431 lines
16 KiB
Plaintext
431 lines
16 KiB
Plaintext
[[authorization]]
|
|
== Configuring Role-based Access Control
|
|
|
|
{security} introduces the concept of _authorization_ to {es}.
|
|
Authorization is the process of determining whether the user behind an incoming
|
|
request is allowed to execute it. This process takes place once a request is
|
|
successfully authenticated and the user behind the request is identified.
|
|
|
|
[[roles]]
|
|
[float]
|
|
=== Roles, Permissions and Privileges
|
|
|
|
The authorization process revolves around the following 5 constructs:
|
|
|
|
_Secured Resource_::
|
|
A resource to which access is restricted. Indices/aliases, documents, fields,
|
|
users and the {es} cluster itself are all examples of secured objects.
|
|
|
|
_Privilege_::
|
|
A named group representing one or more actions that a user may execute against a
|
|
secured resource. Each secured resource has its own sets of available privileges.
|
|
For example, `read` is an index privilege that represents all actions that enable
|
|
reading the indexed/stored data. For a complete list of available privileges
|
|
see <<security-privileges>>.
|
|
|
|
_Permissions_::
|
|
A set of one or more privileges against a secured resource. Permissions can
|
|
easily be described in words, here are few examples:
|
|
* `read` privilege on the `products` index
|
|
* `manage` privilege on the cluster
|
|
* `run_as` privilege on `john` user
|
|
* `read` privilege on documents that match query X
|
|
* `read` privilege on `credit_card` field
|
|
|
|
_Role_::
|
|
A named sets of permissions
|
|
|
|
_User_::
|
|
The authenticated user.
|
|
|
|
A secure {es} cluster manages the privileges of users through _roles_.
|
|
A role has a unique name and identifies a set of permissions that translate to
|
|
privileges on resources. A user can be associated with an arbitrary number of
|
|
roles. The total set of permissions that a user has is therefore defined by
|
|
union of the permissions in all its roles.
|
|
|
|
As an administrator, you will need to define the roles that you want to use,
|
|
then assign users to the roles. These can be assigned to users in a number of
|
|
ways depending on the realms by which the users are authenticated.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles]]
|
|
=== Built-in Roles
|
|
|
|
{security} applies a default role to all users, including
|
|
<<anonymous-access, anonymous users>>. The default role enables users to access
|
|
the authenticate endpoint, change their own passwords, and get information about
|
|
themselves.
|
|
|
|
{security} also provides a set of built-in roles you can explicitly assign
|
|
to users. These roles have a fixed set of privileges and cannot be updated.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-ingest-user]] `ingest_admin` ::
|
|
Grants access to manage *all* index templates and *all* ingest pipeline configurations.
|
|
+
|
|
NOTE: This role does *not* provide the ability to create indices; those privileges
|
|
must be defined in a separate role.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-kibana-dashboard]] `kibana_dashboard_only_user` ::
|
|
Grants access to the {kib} Dashboard and read-only permissions on the `.kibana`
|
|
index. This role does not have access to editing tools in {kib}. For more
|
|
information, see
|
|
{kibana-ref}/xpack-dashboard-only-mode.html[{kib} Dashboard Only Mode].
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-kibana-system]] `kibana_system` ::
|
|
Grants access necessary for the {kib} system user to read from and write to the
|
|
{kib} indices, manage index templates, and check the availability of the {es} cluster.
|
|
This role grants read access to the `.monitoring-*` indices and read and write access
|
|
to the `.reporting-*` indices. For more information, see
|
|
{kibana-ref}/using-kibana-with-security.html[Configuring Security in {kib}].
|
|
+
|
|
NOTE: This role should not be assigned to users as the granted permissions may
|
|
change between releases.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-kibana-user]] `kibana_user`::
|
|
Grants the minimum privileges required for any user of {kib}. This role grants
|
|
access to the {kib} indices and grants monitoring privileges for the cluster.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-logstash-admin]] `logstash_admin` ::
|
|
Grants access to the `.logstash*` indices for managing configurations.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-logstash-system]] `logstash_system` ::
|
|
Grants access necessary for the Logstash system user to send system-level data
|
|
(such as monitoring) to {es}. For more information, see
|
|
{logstash-ref}/ls-security.html[Configuring Security in Logstash].
