646 lines
27 KiB
Plaintext
646 lines
27 KiB
Plaintext
[[modules-snapshots]]
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== Snapshot And Restore
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You can store snapshots of individual indices or an entire cluster in
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a remote repository like a shared file system, S3, or HDFS. These snapshots
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are great for backups because they can be restored relatively quickly. However,
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snapshots can only be restored to versions of Elasticsearch that can read the
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indices:
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* A snapshot of an index created in 5.x can be restored to 6.x.
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* A snapshot of an index created in 2.x can be restored to 5.x.
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* A snapshot of an index created in 1.x can be restored to 2.x.
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Conversely, snapshots of indices created in 1.x **cannot** be restored to
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5.x or 6.x, and snapshots of indices created in 2.x **cannot** be restored
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to 6.x.
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Snapshots are incremental and can contain indices created in various
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versions of Elasticsearch. If any indices in a snapshot were created in an
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incompatible version, you will not be able restore the snapshot.
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IMPORTANT: When backing up your data prior to an upgrade, keep in mind that you
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won't be able to restore snapshots after you upgrade if they contain indices
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created in a version that's incompatible with the upgrade version.
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If you end up in a situation where you need to restore a snapshot of an index
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that is incompatible with the version of the cluster you are currently running,
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you can restore it on the latest compatible version and use
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<<reindex-from-remote,reindex-from-remote>> to rebuild the index on the current
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version. Reindexing from remote is only possible if the original index has
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source enabled. Retrieving and reindexing the data can take significantly longer
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than simply restoring a snapshot. If you have a large amount of data, we
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recommend testing the reindex from remote process with a subset of your data to
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understand the time requirements before proceeding.
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[float]
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=== Repositories
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You must register a snapshot repository before you can perform snapshot and
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restore operations. We recommend creating a new snapshot repository for each
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major version. The valid repository settings depend on the repository type.
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If you register same snapshot repository with multiple clusters, only
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one cluster should have write access to the repository. All other clusters
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connected to that repository should set the repository to `readonly` mode.
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IMPORTANT: The snapshot format can change across major versions, so if you have
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clusters on different versions trying to write the same repository, snapshots
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written by one version may not be visible to the other and the repository could
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be corrupted. While setting the repository to `readonly` on all but one of the
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clusters should work with multiple clusters differing by one major version, it
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is not a supported configuration.
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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PUT /_snapshot/my_backup
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{
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"type": "fs",
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"settings": {
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"location": "my_backup_location"
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}
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}
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TESTSETUP
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To retrieve information about a registered repository, use a GET request:
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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GET /_snapshot/my_backup
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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which returns:
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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{
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"my_backup": {
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"type": "fs",
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"settings": {
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"location": "my_backup_location"
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}
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}
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}
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-----------------------------------
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// TESTRESPONSE
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To retrieve information about multiple repositories, specify a
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a comma-delimited list of repositories. You can also use the * wildcard when
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specifying repository names. For example, the following request retrieves
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information about all of the snapshot repositories that start with `repo` or
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contain `backup`:
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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GET /_snapshot/repo*,*backup*
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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To retrieve information about all registered snapshot repositories, omit the
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repository name or specify `_all`:
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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GET /_snapshot
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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or
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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GET /_snapshot/_all
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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[float]
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===== Shared File System Repository
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The shared file system repository (`"type": "fs"`) uses the shared file system to store snapshots. In order to register
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the shared file system repository it is necessary to mount the same shared filesystem to the same location on all
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master and data nodes. This location (or one of its parent directories) must be registered in the `path.repo`
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setting on all master and data nodes.
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Assuming that the shared filesystem is mounted to `/mount/backups/my_fs_backup_location`, the following setting should
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be added to `elasticsearch.yml` file:
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[source,yaml]
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--------------
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path.repo: ["/mount/backups", "/mount/longterm_backups"]
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--------------
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The `path.repo` setting supports Microsoft Windows UNC paths as long as at least server name and share are specified as
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a prefix and back slashes are properly escaped:
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[source,yaml]
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--------------
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path.repo: ["\\\\MY_SERVER\\Snapshots"]
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--------------
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After all nodes are restarted, the following command can be used to register the shared file system repository with
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the name `my_fs_backup`:
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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PUT /_snapshot/my_fs_backup
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{
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"type": "fs",
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"settings": {
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"location": "/mount/backups/my_fs_backup_location",
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"compress": true
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}
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}
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[skip:no access to absolute path]
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If the repository location is specified as a relative path this path will be resolved against the first path specified
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in `path.repo`:
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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PUT /_snapshot/my_fs_backup
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{
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"type": "fs",
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"settings": {
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"location": "my_fs_backup_location",
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"compress": true
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}
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}
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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The following settings are supported:
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[horizontal]
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`location`:: Location of the snapshots. Mandatory.
