784 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
784 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
[role="xpack"]
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[testenv="basic"]
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[[sql-functions-datetime]]
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=== Date/Time and Interval Functions and Operators
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{es-sql} offers a wide range of facilities for performing date/time manipulations.
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[[sql-functions-datetime-interval]]
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==== Intervals
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A common requirement when dealing with date/time in general revolves around
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the notion of `interval`, a topic that is worth exploring in the context of {es} and {es-sql}.
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{es} has comprehensive support for <<date-math, date math>> both inside <<date-math-index-names, index names>> and <<mapping-date-format, queries>>.
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Inside {es-sql} the former is supported as is by passing the expression in the table name, while the latter is supported through the standard SQL `INTERVAL`.
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The table below shows the mapping between {es} and {es-sql}:
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[cols="^m,^m"]
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|==========================
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s|{es}
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s|{es-sql}
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2+h| Index/Table datetime math
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2+|<index-{now/M{YYYY.MM}}>
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2+h| Query date/time math
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| 1y | INTERVAL 1 YEAR
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| 2M | INTERVAL 2 MONTH
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| 3w | INTERVAL 21 DAY
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| 4d | INTERVAL 4 DAY
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| 5h | INTERVAL 5 HOUR
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| 6m | INTERVAL 6 MINUTE
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| 7s | INTERVAL 7 SECOND
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|==========================
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`INTERVAL` allows either `YEAR` and `MONTH` to be mixed together _or_ `DAY`, `HOUR`, `MINUTE` and `SECOND`.
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TIP: {es-sql} accepts also the plural for each time unit (e.g. both `YEAR` and `YEARS` are valid).
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Example of the possible combinations below:
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[cols="^,^"]
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|===
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s|Interval
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s|Description
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| `INTERVAL '1-2' YEAR TO MONTH` | 1 year and 2 months
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| `INTERVAL '3 4' DAYS TO HOURS` | 3 days and 4 hours
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| `INTERVAL '5 6:12' DAYS TO MINUTES` | 5 days, 6 hours and 12 minutes
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| `INTERVAL '3 4:56:01' DAY TO SECOND` | 3 days, 4 hours, 56 minutes and 1 second
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| `INTERVAL '2 3:45:01.23456789' DAY TO SECOND` | 2 days, 3 hours, 45 minutes, 1 second and 234567890 nanoseconds
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| `INTERVAL '123:45' HOUR TO MINUTES` | 123 hours and 45 minutes
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| `INTERVAL '65:43:21.0123' HOUR TO SECONDS` | 65 hours, 43 minutes, 21 seconds and 12300000 nanoseconds
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| `INTERVAL '45:01.23' MINUTES TO SECONDS` | 45 minutes, 1 second and 230000000 nanoseconds
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|===
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==== Operators
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Basic arithmetic operators (`+`, `-`, etc) support date/time parameters as indicated below:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[dtIntervalPlusInterval]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[dtDateTimePlusInterval]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[dtMinusInterval]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[dtIntervalMinusInterval]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[dtDateTimeMinusInterval]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[dtIntervalMul]
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--------------------------------------------------
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==== Functions
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Functions that target date/time.
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[[sql-functions-current-date]]
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==== `CURRENT_DATE/CURDATE`
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.Synopsis:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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CURRENT_DATE
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CURRENT_DATE()
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CURDATE()
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--------------------------------------------------
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*Input*: _none_
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*Output*: date
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.Description:
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Returns the date (no time part) when the current query reached the server.
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It can be used both as a keyword: `CURRENT_DATE` or as a function with no arguments: `CURRENT_DATE()`.
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[NOTE]
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Unlike CURRENT_DATE, `CURDATE()` can only be used as a function with no arguments and not as a keyword.
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This method always returns the same value for its every occurrence within the same query.