|
|
+
|
|
NOTE: This role should not be assigned to users as the granted permissions may
|
|
change between releases.
|
|
+
|
|
NOTE: This role does not provide access to the logstash indices and is not
|
|
suitable for use within a Logstash pipeline.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-ml-admin]] `machine_learning_admin`::
|
|
Grants `manage_ml` cluster privileges and read access to the `.ml-*` indices.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-ml-user]] `machine_learning_user`::
|
|
Grants the minimum privileges required to view {xpackml} configuration,
|
|
status, and results. This role grants `monitor_ml` cluster privileges and
|
|
read access to the `.ml-notifications` and `.ml-anomalies*` indices,
|
|
which store {ml} results.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-monitoring-user]] `monitoring_user`::
|
|
Grants the minimum privileges required for any user of {monitoring} other than those
|
|
required to use {kib}. This role grants access to the monitoring indices.
|
|
Monitoring users should also be assigned the `kibana_user` role.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-remote-monitoring-agent]] `remote_monitoring_agent`::
|
|
Grants the minimum privileges required for a remote monitoring agent to write data
|
|
into this cluster.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-reporting-user]] `reporting_user`::
|
|
Grants the specific privileges required for users of {reporting} other than those
|
|
required to use {kib}. This role grants access to the reporting indices. Reporting
|
|
users should also be assigned the `kibana_user` role and a role that grants them
|
|
access to the data that will be used to generate reports with.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-superuser]] `superuser`::
|
|
Grants full access to the cluster, including all indices and data. A user with
|
|
the `superuser` role can also manage users and roles and
|
|
<<run-as-privilege, impersonate>> any other user in the system. Due to the
|
|
permissive nature of this role, take extra care when assigning it to a user.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-transport-client]] `transport_client`::
|
|
Grants the privileges required to access the cluster through the Java Transport
|
|
Client. The Java Transport Client fetches information about the nodes in the
|
|
cluster using the _Node Liveness API_ and the _Cluster State API_ (when
|
|
sniffing is enabled). Assign your users this role if they use the
|
|
Transport Client.
|
|
+
|
|
NOTE: Using the Transport Client effectively means the users are granted access
|
|
to the cluster state. This means users can view the metadata over all indices,
|
|
index templates, mappings, node and basically everything about the cluster.
|
|
However, this role does not grant permission to view the data in all indices.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-watcher-admin]] `watcher_admin`::
|
|
+
|
|
Grants write access to the `.watches` index, read access to the watch history and
|
|
the triggered watches index and allows to execute all watcher actions.
|
|
|
|
[[built-in-roles-watcher-user]] `watcher_user`::
|
|
+
|
|
Grants read access to the `.watches` index, the get watch action and the watcher
|
|
stats.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[defining-roles]]
|
|
=== Defining Roles
|
|
|
|
A role is defined by the following JSON structure:
|
|
|
|
[source,js]
|
|
-----
|
|
{
|
|
"run_as": [ ... ], <1>
|
|
"cluster": [ ... ], <2>
|
|
"indices": [ ... ] <3>
|
|
}
|
|
-----
|
|
<1> A list of usernames the owners of this role can <<run-as-privilege, impersonate>>.
|
|
<2> A list of cluster privileges. These privileges define the
|
|
cluster level actions users with this role are able to execute. This field
|
|
is optional (missing `cluster` privileges effectively mean no cluster level
|
|
permissions).
|
|
<3> A list of indices permissions entries. This field is optional (missing `indices`
|
|
privileges effectively mean no index level permissions).
|
|
|
|
[[valid-role-name]]
|
|
NOTE: Role names must be at least 1 and no more than 1024 characters. They can
|
|
contain alphanumeric characters (`a-z`, `A-Z`, `0-9`), spaces,
|
|
punctuation, and printable symbols in the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block)[Basic Latin (ASCII) block].
|
|
Leading or trailing whitespace is not allowed.
|
|
|
|
The following describes the structure of an indices permissions entry:
|
|
|
|
[source,js]
|
|
-------
|
|
{
|
|
"names": [ ... ], <1>
|
|
"privileges": [ ... ], <2>
|
|
"field_security" : { ... }, <3>
|
|
"query": "..." <4>
|
|
}
|
|
-------
|
|
<1> A list of indices (or index name patterns) to which the permissions in this
|
|
entry apply.