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`compress`:: Turns on compression of the snapshot files. Compression is applied only to metadata files (index mapping and settings). Data files are not compressed. Defaults to `true`.
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`chunk_size`:: Big files can be broken down into chunks during snapshotting if needed. The chunk size can be specified in bytes or by
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using size value notation, i.e. 1g, 10m, 5k. Defaults to `null` (unlimited chunk size).
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`max_restore_bytes_per_sec`:: Throttles per node restore rate. Defaults to `40mb` per second.
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`max_snapshot_bytes_per_sec`:: Throttles per node snapshot rate. Defaults to `40mb` per second.
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`readonly`:: Makes repository read-only. Defaults to `false`.
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[float]
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===== Read-only URL Repository
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The URL repository (`"type": "url"`) can be used as an alternative read-only way to access data created by the shared file
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system repository. The URL specified in the `url` parameter should point to the root of the shared filesystem repository.
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The following settings are supported:
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[horizontal]
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`url`:: Location of the snapshots. Mandatory.
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URL Repository supports the following protocols: "http", "https", "ftp", "file" and "jar". URL repositories with `http:`,
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`https:`, and `ftp:` URLs has to be whitelisted by specifying allowed URLs in the `repositories.url.allowed_urls` setting.
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This setting supports wildcards in the place of host, path, query, and fragment. For example:
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[source,yaml]
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-----------------------------------
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repositories.url.allowed_urls: ["http://www.example.org/root/*", "https://*.mydomain.com/*?*#*"]
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-----------------------------------
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URL repositories with `file:` URLs can only point to locations registered in the `path.repo` setting similar to
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shared file system repository.
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[float]
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===== Repository plugins
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Other repository backends are available in these official plugins:
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* {plugins}/repository-s3.html[repository-s3] for S3 repository support
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* {plugins}/repository-hdfs.html[repository-hdfs] for HDFS repository support in Hadoop environments
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* {plugins}/repository-azure.html[repository-azure] for Azure storage repositories
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* {plugins}/repository-gcs.html[repository-gcs] for Google Cloud Storage repositories
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[float]
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===== Repository Verification
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When a repository is registered, it's immediately verified on all master and data nodes to make sure that it is functional
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on all nodes currently present in the cluster. The `verify` parameter can be used to explicitly disable the repository
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verification when registering or updating a repository:
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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PUT /_snapshot/my_unverified_backup?verify=false
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{
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"type": "fs",
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"settings": {
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"location": "my_unverified_backup_location"
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}
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}
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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The verification process can also be executed manually by running the following command:
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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POST /_snapshot/my_unverified_backup/_verify
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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It returns a list of nodes where repository was successfully verified or an error message if verification process failed.
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[float]
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=== Snapshot
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A repository can contain multiple snapshots of the same cluster. Snapshots are identified by unique names within the
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cluster. A snapshot with the name `snapshot_1` in the repository `my_backup` can be created by executing the following
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command:
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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PUT /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_1?wait_for_completion=true
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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The `wait_for_completion` parameter specifies whether or not the request should return immediately after snapshot
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initialization (default) or wait for snapshot completion. During snapshot initialization, information about all
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previous snapshots is loaded into the memory, which means that in large repositories it may take several seconds (or
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even minutes) for this command to return even if the `wait_for_completion` parameter is set to `false`.
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By default a snapshot of all open and started indices in the cluster is created. This behavior can be changed by
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specifying the list of indices in the body of the snapshot request.
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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PUT /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_2?wait_for_completion=true
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{
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"indices": "index_1,index_2",
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"ignore_unavailable": true,
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"include_global_state": false
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}
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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The list of indices that should be included into the snapshot can be specified using the `indices` parameter that
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supports <<multi-index,multi index syntax>>. The snapshot request also supports the
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`ignore_unavailable` option. Setting it to `true` will cause indices that do not exist to be ignored during snapshot
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creation. By default, when `ignore_unavailable` option is not set and an index is missing the snapshot request will fail.
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By setting `include_global_state` to false it's possible to prevent the cluster global state to be stored as part of
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the snapshot. By default, the entire snapshot will fail if one or more indices participating in the snapshot don't have
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all primary shards available. This behaviour can be changed by setting `partial` to `true`.