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[currentDate]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[currentDateFunction]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[curDateFunction]
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--------------------------------------------------
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Typically, this function (as well as its twin <<sql-functions-today,TODAY())>> function
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is used for relative date filtering:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[filterToday]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[[sql-functions-current-time]]
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==== `CURRENT_TIME/CURTIME`
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.Synopsis:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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CURRENT_TIME
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CURRENT_TIME([precision]) <1>
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CURTIME
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--------------------------------------------------
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*Input*:
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<1> fractional digits; optional
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*Output*: time
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.Description:
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Returns the time when the current query reached the server.
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As a function, `CURRENT_TIME()` accepts _precision_ as an optional
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parameter for rounding the second fractional digits (nanoseconds). The default _precision_ is 3,
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meaning a milliseconds precision current time will be returned.
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This method always returns the same value for its every occurrence within the same query.
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[currentTime]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[currentTimeFunction]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[curTimeFunction]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[currentTimeFunctionPrecision]
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--------------------------------------------------
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Typically, this function is used for relative date/time filtering:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[filterCurrentTime]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[IMPORTANT]
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Currently, using a _precision_ greater than 3 doesn't make any difference to the output of the
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function as the maximum number of second fractional digits returned is 3 (milliseconds).
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[[sql-functions-current-timestamp]]
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==== `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`
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.Synopsis:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
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CURRENT_TIMESTAMP([precision]) <1>
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--------------------------------------------------
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*Input*:
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<1> fractional digits; optional
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*Output*: date/time
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.Description:
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Returns the date/time when the current query reached the server.
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As a function, `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()` accepts _precision_ as an optional
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parameter for rounding the second fractional digits (nanoseconds). The default _precision_ is 3,
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meaning a milliseconds precision current date/time will be returned.
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This method always returns the same value for its every occurrence within the same query.
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[curTs]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[curTsFunction]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[curTsFunctionPrecision]
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--------------------------------------------------
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Typically, this function (as well as its twin <<sql-functions-now,NOW())>> function is used for
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relative date/time filtering:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[filterNow]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[IMPORTANT]
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Currently, using a _precision_ greater than 3 doesn't make any difference to the output of the
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function as the maximum number of second fractional digits returned is 3 (milliseconds).
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[[sql-functions-datetime-trunc]]
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==== `DATE_TRUNC`
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.Synopsis:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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DATE_TRUNC(
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string_exp, <1>
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datetime_exp) <2>
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--------------------------------------------------
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*Input*:
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<1> string expression denoting the unit to which the date/datetime should be truncated to
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<2> date/datetime expression
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*Output*: datetime
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.Description:
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Truncate the date/datetime to the specified unit by setting all fields that are less significant than the specified
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one to zero (or one, for day, day of week and month).
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[cols="^,^"]
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|===
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2+h|Datetime truncation units
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s|unit
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s|abbreviations
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| millennium | millennia
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| century | centuries
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| decade | decades
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| year | years, yy, yyyy
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| quarter | quarters, qq, q
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| month | months, mm, m
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| week | weeks, wk, ww
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| day | days, dd, d
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| hour | hours, hh
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| minute | minutes, mi, n
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| second | seconds, ss, s
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| millisecond | milliseconds, ms
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| microsecond | microseconds, mcs
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| nanosecond | nanoseconds, ns
|
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|===
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[truncateDateTimeMillennium]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[truncateDateTimeWeek]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[truncateDateTimeMinutes]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[truncateDateDecades]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[truncateDateQuarter]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[[sql-functions-datetime-day]]
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==== `DAY_OF_MONTH/DOM/DAY`
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.Synopsis:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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DAY_OF_MONTH(datetime_exp) <1>
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--------------------------------------------------
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*Input*:
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<1> date/datetime expression
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*Output*: integer
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.Description:
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Extract the day of the month from a date/datetime.
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[dayOfMonth]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[[sql-functions-datetime-dow]]
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==== `DAY_OF_WEEK/DAYOFWEEK/DOW`
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.Synopsis:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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DAY_OF_WEEK(datetime_exp) <1>
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--------------------------------------------------
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*Input*:
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<1> date/datetime expression
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*Output*: integer
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.Description:
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Extract the day of the week from a date/datetime. Sunday is `1`, Monday is `2`, etc.
