[glossary] [[glossary]] = Glossary of terms [glossary] [[glossary-analysis]] analysis :: Analysis is the process of converting <> to <>. Depending on which analyzer is used, these phrases: `FOO BAR`, `Foo-Bar`, `foo,bar` will probably all result in the terms `foo` and `bar`. These terms are what is actually stored in the index. + A full text query (not a <> query) for `FoO:bAR` will also be analyzed to the terms `foo`,`bar` and will thus match the terms stored in the index. + It is this process of analysis (both at index time and at search time) that allows Elasticsearch to perform full text queries. + Also see <> and <>. // end::analysis-def[] -- [[glossary-api-key]] API key :: // tag::api-key-def[] A unique identifier that you can use for authentication when submitting {es} requests. When TLS is enabled, all requests must be authenticated using either basic authentication (user name and password) or an API key. // end::api-key-def[] [[glossary-auto-follow-pattern]] auto-follow pattern :: // tag::auto-follow-pattern-def[] An <> that automatically configures new indices as <> for <>. For more information, see {ref}/ccr-auto-follow.html[Managing auto follow patterns]. // end::auto-follow-pattern-def[] [[glossary-cluster]] cluster :: // tag::cluster-def[] One or more <> that share the same cluster name. Each cluster has a single master node, which is chosen automatically by the cluster and can be replaced if it fails. // end::cluster-def[] [[glossary-cold-phase]] cold phase :: // tag::cold-phase-def[] The third possible phase in the <>. In the cold phase, an index is no longer updated and seldom queried. The information still needs to be searchable, but it’s okay if those queries are slower. // end::cold-phase-def[] [[glossary-component-template]] component template :: // tag::component-template-def[] A building block for constructing <> that specifies index <>, <>, and <>. // end::component-template-def[] [[glossary-ccr]] {ccr} (CCR):: // tag::ccr-def[] A feature that enables you to replicate indices in remote clusters to your local cluster. For more information, see {ref}/xpack-ccr.html[{ccr-cap}]. // end::ccr-def[] [[glossary-ccs]] {ccs} (CCS):: The {ccs} feature enables any node to act as a federated client across multiple clusters. See <>. [[glossary-data-stream]] data stream :: + -- // tag::data-stream-def[] A named resource used to ingest, search, and manage time series data in {es}. A data stream's data is stored across multiple hidden, auto-generated <>. You can automate management of these indices to more efficiently store large data volumes. See {ref}/data-streams.html[Data streams]. // end::data-stream-def[] -- [[glossary-delete-phase]] delete phase :: // tag::delete-phase-def[] The last possible phase in the <>. In the delete phase, an index is no longer needed and can safely be deleted. // end::delete-phase-def[] [[glossary-document]] document :: A document is a JSON document which is stored in Elasticsearch. It is like a row in a table in a relational database. Each document is stored in an <> and has a <> and an <>. + A document is a JSON object (also known in other languages as a hash / hashmap / associative array) which contains zero or more <>, or key-value pairs. + The original JSON document that is indexed will be stored in the <>, which is returned by default when getting or searching for a document. [[glossary-field]] field :: A <> contains a list of fields, or key-value pairs. The value can be a simple (scalar) value (eg a string, integer, date), or a nested structure like an array or an object. A field is similar to a column in a table in a relational database. + The <> for each field has a field _type_ (not to be confused with document <>) which indicates the type of data that can be stored in that field, eg `integer`, `string`, `object`. The mapping also allows you to define (amongst other things) how the value for a field should be analyzed. [[glossary-filter]] filter :: // tag::filter-def[] A filter is a non-scoring <>, meaning that it does not score documents. It is only concerned about answering the question - "Does this document match?". The answer is always a simple, binary yes or no. This kind of query is said to be made in a {ref}/query-filter-context.html[filter context], hence it is called a filter. Filters are simple checks for set inclusion or exclusion. In most cases, the goal of filtering is to reduce the number of documents that have to be examined. // end::filter-def[] [[glossary-flush]] flush :: // tag::flush-def[] Peform a Lucene commit to write index updates in the transaction log (translog) to disk. Because a Lucene commit is a relatively expensive operation, {es} records index and delete operations in the translog and automatically flushes changes to disk in batches. To recover from a crash, operations that have been acknowledged but not yet committed can be replayed from the translog. Before upgrading, you can explicitly call the {ref}/indices-flush.html[Flush] API to ensure that all changes are committed to disk. // end::flush-def[] [[glossary-follower-index]] follower index :: // tag::follower-index-def[] The target index for <>. A follower index exists in a local cluster and replicates a <>. // end::follower-index-def[] [[glossary-force-merge]] force merge :: // tag::force-merge-def[] // tag::force-merge-def-short[] Manually trigger a merge to reduce the number of segments in each shard of an index and free up the space used by deleted documents. // end::force-merge-def-short[] You should not force merge indices that are actively being written to. Merging is normally performed automatically, but you can use force merge after <> to reduce the shards in the old index to a single segment. See the {ref}/indices-forcemerge.html[force merge API]. // end::force-merge-def[] [[glossary-freeze]] freeze :: // tag::freeze-def[] // tag::freeze-def-short[] Make an index