|
|
<2> The index level privileges the owners of the role have on the associated
|
|
indices (those indices that are specified in the `name` field)
|
|
<3> Specification for document fields the owners of the role have read access to.
|
|
See <<field-and-document-access-control>> for details.
|
|
<4> A search query that defines the documents the owners of the role have read
|
|
access to. A document within the associated indices must match this query
|
|
in order for it to be accessible by the owners of the role.
|
|
|
|
[TIP]
|
|
==============================================================================
|
|
When specifying index names, you can use indices and aliases with their full
|
|
names or regular expressions that refer to multiple indices.
|
|
|
|
* Wildcard (default) - simple wildcard matching where `*` is a placeholder
|
|
for zero or more characters, `?` is a placeholder for a single character
|
|
and `\` may be used as an escape character.
|
|
|
|
* Regular Expressions - A more powerful syntax for matching more complex
|
|
patterns. This regular expression is based on Lucene's regexp automaton
|
|
syntax. To enable this syntax, it must be wrapped within a pair of
|
|
forward slashes (`/`). Any pattern starting with `/` and not ending with
|
|
`/` is considered to be malformed.
|
|
|
|
.Example Regular Expressions
|
|
[source,yaml]
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
"foo-bar": # match the literal `foo-bar`
|
|
"foo-*": # match anything beginning with "foo-"
|
|
"logstash-201?-*": # ? matches any one character
|
|
"/.*-201[0-9]-.*/": # use a regex to match anything containing 2010-2019
|
|
"/foo": # syntax error - missing final /
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
==============================================================================
|
|
|
|
The following snippet shows an example definition of a `clicks_admin` role:
|
|
|
|
[source,js]
|
|
-----------
|
|
{
|
|
"run_as": [ "clicks_watcher_1" ]
|
|
"cluster": [ "monitor" ],
|
|
"indices": [
|
|
{
|
|
"names": [ "events-*" ],
|
|
"privileges": [ "read" ],
|
|
"field_security" : {
|
|
"grant" : [ "category", "@timestamp", "message" ]
|
|
},
|
|
"query": "{\"match\": {\"category\": \"click\"}}"
|
|
}
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
|
Based on the above definition, users owning the `clicks_admin` role can:
|
|
|
|
* Impersonate the `clicks_watcher_1` user and execute requests on its behalf.
|
|
* Monitor the {es} cluster
|
|
* Read data from all indices prefixed with `events-`
|
|
* Within these indices, only read the events of the `click` category
|
|
* Within these document, only read the `category`, `@timestamp` and `message`
|
|
fields.
|
|
|
|
TIP: For a complete list of available <<security-privileges, cluster and indices privileges>>
|
|
|
|
There are two available mechanisms to define roles: using the _Role Management APIs_
|
|
or in local files on the {es} nodes. {security} also supports implementing
|
|
custom roles providers. If you need to integrate with another system to retrieve
|
|
user roles, you can build a custom roles provider plugin. For more information,
|
|
see <<custom-roles-provider, Custom Roles Provider Extension>>.
|
|
|
|
[float]
|
|
[[roles-management-ui]]
|
|
=== Role Management UI
|
|
|
|
If you are a {kib} user, make sure to
|
|
<<installing-xpack, install {xpack} in {kib}>>.
|
|
This enables you to easily manage users and roles from within {kib}. To manage roles,
|
|
log in to {kib} and go to *Management / Elasticsearch / Roles*.
|
|
|
|
[float]
|
|
[[roles-management-api]]
|
|
=== Role Management API
|
|
|
|
The _Role Management APIs_ enable you to add, update, remove and retrieve roles
|
|
dynamically. When you use the APIs to manage roles in the `native` realm, the
|
|
roles are stored in an internal {es} index.
|
|
|
|
[[roles-api-add]]
|
|
==== Adding a Role
|
|
|
|
To add a role, submit a PUT or POST request to the `/_xpack/security/role/<name>`
|
|
endpoint.