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Snapshot names can be automatically derived using <<date-math-index-names,date math expressions>>, similarly as when creating
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new indices. Note that special characters need to be URI encoded.
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For example, creating a snapshot with the current day in the name, like `snapshot-2018.05.11`, can be achieved with
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the following command:
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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# PUT /_snapshot/my_backup/<snapshot-{now/d}>
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PUT /_snapshot/my_backup/%3Csnapshot-%7Bnow%2Fd%7D%3E
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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The index snapshot process is incremental. In the process of making the index snapshot Elasticsearch analyses
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the list of the index files that are already stored in the repository and copies only files that were created or
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changed since the last snapshot. That allows multiple snapshots to be preserved in the repository in a compact form.
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Snapshotting process is executed in non-blocking fashion. All indexing and searching operation can continue to be
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executed against the index that is being snapshotted. However, a snapshot represents the point-in-time view of the index
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at the moment when snapshot was created, so no records that were added to the index after the snapshot process was started
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will be present in the snapshot. The snapshot process starts immediately for the primary shards that has been started
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and are not relocating at the moment. Before version 1.2.0, the snapshot operation fails if the cluster has any relocating or
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initializing primaries of indices participating in the snapshot. Starting with version 1.2.0, Elasticsearch waits for
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relocation or initialization of shards to complete before snapshotting them.
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Besides creating a copy of each index the snapshot process can also store global cluster metadata, which includes persistent
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cluster settings and templates. The transient settings and registered snapshot repositories are not stored as part of
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the snapshot.
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Only one snapshot process can be executed in the cluster at any time. While snapshot of a particular shard is being
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created this shard cannot be moved to another node, which can interfere with rebalancing process and allocation
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filtering. Elasticsearch will only be able to move a shard to another node (according to the current allocation
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filtering settings and rebalancing algorithm) once the snapshot is finished.
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Once a snapshot is created information about this snapshot can be obtained using the following command:
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[source,sh]
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-----------------------------------
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GET /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_1
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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This command returns basic information about the snapshot including start and end time, version of
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Elasticsearch that created the snapshot, the list of included indices, the current state of the
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snapshot and the list of failures that occurred during the snapshot. The snapshot `state` can be
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[horizontal]
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`IN_PROGRESS`::
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The snapshot is currently running.
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`SUCCESS`::
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The snapshot finished and all shards were stored successfully.
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`FAILED`::
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The snapshot finished with an error and failed to store any data.
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`PARTIAL`::
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The global cluster state was stored, but data of at least one shard wasn't stored successfully.
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The `failure` section in this case should contain more detailed information about shards
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that were not processed correctly.
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`INCOMPATIBLE`::
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The snapshot was created with an old version of Elasticsearch and therefore is incompatible with
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the current version of the cluster.
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Similar as for repositories, information about multiple snapshots can be queried in one go, supporting wildcards as well:
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[source,sh]
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-----------------------------------
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GET /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_*,some_other_snapshot
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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All snapshots currently stored in the repository can be listed using the following command:
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[source,sh]
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-----------------------------------
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GET /_snapshot/my_backup/_all
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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The command fails if some of the snapshots are unavailable. The boolean parameter `ignore_unavailable` can be used to
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return all snapshots that are currently available.
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Getting all snapshots in the repository can be costly on cloud-based repositories,
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both from a cost and performance perspective. If the only information required is
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the snapshot names/uuids in the repository and the indices in each snapshot, then
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the optional boolean parameter `verbose` can be set to `false` to execute a more
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performant and cost-effective retrieval of the snapshots in the repository. Note
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that setting `verbose` to `false` will omit all other information about the snapshot
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such as status information, the number of snapshotted shards, etc. The default
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value of the `verbose` parameter is `true`.
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A currently running snapshot can be retrieved using the following command:
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[source,sh]
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-----------------------------------
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GET /_snapshot/my_backup/_current
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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A snapshot can be deleted from the repository using the following command:
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[source,sh]
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-----------------------------------
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DELETE /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_2
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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When a snapshot is deleted from a repository, Elasticsearch deletes all files that are associated with the deleted
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snapshot and not used by any other snapshots. If the deleted snapshot operation is executed while the snapshot is being
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created the snapshotting process will be aborted and all files created as part of the snapshotting process will be
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cleaned. Therefore, the delete snapshot operation can be used to cancel long running snapshot operations that were
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started by mistake.