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[dayOfWeek]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[[sql-functions-datetime-doy]]
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==== `DAY_OF_YEAR/DOY`
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.Synopsis:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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DAY_OF_YEAR(datetime_exp) <1>
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--------------------------------------------------
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*Input*:
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<1> date/datetime expression
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*Output*: integer
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.Description:
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Extract the day of the year from a date/datetime.
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[dayOfYear]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[[sql-functions-datetime-dayname]]
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==== `DAY_NAME/DAYNAME`
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.Synopsis:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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DAY_NAME(datetime_exp) <1>
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--------------------------------------------------
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*Input*:
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<1> date/datetime expression
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*Output*: string
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.Description:
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Extract the day of the week from a date/datetime in text format (`Monday`, `Tuesday`...).
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[dayName]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[[sql-functions-datetime-hour]]
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==== `HOUR_OF_DAY/HOUR`
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.Synopsis:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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HOUR_OF_DAY(datetime_exp) <1>
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--------------------------------------------------
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*Input*:
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<1> date/datetime expression
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*Output*: integer
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.Description:
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Extract the hour of the day from a date/datetime.
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[hourOfDay]
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--------------------------------------------------
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[[sql-functions-datetime-isodow]]
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==== `ISO_DAY_OF_WEEK/ISODAYOFWEEK/ISODOW/IDOW`
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.Synopsis:
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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ISO_DAY_OF_WEEK(datetime_exp) <1>
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--------------------------------------------------
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*Input*:
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<1> date/datetime expression
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*Output*: integer
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.Description:
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Extract the day of the week from a date/datetime, following the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_week_date[ISO 8601 standard].
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Monday is `1`, Tuesday is `2`, etc.
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[source, sql]
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--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[isoDayOfWeek]
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|
--------------------------------------------------
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[[sql-functions-datetime-isoweek]]
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==== `ISO_WEEK_OF_YEAR/ISOWEEKOFYEAR/ISOWEEK/IWOY/IW`
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.Synopsis:
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[source, sql]
|
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--------------------------------------------------
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ISO_WEEK_OF_YEAR(datetime_exp) <1>
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
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*Input*:
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<1> date/datetime expression
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*Output*: integer
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.Description:
|
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Extract the week of the year from a date/datetime, following https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_week_date[ISO 8601 standard]. The first week
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of a year is the first week with a majority (4 or more) of its days in January.
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[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
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include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[isoWeekOfYear]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
[[sql-functions-datetime-minuteofday]]
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==== `MINUTE_OF_DAY`
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|
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|
.Synopsis:
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|
[source, sql]
|
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--------------------------------------------------
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MINUTE_OF_DAY(datetime_exp) <1>
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
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|
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|
*Input*:
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<1> date/datetime expression
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*Output*: integer
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|
.Description:
|
|
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|
Extract the minute of the day from a date/datetime.
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|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
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|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[minuteOfDay]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
[[sql-functions-datetime-minute]]
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==== `MINUTE_OF_HOUR/MINUTE`
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|
|
|
.Synopsis:
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
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|
MINUTE_OF_HOUR(datetime_exp) <1>
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
*Input*:
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|
<1> date/datetime expression
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*Output*: integer
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|
.Description:
|
|
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|
Extract the minute of the hour from a date/datetime.
|
|
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[minuteOfHour]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
[[sql-functions-datetime-month]]
|
|
==== `MONTH_OF_YEAR/MONTH`
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|
|
|
.Synopsis:
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
MONTH(datetime_exp) <1>
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
*Input*:
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|
|
|
<1> date/datetime expression
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|
|
|
*Output*: integer
|
|
|
|
.Description:
|
|
|
|
Extract the month of the year from a date/datetime.