|
|
|
|
[source,js]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
POST /_xpack/security/role/clicks_admin
|
|
{
|
|
"run_as": [ "clicks_watcher_1" ],
|
|
"cluster": [ "monitor" ],
|
|
"indices": [
|
|
{
|
|
"names": [ "events-*" ],
|
|
"privileges": [ "read" ],
|
|
"field_security" : {
|
|
"grant" : [ "category", "@timestamp", "message" ]
|
|
},
|
|
"query": "{\"match\": {\"category\": \"click\"}}"
|
|
}
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
// TESTSETUP
|
|
|
|
NOTE: This API can also be used for updating role definitions.
|
|
|
|
[[roles-api-list]]
|
|
==== List Role
|
|
|
|
To retrieve all roles, submit a GET request to the `/_xpack/security/role` endpoint:
|
|
|
|
[source,js]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
GET /_xpack/security/role
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
|
|
To retrieve particular roles, specify the roles as a comma-separated list:
|
|
|
|
[source,js]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
GET /_xpack/security/role/clicks_admin
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
|
|
Response:
|
|
|
|
[source,js]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
{
|
|
"clicks_admin": {
|
|
"run_as": [ "clicks_watcher_1" ],
|
|
"cluster": [ "monitor" ],
|
|
"indices": [
|
|
{
|
|
"names": [ "events-*" ],
|
|
"privileges": [ "read" ],
|
|
"field_security" : {
|
|
"grant" : [ "category", "@timestamp", "message" ]
|
|
},
|
|
"query": "{\"match\": {\"category\": \"click\"}}"
|
|
}
|
|
],
|
|
"metadata": { },
|
|
"transient_metadata": {
|
|
"enabled": true
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
// TESTRESPONSE
|
|
|
|
NOTE: If single role is requested, that role is returned as the response. When
|
|
requesting multiple roles, an object is returned holding the found roles,
|
|
each keyed by the relevant role name.
|
|
|
|
[[roles-api-delete]]
|
|
==== Deleting a Role
|
|
|
|
To delete a role, submit a DELETE request to the `/_xpack/security/role/<name>`
|
|
endpoint:
|
|
|
|
[source,js]
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
DELETE /_xpack/security/role/clicks_admin
|
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
|
|
[float]
|
|
[[roles-management-file]]
|
|
=== File-based Role Management
|
|
|
|
Apart from the _Role Management APIs_ roles can also be defined in local
|
|
`roles.yml` file located in `CONFIG_DIR/x-pack`. This is a YAML file where each
|
|
role definition is keyed by its name.
|
|
|
|
[IMPORTANT]
|
|
==============================
|
|
If the same role name is used in the `roles.yml` file and through the
|
|
_Role Management APIs_, the role found in the file will be used.
|
|
==============================
|
|
|
|
While the _Role Management APIs_ is the preferred mechanism to define roles,
|
|
using the `roles.yml` file becomes useful if you want to define fixed roles that
|
|
no one (beside an administrator having physical access to the {es} nodes)
|
|
would be able to change.
|
|
|
|
[IMPORTANT]
|
|
==============================
|
|
The `roles.yml` file is managed locally by the node and is not globally by the
|
|
cluster. This means that with a typical multi-node cluster, the exact same
|
|
changes need to be applied on each and every node in the cluster.
|
|
|
|
A safer approach would be to apply the change on one of the nodes and have the
|
|
`roles.yml` distributed/copied to all other nodes in the cluster (either
|
|
manually or using a configuration management system such as Puppet or Chef).
|
|
==============================
|
|
|
|
The following snippet shows an example of the `roles.yml` file configuration:
|
|
|
|
[source,yaml]
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
click_admins:
|
|
run_as: [ 'clicks_watcher_1' ]
|
|
cluster: [ 'monitor' ]
|
|
indices:
|
|
- names: [ 'events-*' ]
|
|
privileges: [ 'read' ]
|
|
field_security:
|
|
grant: ['category', '@timestamp', 'message' ]
|
|
query: '{"match": {"category": "click"}}'
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
|
|
{security} continuously monitors the `roles.yml` file and automatically picks
|
|
up and applies any changes to it.
|
|
|
|
include::authorization/alias-privileges.asciidoc[]
|
|
|
|
include::authorization/mapping-roles.asciidoc[]
|
|
|
|
include::authorization/field-and-document-access-control.asciidoc[]
|
|
|
|
include::authorization/run-as-privilege.asciidoc[]
|
|
|
|
include::authorization/custom-roles-provider.asciidoc[]
|