449 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
449 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
[[field-and-document-access-control]]
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=== Setting Up Field and Document Level Security
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You can control access to data within an index by adding field and document level
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security permissions to a role. Field level security permissions restrict access
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to particular fields within a document. Document level security permissions
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restrict access to particular documents within an index.
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NOTE: Document and field level security is currently meant to operate with
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read-only privileged accounts. Users with document and field level
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security enabled for an index should not perform write operations.
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A role can define both field and document level permissions on a per-index basis.
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A role that doesn’t specify field level permissions grants access to ALL fields.
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Similarly, a role that doesn't specify document level permissions grants access
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to ALL documents in the index.
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[IMPORTANT]
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=====================================================================
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When assigning users multiple roles, be careful that you don't inadvertently
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grant wider access than intended. Each user has a single set of field level and
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document level permissions per index. See <<multiple-roles-dls-fls>>.
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=====================================================================
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[[field-level-security]]
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==== Field Level Security
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To enable field level security, specify the fields that each role can access
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as part of the indices permissions in a role definition. Field level security is
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thus bound to a well-defined set of indices (and potentially a set of
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<<document-level-security, documents>>).
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The following role definition grants read access only to the `category`,
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`@timestamp`, and `message` fields in all the `events-*` indices.
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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"indices": [
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{
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"names": [ "events-*" ],
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"privileges": [ "read" ],
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"field_security" : {
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"grant" : [ "category", "@timestamp", "message" ]
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}
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}
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]
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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Access to the following meta fields is always allowed: `_id`,
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`_type`, `_parent`, `_routing`, `_timestamp`, `_ttl`, `_size` and `_index`. If
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you specify an empty list of fields, only these meta fields are accessible.
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NOTE: Omitting the fields entry entirely disables field-level security.
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You can also specify field expressions. For example, the following
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example grants read access to all fields that start with an `event_` prefix:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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"indices" : [
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{
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"names" : [ "*" ],
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"privileges" : [ "read" ],
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"field_security" : {
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"grant" : [ "event_*" ]
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}
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}
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]
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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Use the dot notations to refer to nested fields in more complex documents. For
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example, assuming the following document:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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"customer": {
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"handle": "Jim",
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"email": "jim@mycompany.com",
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"phone": "555-555-5555"
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}
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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The following role definition enables only read access to the customer `handle`
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field:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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"indices" : [
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{
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"names" : [ "*" ],
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"privileges" : [ "read" ],
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"field_security" : {
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"grant" : [ "customer.handle" ]
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}
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}
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]
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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This is where wildcard support shines. For example, use `customer.*` to enable
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only read access to the `customer` data:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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"indices" : [
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{
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"names" : [ "*" ],
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"privileges" : [ "read" ],
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"field_security" : {
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"grant" : [ "customer.*" ]
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}
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}
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]
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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You can deny permission to access fields with the following syntax:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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"indices" : [
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{
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"names" : [ "*" ],
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"privileges" : [ "read" ],
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"field_security" : {
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"grant" : [ "*"],
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"except": [ "customer.handle" ]
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}
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}
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]
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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The following rules apply:
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* The absence of `field_security` in a role is equivalent to * access.
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* If permission has been granted explicitly to some fields, you can specify
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denied fields. The denied fields must be a subset of the fields to which
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permissions were granted.
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* Defining denied and granted fields implies access to all granted fields except
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those which match the pattern in the denied fields.
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For example:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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"indices" : [
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{
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"names" : [ "*" ],
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"privileges" : [ "read" ],
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"field_security" : {
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"except": [ "customer.handle" ],
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"grant" : [ "customer.*" ]
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}
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}
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]
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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In the above example, users can read all fields with the prefix "customer."
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except for "customer.handle".
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An empty array for `grant` (for example, `"grant" : []`) means that access has
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not been granted to any fields.
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===== Field Level Security and Roles
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When a user has several roles that specify field level permissions, the
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resulting field level permissions per index are the union of the individual role
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permissions. For example, if these two roles are merged:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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// role 1
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...
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"indices" : [
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{
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"names" : [ "*" ],
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"privileges" : [ "read" ],
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"field_security" : {
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"grant": [ "a.*" ],
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"except" : [ "a.b*" ]
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}
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}
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]
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}
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{
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// role 2
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...
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"indices" : [
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{
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"names" : [ "*" ],
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"privileges" : [ "read" ],
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"field_security" : {
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"grant": [ "a.b*" ],
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"except" : [ "a.b.c*" ]
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}
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}
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]
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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The resulting permission is equal to:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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// role 1 + role 2
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...
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"indices" : [
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{
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"names" : [ "*" ],
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"privileges" : [ "read" ],
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"field_security" : {
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"grant": [ "a.*" ],
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"except" : [ "a.b.c*" ]
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}
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}
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]
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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[[document-level-security]]
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==== Document Level Security
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Document level security restricts the documents that users have read access to.
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To enable document level security, specify a query that matches all the
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accessible documents as part of the indices permissions within a role definition.
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Document level security is thus bound to a well defined set of indices.
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Enabling document level security restricts which documents can be accessed from
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any document-based read API. To enable document level security, you use a query
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to specify the documents that each role can access in the `roles.yml` file.
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You specify the document query with the `query` option. The document query is
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associated with a particular index or index pattern and operates in conjunction
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with the privileges specified for the indices.
