[[jvm-options]]
=== Setting JVM options

You should rarely need to change Java Virtual Machine (JVM) options. If you do,
the most likely change is setting the <<heap-size,heap size>>. The remainder of
this document explains in detail how to set JVM options. You can set options
either with `jvm.options` files or with the `ES_JAVA_OPTS` environment variable.

The preferred method of setting or overriding JVM options is via JVM options
files. When installing from the tar or zip distributions, the root `jvm.options`
configuration file is `config/jvm.options` and custom JVM options files can be
added to `config/jvm.options.d/`. When installing from the Debian or RPM
packages, the root `jvm.options` configuration file is
`/etc/elasticsearch/jvm.options` and custom JVM options files can be added to
`/etc/elasticsearch/jvm.options.d/`. When using the <<docker, Docker
distribution of {es}>> you can bind mount custom JVM options files into
`/usr/share/elasticsearch/config/jvm.options.d/`. You should never need to
modify the root `jvm.options` file instead preferring to use custom JVM options
files. The processing ordering of custom JVM options is lexicographic.

JVM options files must have the suffix '.options' and contain a line-delimited
list of JVM arguments following a special syntax:

* lines consisting of whitespace only are ignored
* lines beginning with `#` are treated as comments and are ignored
+
[source,text]
-------------------------------------
# this is a comment
-------------------------------------

* lines beginning with a `-` are treated as a JVM option that applies
  independent of the version of the JVM
+
[source,text]
-------------------------------------
-Xmx2g
-------------------------------------

* lines beginning with a number followed by a `:` followed by a `-` are treated
  as a JVM option that applies only if the version of the JVM matches the number
+
[source,text]
-------------------------------------
8:-Xmx2g
-------------------------------------

* lines beginning with a number followed by a `-` followed by a `:` are treated
  as a JVM option that applies only if the version of the JVM is greater than or
  equal to the number
+
[source,text]
-------------------------------------
8-:-Xmx2g
-------------------------------------

* lines beginning with a number followed by a `-` followed by a number followed
  by a `:` are treated as a JVM option that applies only if the version of the
  JVM falls in the range of the two numbers
+
[source,text]
-------------------------------------
8-9:-Xmx2g
-------------------------------------

* all other lines are rejected

An alternative mechanism for setting Java Virtual Machine options is via the
`ES_JAVA_OPTS` environment variable. For instance:

[source,sh]
---------------------------------
export ES_JAVA_OPTS="$ES_JAVA_OPTS -Djava.io.tmpdir=/path/to/temp/dir"
./bin/elasticsearch
---------------------------------

When using the RPM or Debian packages, `ES_JAVA_OPTS` can be specified in the
<<sysconfig,system configuration file>>.

The JVM has a built-in mechanism for observing the `JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS`
environment variable. We intentionally ignore this environment variable in our
packaging scripts. The primary reason for this is that on some OS (e.g., Ubuntu)
there are agents installed by default via this environment variable that we do
not want interfering with {es}.

Additionally, some other Java programs support the `JAVA_OPTS` environment
variable. This is *not* a mechanism built into the JVM but instead a convention
in the ecosystem. However, we do not support this environment variable, instead
supporting setting JVM options via the `jvm.options` file or the environment
variable `ES_JAVA_OPTS` as above.