read-only and minimize its memory footprint. // end::freeze-def-short[] Frozen indices can be searched without incurring the overhead of of re-opening a closed index, but searches are throttled and might be slower. You can freeze indices to reduce the overhead of keeping older indices searchable before you are ready to archive or delete them. See the {ref}/freeze-index-api.html[freeze API]. // end::freeze-def[] [[glossary-frozen-index]] frozen index :: // tag::frozen-index-def[] An index reduced to a low overhead state that still enables occasional searches. Frozen indices use a memory-efficient shard implementation and throttle searches to conserve resources. Searching a frozen index is lower overhead than re-opening a closed index to enable searching. // end::frozen-index-def[] [[glossary-hot-phase]] hot phase :: // tag::hot-phase-def[] The first possible phase in the <>. In the hot phase, an index is actively updated and queried. // end::hot-phase-def[] [[glossary-id]] id :: The ID of a <> identifies a document. The `index/id` of a document must be unique. If no ID is provided, then it will be auto-generated. (also see <>) [[glossary-index]] index :: + -- // tag::index-def[] // tag::index-def-short[] An optimized collection of JSON documents. Each document is a collection of fields, the key-value pairs that contain your data. // end::index-def-short[] An index is like a _table_ in a relational database. It has a <> which contains a <>, which contains the <> in the index. + An index is a logical namespace which maps to one or more <> and can have zero or more <>. [[glossary-index-alias]] index alias :: + -- // tag::index-alias-def[] // tag::index-alias-desc[] An index alias is a secondary name used to refer to one or more existing indices. Most {es} APIs accept an index alias in place of an index name. // end::index-alias-desc[] See {ref}/indices-add-alias.html[Add index alias]. // end::index-alias-def[] -- [[glossary-index-lifecycle]] index lifecycle :: // tag::index-lifecycle-def[] The four phases an index can transition through: <>, <>, <>, and <>. For more information, see {ref}/ilm-policy-definition.html[Index lifecycle]. // end::index-lifecycle-def[] [[glossary-index-lifecycle-policy]] index lifecycle policy :: // tag::index-lifecycle-policy-def[] Specifies how an index moves between phases in the index lifecycle and what actions to perform during each phase. // end::index-lifecycle-policy-def[] [[glossary-index-pattern]] index pattern :: // tag::index-pattern-def[] A string that can contain the `*` wildcard to match multiple index names. In most cases, the index parameter in an {es} request can be the name of a specific index, a list of index names, or an index pattern. For example, if you have the indices `datastream-000001`, `datastream-000002`, and `datastream-000003`, to search across all three you could use the `datastream-*` index pattern. // end::index-pattern-def[] [[glossary-index-template]] index template :: + -- // tag::index-template-def[] // tag::index-template-def-short[] Defines settings and mappings to apply to new indexes that match a simple naming pattern, such as _logs-*_. // end::index-template-def-short[] An index template can also attach a lifecycle policy to the new index. Index templates are used to automatically configure indices created during <>. // end::index-template-def[] -- [[glossary-leader-index]] leader index :: // tag::leader-index-def[] The source index for <>. A leader index exists on a remote cluster and is replicated to <>. [[glossary-local-cluster]] local cluster :: // tag::local-cluster-def[] The cluster that pulls data from a <> in {ccs} or {ccr}. // end::local-cluster-def[] [[glossary-mapping]] mapping :: A mapping is like a _schema definition_ in a relational database. Each <> has a mapping, which defines a <>, plus a number of index-wide settings. + A mapping can either be defined explicitly, or it will be generated automatically when a document is indexed. [[glossary-node]] node :: A node is a running instance of Elasticsearch which belongs to a <>. Multiple nodes can be started on a single server for testing purposes, but usually you should have one node per server. + At startup, a node will use unicast to discover an existing cluster with the same cluster name and will try to join that cluster. [[glossary-primary-shard]] primary shard :: Each document is stored in a single primary <>. When you index a document, it is indexed first on the primary shard, then on all <> of the primary shard. + By default, an <> has one primary shard. You can specify more primary shards to scale the number of <> that your index can handle. + You cannot change the number of primary shards in an index, once the index is created. However, an index can be split into a new index using the <>. + See also <> [[glossary-query]] query :: A request for information from {es}. You can think of a query as a question, written in a way {es} understands. A search consists of one or more queries combined. + There are two types of queries: _scoring queries_ and _filters_. For more information about query types, see <>. [[glossary-recovery]] recovery :: + -- Shard recovery is the process of syncing a <> from a <>. Upon completion, the replica shard is available for search. // tag::recovery-triggers[] Recovery automatically occurs during the following processes: * Node startup or failure. This type of recovery is called a *local store recovery*. * <>. * Relocation of a shard to a different node in the same cluster. * {ref}/snapshots-restore-snapshot.html[Snapshot restoration]. // end::recovery-triggers[] -- [[glossary-reindex]] reindex :: + -- // tag::reindex-def[] Copies documents from a _source_ to a _destination_. The source and destination can be any pre-existing index, index alias, or {ref}/data-streams.html[data stream]. You can reindex all documents from a source or select a subset of documents