have a value greater than 1 and less than `index.number_of_shards`. Once enabled, the partitioned index will have the following limitations: * Mappings with <> relationships cannot be created within it. * All mappings within the index must have the `_routing` field marked as required.