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A repository can be unregistered using the following command:
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[source,sh]
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-----------------------------------
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DELETE /_snapshot/my_backup
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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When a repository is unregistered, Elasticsearch only removes the reference to the location where the repository is storing
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the snapshots. The snapshots themselves are left untouched and in place.
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[float]
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=== Restore
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A snapshot can be restored using the following command:
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[source,sh]
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-----------------------------------
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POST /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_1/_restore
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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By default, all indices in the snapshot are restored, and the cluster state is
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*not* restored. It's possible to select indices that should be restored as well
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as to allow the global cluster state from being restored by using `indices` and
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`include_global_state` options in the restore request body. The list of indices
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supports <<multi-index,multi index syntax>>. The `rename_pattern`
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and `rename_replacement` options can be also used to rename indices on restore
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using regular expression that supports referencing the original text as
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explained
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http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/util/regex/Matcher.html#appendReplacement(java.lang.StringBuffer,%20java.lang.String)[here].
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Set `include_aliases` to `false` to prevent aliases from being restored together
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with associated indices
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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POST /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_1/_restore
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{
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"indices": "index_1,index_2",
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"ignore_unavailable": true,
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"include_global_state": true,
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"rename_pattern": "index_(.+)",
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"rename_replacement": "restored_index_$1"
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}
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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The restore operation can be performed on a functioning cluster. However, an
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existing index can be only restored if it's <<indices-open-close,closed>> and
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has the same number of shards as the index in the snapshot. The restore
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operation automatically opens restored indices if they were closed and creates
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new indices if they didn't exist in the cluster. If cluster state is restored
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with `include_global_state` (defaults to `false`), the restored templates that
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don't currently exist in the cluster are added and existing templates with the
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same name are replaced by the restored templates. The restored persistent
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settings are added to the existing persistent settings.
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[float]
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==== Partial restore
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By default, the entire restore operation will fail if one or more indices participating in the operation don't have
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snapshots of all shards available. It can occur if some shards failed to snapshot for example. It is still possible to
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restore such indices by setting `partial` to `true`. Please note, that only successfully snapshotted shards will be
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restored in this case and all missing shards will be recreated empty.
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[float]
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==== Changing index settings during restore
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Most of index settings can be overridden during the restore process. For example, the following command will restore
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the index `index_1` without creating any replicas while switching back to default refresh interval:
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[source,js]
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-----------------------------------
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POST /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_1/_restore
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{
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"indices": "index_1",
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"index_settings": {
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"index.number_of_replicas": 0
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},
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"ignore_index_settings": [
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"index.refresh_interval"
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]
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}
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-----------------------------------
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// CONSOLE
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// TEST[continued]
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Please note, that some settings such as `index.number_of_shards` cannot be changed during restore operation.
|
|
|
|
[float]
|
|
==== Restoring to a different cluster
|
|
|
|
The information stored in a snapshot is not tied to a particular cluster or a cluster name. Therefore it's possible to
|
|
restore a snapshot made from one cluster into another cluster. All that is required is registering the repository
|
|
containing the snapshot in the new cluster and starting the restore process. The new cluster doesn't have to have the
|
|
same size or topology. However, the version of the new cluster should be the same or newer (only 1 major version newer) than the cluster that was used to create the snapshot. For example, you can restore a 1.x snapshot to a 2.x cluster, but not a 1.x snapshot to a 5.x cluster.
|
|
|
|
If the new cluster has a smaller size additional considerations should be made. First of all it's necessary to make sure
|
|
that new cluster have enough capacity to store all indices in the snapshot. It's possible to change indices settings
|
|
during restore to reduce the number of replicas, which can help with restoring snapshots into smaller cluster. It's also
|
|
possible to select only subset of the indices using the `indices` parameter.
|
|
|
|
If indices in the original cluster were assigned to particular nodes using
|
|
<<shard-allocation-filtering,shard allocation filtering>>, the same rules will be enforced in the new cluster. Therefore
|
|
if the new cluster doesn't contain nodes with appropriate attributes that a restored index can be allocated on, such
|
|
index will not be successfully restored unless these index allocation settings are changed during restore operation.
|
|
|
|
The restore operation also checks that restored persistent settings are compatible with the current cluster to avoid accidentally
|
|
restoring an incompatible settings such as `discovery.zen.minimum_master_nodes` and as a result disable a smaller cluster until the
|
|
required number of master eligible nodes is added. If you need to restore a snapshot with incompatible persistent settings, try
|
|
restoring it without the global cluster state.