to copy. You can also reindex to a destination in a remote cluster. A reindex is often performed to update mappings, change static index settings, or upgrade {es} between incompatible versions. // end::reindex-def[] -- [[glossary-remote-cluster]] remote cluster :: // tag::remote-cluster-def[] A separate cluster, often in a different data center or locale, that contains indices that can be replicated or searched by the <>. The connection to a remote cluster is unidirectional. // end::remote-cluster-def[] [[glossary-replica-shard]] replica shard :: Each <> can have zero or more replicas. A replica is a copy of the primary shard, and has two purposes: + 1. increase failover: a replica shard can be promoted to a primary shard if the primary fails 2. increase performance: get and search requests can be handled by primary or replica shards. + By default, each primary shard has one replica, but the number of replicas can be changed dynamically on an existing index. A replica shard will never be started on the same node as its primary shard. [[glossary-rollover]] rollover :: + -- // tag::rollover-def[] // tag::rollover-def-short[] Creates a new index for a rollover target when the existing index reaches a certain size, number of docs, or age. A rollover target can be either an <> or a <>. // end::rollover-def-short[] For example, if you're indexing log data, you might use rollover to create daily or weekly indices. See the {ref}/indices-rollover-index.html[rollover index API]. // end::rollover-def[] -- [[glossary-rollup]] rollup :: // tag::rollup-def[] Summarize high-granularity data into a more compressed format to maintain access to historical data in a cost-effective way. // end::rollup-def[] [[glossary-rollup-index]] rollup index :: // tag::rollup-index-def[] A special type of index for storing historical data at reduced granularity. Documents are summarized and indexed into a rollup index by a <>. // end::rollup-index-def[] [[glossary-rollup-job]] rollup job :: // tag::rollup-job-def[] A background task that runs continuously to summarize documents in an index and index the summaries into a separate rollup index. The job configuration controls what information is rolled up and how often. // end::rollup-job-def[] [[glossary-routing]] routing :: When you index a document, it is stored on a single <>. That shard is chosen by hashing the `routing` value. By default, the `routing` value is derived from the ID of the document or, if the document has a specified parent document, from the ID of the parent document (to ensure that child and parent documents are stored on the same shard). + This value can be overridden by specifying a `routing` value at index time, or a <> in the <>. [[glossary-shard]] shard :: + -- // tag::shard-def[] A shard is a single Lucene instance. It is a low-level “worker” unit which is managed automatically by Elasticsearch. An index is a logical namespace which points to <> and <> shards. + Other than defining the number of primary and replica shards that an index should have, you never need to refer to shards directly. Instead, your code should deal only with an index. + Elasticsearch distributes shards amongst all <> in the <>, and can move shards automatically from one node to another in the case of node failure, or the addition of new nodes. // end::shard-def[] -- [[glossary-shrink]] shrink :: // tag::shrink-def[] // tag::shrink-def-short[] Reduce the number of primary shards in an index. // end::shrink-def-short[] You can shrink an index to reduce its overhead when the request volume drops. For example, you might opt to shrink an index once it is no longer the write index. See the {ref}/indices-shrink-index.html[shrink index API]. // end::shrink-def[] [[glossary-snapshot]] snapshot :: // tag::snapshot-def[] A backup taken from a running {es} cluster. A snapshot can include backups of an entire cluster or only data streams and indices you specify. // end::snapshot-def[] [[glossary-snapshot-lifecycle-policy]] snapshot lifecycle policy :: // tag::snapshot-lifecycle-policy-def[] Specifies how frequently to perform automatic backups of a cluster and how long to retain the resulting snapshots. // end::snapshot-lifecycle-policy-def[] [[glossary-snapshot-repository]] snapshot repository :: // tag::snapshot-repository-def[] Specifies where snapshots are to be stored. Snapshots can be written to a shared filesystem or to a remote repository. // end::snapshot-repository-def[] [[glossary-source_field]] source field :: By default, the JSON document that you index will be stored in the `_source` field and will be returned by all get and search requests. This allows you access to the original object directly from search results, rather than requiring a second step to retrieve the object from an ID. [[glossary-term]] term :: A term is an exact value that is indexed in Elasticsearch. The terms `foo`, `Foo`, `FOO` are NOT equivalent. Terms (i.e. exact values) can be searched for using _term_ queries. + See also <> and <>. [[glossary-text]] text :: Text (or full text) is ordinary unstructured text, such as this paragraph. By default, text will be <> into <>, which is what is actually stored in the index. + Text <> need to be analyzed at index time in order to be searchable as full text, and keywords in full text queries must be analyzed at search time to produce (and search for) the same terms that were generated at index time. + See also <> and <>. [[glossary-type]] type :: A type used to represent the _type_ of document, e.g. an `email`, a `user`, or a `tweet`. Types are deprecated and are in the process of being removed. See {ref}/removal-of-types.html[Removal of mapping types]. // end::type-def[] [[glossary-warm-phase]] warm phase :: // tag::warm-phase-def[] The second possible phase in the <>. In the warm phase, an index is generally optimized for search and no longer updated. // end::warm-phase-def[]