266 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
266 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
[[setting-up-authentication]]
|
|
== Setting Up User Authentication
|
|
|
|
Authentication identifies an individual. To gain access to restricted resources,
|
|
a user must prove their identity, via passwords, credentials, or some other
|
|
means (typically referred to as authentication tokens).
|
|
|
|
You can use the native support for managing and authenticating users, or
|
|
integrate with external user management systems such as LDAP and Active
|
|
Directory. For information about managing native users,
|
|
see <<managing-native-users, Managing Native Users>>.
|
|
|
|
[float]
|
|
[[built-in-users]]
|
|
=== Built-in Users
|
|
|
|
{security} provides built-in user credentials to help you get up and running.
|
|
These users have a fixed set of privileges and the default password `changeme`.
|
|
Please read <<reset-built-in-user-passwords,Reset Built-in User Passwords>> and
|
|
<<disabling-default-password, Disable Default Password Functionality>> below.
|
|
|
|
.{security} Built-in Users
|
|
|========
|
|
| Name | Description
|
|
| `elastic` | A built-in _superuser_. See <<built-in-roles>>.
|
|
| `kibana` | The user Kibana uses to connect and communicate with Elasticsearch.
|
|
| `logstash_system` | The user Logstash uses when storing monitoring information in Elasticsearch.
|
|
|========
|
|
|
|
[float]
|
|
[[reset-built-in-user-passwords]]
|
|
==== Reset Built-in User Passwords
|
|
[IMPORTANT]
|
|
=============================================================================
|
|
You must reset the default passwords for all built-in users, and then
|
|
<<disabling-default-password, disable default password support>>.
|
|
You can update passwords from the *Management > Users* UI in Kibana or with the
|
|
<<security-api-reset-user-password, Reset Password API>>:
|
|
|
|
[source,js]
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
PUT _xpack/security/user/elastic/_password
|
|
{
|
|
"password": "elasticpassword"
|
|
}
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
|
|
[source,js]
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
PUT _xpack/security/user/kibana/_password
|
|
{
|
|
"password": "kibanapassword"
|
|
}
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
|
|
[source,js]
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
PUT _xpack/security/user/logstash_system/_password
|
|
{
|
|
"password": "logstashpassword"
|
|
}
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
|
|
Once the `kibana` user password is reset, you need to update the Kibana server
|
|
with the new password by setting `elasticsearch.password` in the
|
|
`kibana.yml` configuration file:
|
|
|
|
[source,yaml]
|
|
-----------------------------------------------
|
|
elasticsearch.password: kibanapassword
|
|
-----------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
The `logstash_system` user is used internally within Logstash when
|
|
<<monitoring-logstash-settings, monitoring>> is enabled for logstash
|
|
|
|
If you wish to enable this feature in Logstash, then you need to update the Logstash
|
|
configuration with the new password by setting `xpack.monitoring.elasticsearch.password` in
|
|
the `logstash.yml` configuration file:
|
|
|
|
[source,yaml]
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------
|
|
xpack.monitoring.elasticsearch.password: logstashpassword
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
If you have upgraded from an older version of elasticsearch/x-pack,
|
|
the `logstash_system` user may have defaulted to _disabled_ for security reasons.
|
|
Once the password has been changed, you can enable the user via the following API call:
|
|
|
|
[source,js]
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
PUT _xpack/security/user/logstash_system/_enable
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
// CONSOLE
|
|
=============================================================================
|
|
|
|
[float]
|
|
[[disabling-default-password]]
|
|
==== Disable Default Password Functionality
|
|
[IMPORTANT]
|
|
=============================================================================
|
|
The default password of `changeme` is provided as a convenience that allows you to quickly
|
|
setup your Elasticsearch stack. It should not be used when running in production.
|
|
|
|
Once you have changed the password for the built-in users, you must disable default password support
|
|
by setting `xpack.security.authc.accept_default_password` to `false`.
|
|
|
|
A {ref}/bootstrap-checks.html[bootstrap check] will prevent your cluster from operating in production
|
|
mode until you make this configuration change.
|
|
|
|
=============================================================================
|
|
|
|
=== How Authentication Works
|
|
|
|
Authentication in {security} is handled by one or more authentication services
|
|
called _realms_. A _realm_ is used to resolve and authenticate users based on
|
|
authentication tokens. {security} provides the following built-in realms:
|
|
|
|
_native_::
|
|
An internal realm where users are stored in a dedicated Elasticsearch index.
|
|
This realm supports an authentication token in the form of username and password,
|
|
and is available by default when no realms are explicitly configured. See
|
|
<<native-realm>>.
|
|
|
|
_ldap_::
|
|
A realm that uses an external LDAP server to authenticate the
|
|
users. This realm supports an authentication token in the form of username and
|
|
password, and requires explicit configuration in order to be used. See
|
|
<<ldap-realm>>.
|
|
|
|
_active_directory_::
|
|
A realm that uses an external Active Directory Server to authenticate the
|
|
users. With this realm, users are authenticated by usernames and passwords.
|
|
See <<active-directory-realm>>.