|
|
|
|
[float]
|
|
=== Snapshot status
|
|
|
|
A list of currently running snapshots with their detailed status information can be obtained using the following command:
|
|
|
|
[source,sh]
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
GET /_snapshot/_status
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
// TEST[continued]
|
|
|
|
In this format, the command will return information about all currently running snapshots. By specifying a repository name, it's possible
|
|
to limit the results to a particular repository:
|
|
|
|
[source,sh]
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
GET /_snapshot/my_backup/_status
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
// TEST[continued]
|
|
|
|
If both repository name and snapshot id are specified, this command will return detailed status information for the given snapshot even
|
|
if it's not currently running:
|
|
|
|
[source,sh]
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
GET /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_1/_status
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
// TEST[continued]
|
|
|
|
Multiple ids are also supported:
|
|
|
|
[source,sh]
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
GET /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_1,snapshot_2/_status
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
// TEST[continued]
|
|
|
|
[float]
|
|
=== Monitoring snapshot/restore progress
|
|
|
|
There are several ways to monitor the progress of the snapshot and restores processes while they are running. Both
|
|
operations support `wait_for_completion` parameter that would block client until the operation is completed. This is
|
|
the simplest method that can be used to get notified about operation completion.
|
|
|
|
The snapshot operation can be also monitored by periodic calls to the snapshot info:
|
|
|
|
[source,sh]
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
GET /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_1
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
// TEST[continued]
|
|
|
|
Please note that snapshot info operation uses the same resources and thread pool as the snapshot operation. So,
|
|
executing a snapshot info operation while large shards are being snapshotted can cause the snapshot info operation to wait
|
|
for available resources before returning the result. On very large shards the wait time can be significant.
|
|
|
|
To get more immediate and complete information about snapshots the snapshot status command can be used instead:
|
|
|
|
[source,sh]
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
GET /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_1/_status
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
// TEST[continued]
|
|
|
|
While snapshot info method returns only basic information about the snapshot in progress, the snapshot status returns
|
|
complete breakdown of the current state for each shard participating in the snapshot.
|
|
|
|
The restore process piggybacks on the standard recovery mechanism of the Elasticsearch. As a result, standard recovery
|
|
monitoring services can be used to monitor the state of restore. When restore operation is executed the cluster
|
|
typically goes into `red` state. It happens because the restore operation starts with "recovering" primary shards of the
|
|
restored indices. During this operation the primary shards become unavailable which manifests itself in the `red` cluster
|
|
state. Once recovery of primary shards is completed Elasticsearch is switching to standard replication process that
|
|
creates the required number of replicas at this moment cluster switches to the `yellow` state. Once all required replicas
|
|
are created, the cluster switches to the `green` states.
|
|
|
|
The cluster health operation provides only a high level status of the restore process. It's possible to get more
|
|
detailed insight into the current state of the recovery process by using <<indices-recovery, indices recovery>> and
|
|
<<cat-recovery, cat recovery>> APIs.
|
|
|
|
[float]
|
|
=== Stopping currently running snapshot and restore operations
|
|
|
|
The snapshot and restore framework allows running only one snapshot or one restore operation at a time. If a currently
|
|
running snapshot was executed by mistake, or takes unusually long, it can be terminated using the snapshot delete operation.
|
|
The snapshot delete operation checks if the deleted snapshot is currently running and if it does, the delete operation stops
|
|
that snapshot before deleting the snapshot data from the repository.
|
|
|
|
[source,sh]
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
DELETE /_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_1
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
// TEST[continued]
|
|
|
|
The restore operation uses the standard shard recovery mechanism. Therefore, any currently running restore operation can
|
|
be canceled by deleting indices that are being restored. Please note that data for all deleted indices will be removed
|
|
from the cluster as a result of this operation.
|
|
|
|
[float]
|
|
=== Effect of cluster blocks on snapshot and restore operations
|
|
Many snapshot and restore operations are affected by cluster and index blocks. For example, registering and unregistering
|
|
repositories require write global metadata access. The snapshot operation requires that all indices and their metadata as
|
|
well as the global metadata were readable. The restore operation requires the global metadata to be writable, however
|
|
the index level blocks are ignored during restore because indices are essentially recreated during restore.
|
|
Please note that a repository content is not part of the cluster and therefore cluster blocks don't affect internal
|
|
repository operations such as listing or deleting snapshots from an already registered repository.
|