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The following role definition grants read access only to documents that
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belong to the `click` category within all the `events-*` indices:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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"indices": [
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{
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"names": [ "events-*" ],
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"privileges": [ "read" ],
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"query": "{\"match\": {\"category\": \"click\"}}"
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}
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]
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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NOTE: Omitting the `query` entry entirely disables document level security for
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the respective indices permission entry.
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The specified `query` expects the same format as if it was defined in the
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search request and supports the full {es} {ref}/query-dsl.html[Query DSL].
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For example, the following role grants read access only to the documents whose
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`department_id` equals `12`:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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"indices" : [
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{
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"names" : [ "*" ],
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"privileges" : [ "read" ],
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"query" : {
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"term" : { "department_id" : 12 }
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}
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}
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]
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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NOTE: `query` also accepts queries written as string values.
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[[templating-role-query]]
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===== Templating a Role Query
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You can use Mustache templates in a role query to insert the username of the
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current authenticated user into the role. Like other places in {es} that support
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templating or scripting, you can specify inline, stored, or file-based templates
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and define custom parameters. You access the details for the current
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authenticated user through the `_user` parameter.
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For example, the following role query uses a template to insert the username
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of the current authenticated user:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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"indices" : [
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{
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"names" : [ "my_index" ],
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"privileges" : [ "read" ],
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"query" : {
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"template" : {
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"source" : {
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"term" : { "acl.username" : "{{_user.username}}" }
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}
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}
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}
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}
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]
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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You can access the following information through the `_user` variable:
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[options="header"]
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|======
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| Property | Description
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| `_user.username` | The username of the current authenticated user.
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| `_user.full_name` | If specified, the full name of the current authenticated user.
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| `_user.email` | If specified, the email of the current authenticated user.
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| `_user.roles` | If associated, a list of the role names of the current authenticated user.
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| `_user.metadata` | If specified, a hash holding custom metadata of the current authenticated user.
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|======
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You can also access custom user metadata. For example, if you maintain a
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`group_id` in your user metadata, you can apply document level security
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based on the `group.id` field in your documents:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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"indices" : [
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{
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"names" : [ "my_index" ],
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"privileges" : [ "read" ],
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"query" : {
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"template" : {
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"source" : {
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"term" : { "group.id" : "{{_user.metadata.group_id}}" }
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}
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}
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}
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}
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]
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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[[set-security-user-processor]]
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===== Set Security User Ingest Processor
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If an index is shared by many small users it makes sense to put all these users
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into the same index. Having a dedicated index or shard per user is wasteful.
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To guarantee that a user reads only their own documents, it makes sense to set up
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document level security. In this scenario, each document must have the username
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or role name associated with it, so that this information can be used by the
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role query for document level security. This is a situation where the
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`set_security_user` ingest processor can help.
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NOTE: Document level security doesn't apply to write APIs. You must use unique
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ids for each user that uses the same index, otherwise they might overwrite other
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users' documents. The ingest processor just adds properties for the current
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authenticated user to the documents that are being indexed.
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The `set_security_user` processor attaches user-related details (such as
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`username`, `roles`, `email`, `full_name` and `metadata` ) from the current
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authenticated user to the current document by pre-processing the ingest. When
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you index data with an ingest pipeline, user details are automatically attached
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to the document. For example:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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PUT shared-logs/log/1?pipeline=my_pipeline_id
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{
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...
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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Read the {ref}/ingest.html[ingest docs] for more information
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about setting up a pipeline and other processors.
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[[set-security-user-options]]
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.Set Security User Options
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[options="header"]
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|======
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| Name | Required | Default | Description
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| `field` | yes | - | The field to store the user information into.
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| `properties` | no | [`username`, `roles`, `email`, `full_name`, `metadata`] | Controls what user related properties are added to the `field`.
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|======
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The following example adds all user details for the current authenticated user
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to the `user` field for all documents that are processed by this pipeline:
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[source,js]
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--------------------------------------------------
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{
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"processors" : [
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{
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"set_security_user": {
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"field": "user"
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}
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}
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]
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}
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--------------------------------------------------
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[[multiple-roles-dls-fls]]
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==== Multiple Roles with Document and Field Level Security
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A user can have many roles and each role can define different permissions on the
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same index. It is important to understand the behavior of document and field
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level security in this scenario.
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Document level security takes into account each role held by the user and
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combines each document level security query for a given index with an "OR". This
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means that only one of the role queries must match for a document to be returned.
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For example, if a role grants access to an index without document level security
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and another grants access with document level security, document level security
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is not applied; the user with both roles has access to all of the documents in
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the index.
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Field level security takes into account each role the user has and combines
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all of the fields listed into a single set for each index. For example, if a
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role grants access to an index without field level security and another grants
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access with field level security, field level security is not be applied for
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that index; the user with both roles has access to all of the fields in the
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index.
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For example, let's say `role_a` grants access to only the `address` field of the
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documents in `index1`; it doesn't specify any document restrictions. Conversely,
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`role_b` limits access to a subset of the documents in `index1`; it doesn't
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specify any field restrictions. If you assign a user both roles, `role_a` gives
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the user access to all documents and `role_b` gives the user access to all
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fields.
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If you need to restrict access to both documents and fields, consider splitting
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documents by index instead.
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