|
|
|
|
_pki_::
|
|
A realm that authenticates users using Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). This
|
|
realm works in conjunction with SSL/TLS and identifies the users through the
|
|
Distinguished Name (DN) of the client's X.509 certificates. See <<pki-realm>>.
|
|
|
|
_file_::
|
|
An internal realm where users are defined in files stored on each node in the
|
|
Elasticsearch cluster. This realm supports an authentication token in the form
|
|
of username and password, and is always available. See <<file-realm>>.
|
|
|
|
{security} also supports custom realms. If you need to integrate with another
|
|
authentication system, you can build a custom realm plugin. For more information,
|
|
see <<custom-realms, Integrating with Other Authentication Systems>>.
|
|
|
|
Realms live within a _realm chain_. It is essentially a prioritized list of
|
|
configured realms (typically of various types). The order of the list determines
|
|
the order in which the realms will be consulted. During the authentication process,
|
|
{security} will consult and try to authenticate the request one realm at a time.
|
|
Once one of the realms successfully authenticates the request, the authentication
|
|
is considered to be successful and the authenticated user will be associated
|
|
with the request (which will then proceed to the authorization phase). If a realm
|
|
cannot authenticate the request, the next in line realm in the chain will be
|
|
consulted. If all realms in the chain could not authenticate the request, the
|
|
authentication is then considered to be unsuccessful and an authentication error
|
|
will be returned (as HTTP status code `401`).
|
|
|
|
NOTE: Some systems (e.g. Active Directory) have a temporary lock-out period after
|
|
several successive failed login attempts. If the same username exists in
|
|
multiple realms, unintentional account lockouts are possible. For more
|
|
information, please see <<trouble-shoot-active-directory, here>>.
|
|
|
|
The default realm chain contains the `native` and `file` realms. To explicitly,
|
|
configure a realm chain, you specify the chain in `elasticsearch.yml`. When you
|
|
configure a realm chain, only the realms you specify are used for authentication.
|
|
To use the `native` and `file` realms, you must include them in the chain.
|
|
|
|
The following snippet configures a realm chain that includes the `file` and
|
|
`native` realms, as well as two LDAP realms and an Active Directory realm.
|
|
|
|
[source,yaml]
|
|
----------------------------------------
|
|
xpack.security.authc:
|
|
realms:
|
|
|
|
file:
|
|
type: file
|
|
order: 0
|
|
|
|
native:
|
|
type: native
|
|
order: 1
|
|
|
|
ldap1:
|
|
type: ldap
|
|
order: 2
|
|
enabled: false
|
|
url: 'url_to_ldap1'
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
ldap2:
|
|
type: ldap
|
|
order: 3
|
|
url: 'url_to_ldap2'
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
ad1:
|
|
type: active_directory
|
|
order: 4
|
|
url: 'url_to_ad'
|
|
----------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
As can be seen above, each realm has a unique name that identifies it and each
|
|
realm type dictates its own set of required and optional settings. That said,
|
|
there are three settings that are common to all realms:
|
|
|
|
[cols=",^,",options="header"]
|
|
|=========
|
|
| Setting | Required | Description
|
|
|
|
| `type` | true | Identifies the type of the realm. The realm type
|
|
determines what other settings the realms should be
|
|
configured with. The type can be one of: `native`,
|
|
`ldap`, `active_directory`, `pki`, `file`, or in case
|
|
of a custom realm, the type name that identifies it.
|
|
|
|
| `order` | false | A numeric value representing the priority/index of
|
|
the realm within the realm chain. This will determine
|
|
the order by which the realms will be consulted
|
|
during authentication, with lower order being consulted
|
|
first.
|
|
|
|
| `enabled` | false | When set to `false` the realm will be disabled and
|
|
will not be added to the realm chain. This is useful
|
|
for debugging purposes as it enables you to remove
|
|
a realm from the chain without deleting and losing
|
|
its configuration.
|
|
|=========
|
|
|
|
Realm types can roughly be classified in two categories:
|
|
|
|
Internal:: Realms that are internal to Elasticsearch and don't require any
|
|
communication with external parties. They are fully managed by
|
|
{security}. There can only be a maximum of one configured realm
|
|
per internal realm type. {security} provides two internal realm
|
|
types: `native` and `file`.
|
|
|
|
External:: Realms that require interaction with parties/components external to
|
|
Elasticsearch, typically, with enterprise grade identity management
|
|
systems. Unlike internal realms, there can be as many external realms
|
|
as one would like - each with its own unique name and configuration.
|
|
{security} provides three external realm types: `ldap`,
|
|
`active_directory` and `pki`.
|
|
|
|
include::authentication/anonymous-access.asciidoc[]
|
|
|
|
include::authentication/native-realm.asciidoc[]
|
|
|
|
include::authentication/ldap-realm.asciidoc[]
|
|
|
|
include::authentication/active-directory-realm.asciidoc[]
|
|
|
|
include::authentication/pki-realm.asciidoc[]
|
|
|
|
include::authentication/file-realm.asciidoc[]
|
|
|
|
include::authentication/custom-realm.asciidoc[]
|
|
|
|
include::authentication/user-cache.asciidoc[]
|