|
|
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[monthOfYear]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
[[sql-functions-datetime-monthname]]
|
|
==== `MONTH_NAME/MONTHNAME`
|
|
|
|
.Synopsis:
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
MONTH_NAME(datetime_exp) <1>
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
*Input*:
|
|
|
|
<1> date/datetime expression
|
|
|
|
*Output*: string
|
|
|
|
.Description:
|
|
|
|
Extract the month from a date/datetime in text format (`January`, `February`...).
|
|
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[monthName]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
[[sql-functions-now]]
|
|
==== `NOW`
|
|
|
|
.Synopsis:
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
NOW()
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
*Input*: _none_
|
|
|
|
*Output*: datetime
|
|
|
|
.Description:
|
|
|
|
This function offers the same functionality as <<sql-functions-current-timestamp,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()>> function: returns
|
|
the datetime when the current query reached the server. This method always returns the same value for its every
|
|
occurrence within the same query.
|
|
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[nowFunction]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
Typically, this function (as well as its twin <<sql-functions-current-timestamp,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP())>> function is used
|
|
for relative date/time filtering:
|
|
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[filterNow]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
[[sql-functions-datetime-second]]
|
|
==== `SECOND_OF_MINUTE/SECOND`
|
|
|
|
.Synopsis:
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
SECOND_OF_MINUTE(datetime_exp) <1>
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
*Input*:
|
|
|
|
<1> date/datetime expression
|
|
|
|
*Output*: integer
|
|
|
|
.Description:
|
|
|
|
Extract the second of the minute from a date/datetime.
|
|
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[secondOfMinute]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
[[sql-functions-datetime-quarter]]
|
|
==== `QUARTER`
|
|
|
|
.Synopsis:
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
QUARTER(datetime_exp) <1>
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
*Input*:
|
|
|
|
<1> date/datetime expression
|
|
|
|
*Output*: integer
|
|
|
|
.Description:
|
|
|
|
Extract the year quarter the date/datetime falls in.
|
|
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[quarter]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
[[sql-functions-today]]
|
|
==== `TODAY`
|
|
|
|
.Synopsis:
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
TODAY()
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
*Input*: _none_
|
|
|
|
*Output*: date
|
|
|
|
.Description:
|
|
|
|
This function offers the same functionality as <<sql-functions-current-date,CURRENT_DATE()>> function: returns
|
|
the date when the current query reached the server. This method always returns the same value for its every occurrence
|
|
within the same query.
|
|
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[todayFunction]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
Typically, this function (as well as its twin <<sql-functions-current-timestamp,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP())>> function is used
|
|
for relative date filtering:
|
|
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[filterToday]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
[[sql-functions-datetime-week]]
|
|
==== `WEEK_OF_YEAR/WEEK`
|
|
|
|
.Synopsis:
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
WEEK_OF_YEAR(datetime_exp) <1>
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
*Input*:
|
|
|
|
<1> date/datetime expression
|
|
|
|
*Output*: integer
|
|
|
|
.Description:
|
|
|
|
Extract the week of the year from a date/datetime.
|
|
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[weekOfYear]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
[[sql-functions-datetime-year]]
|
|
==== `YEAR`
|
|
|
|
.Synopsis:
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
YEAR(datetime_exp) <1>
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
*Input*:
|
|
|
|
<1> date/datetime expression
|
|
|
|
*Output*: integer
|
|
|
|
.Description:
|
|
|
|
Extract the year from a date/datetime.
|
|
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[year]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
[[sql-functions-datetime-extract]]
|
|
==== `EXTRACT`
|
|
|
|
.Synopsis:
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
EXTRACT(
|
|
datetime_function <1>
|
|
FROM datetime_exp) <2>
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
*Input*:
|
|
|
|
<1> date/time function name
|
|
<2> date/datetime expression
|
|
|
|
*Output*: integer
|
|
|
|
.Description:
|
|
|
|
Extract fields from a date/datetime by specifying the name of a <<sql-functions-datetime,datetime function>>.
|
|
The following
|
|
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[extractDayOfYear]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
is the equivalent to
|
|
|
|
[source, sql]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
include-tagged::{sql-specs}/docs/docs.csv-spec[dayOfYear]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|