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[[ml-getting-started]]
== Getting Started
////
{xpackml} features automatically detect:
* Anomalies in single or multiple time series
* Outliers in a population (also known as _entity profiling_)
* Rare events (also known as _log categorization_)
This tutorial is focuses on an anomaly detection scenario in single time series.
////
Ready to get some hands-on experience with the {xpackml} features? This
tutorial shows you how to:
* Load a sample data set into {es}
* Create single and multi-metric {ml} jobs in {kib}
* Use the results to identify possible anomalies in the data
At the end of this tutorial, you should have a good idea of what {ml} is and
will hopefully be inspired to use it to detect anomalies in your own data.
You might also be interested in these video tutorials, which use the same sample
data:
* https://www.elastic.co/videos/machine-learning-tutorial-creating-a-single-metric-job[Machine Learning for the Elastic Stack: Creating a single metric job]
* https://www.elastic.co/videos/machine-learning-tutorial-creating-a-multi-metric-job[Machine Learning for the Elastic Stack: Creating a multi-metric job]
[float]
[[ml-gs-sysoverview]]
=== System Overview
To follow the steps in this tutorial, you will need the following
components of the Elastic Stack:
* {es} {version}, which stores the data and the analysis results
* {xpack} {version}, which includes the beta {ml} features for both {es} and {kib}
* {kib} {version}, which provides a helpful user interface for creating and
viewing jobs +
//ll {ml} features are available to use as an API, however this tutorial
//will focus on using the {ml} tab in the {kib} UI.
WARNING: The {xpackml} features are in beta and subject to change.
Beta features are not subject to the same support SLA as GA features,
and deployment in production is at your own risk.
See the https://www.elastic.co/support/matrix[Elastic Support Matrix] for
information about supported operating systems.
See {stack-ref}/installing-elastic-stack.html[Installing the Elastic Stack] for
information about installing each of the components.
NOTE: To get started, you can install {es} and {kib} on a
single VM or even on your laptop (requires 64-bit OS).
As you add more data and your traffic grows,
you'll want to replace the single {es} instance with a cluster.
When you install {xpack} into {es} and {kib}, the {ml} features are
enabled by default. If you have multiple nodes in your cluster, you can
optionally dedicate nodes to specific purposes. If you want to control which
nodes are _machine learning nodes_ or limit which nodes run resource-intensive
activity related to jobs, see <<xpack-settings>>.
[float]
[[ml-gs-users]]
==== Users, Roles, and Privileges
The {xpackml} features implement cluster privileges and built-in roles to
make it easier to control which users have authority to view and manage the jobs,
{dfeeds}, and results.
By default, you can perform all of the steps in this tutorial by using the
built-in `elastic` super user. However, the password must be set before the user
can do anything. For information about how to set that password, see
<<security-getting-started>>.
If you are performing these steps in a production environment, take extra care
because `elastic` has the `superuser` role and you could inadvertently make
significant changes to the system. You can alternatively assign the
`machine_learning_admin` and `kibana_user` roles to a user ID of your choice.
For more information, see <<built-in-roles>> and <<privileges-list-cluster>>.
[[ml-gs-data]]
=== Identifying Data for Analysis
For the purposes of this tutorial, we provide sample data that you can play with
and search in {es}. When you consider your own data, however, it's important to
take a moment and think about where the {xpackml} features will be most
impactful.
The first consideration is that it must be time series data. The {ml} features
are designed to model and detect anomalies in time series data.
The second consideration, especially when you are first learning to use {ml},
is the importance of the data and how familiar you are with it. Ideally, it is
information that contains key performance indicators (KPIs) for the health,
security, or success of your business or system. It is information that you need
to monitor and act on when anomalous behavior occurs. You might even have {kib}
dashboards that you're already using to watch this data. The better you know the
data, the quicker you will be able to create {ml} jobs that generate useful
insights.
The final consideration is where the data is located. This tutorial assumes that
your data is stored in {es}. It guides you through the steps required to create
a _{dfeed}_ that passes data to a job. If your own data is outside of {es},
analysis is still possible by using a post data API.
IMPORTANT: If you want to create {ml} jobs in {kib}, you must use {dfeeds}.
That is to say, you must store your input data in {es}. When you create
a job, you select an existing index pattern and {kib} configures the {dfeed}
for you under the covers.
[float]
[[ml-gs-sampledata]]
==== Obtaining a Sample Data Set
In this step we will upload some sample data to {es}. This is standard
{es} functionality, and is needed to set the stage for using {ml}.
The sample data for this tutorial contains information about the requests that
are received by various applications and services in a system. A system
administrator might use this type of information to track the total number of
requests across all of the infrastructure. If the number of requests increases
or decreases unexpectedly, for example, this might be an indication that there
is a problem or that resources need to be redistributed. By using the {xpack}
{ml} features to model the behavior of this data, it is easier to identify
anomalies and take appropriate action.
Download this sample data by clicking here:
https://download.elastic.co/demos/machine_learning/gettingstarted/server_metrics.tar.gz[server_metrics.tar.gz]
Use the following commands to extract the files:
[source,shell]
----------------------------------
tar -zxvf server_metrics.tar.gz
----------------------------------
Each document in the server-metrics data set has the following schema:
[source,js]
----------------------------------
{
"index":
{
"_index":"server-metrics",
"_type":"metric",
"_id":"1177"
}
}
{
"@timestamp":"2017-03-23T13:00:00",
"accept":36320,
"deny":4156,
"host":"server_2",
"response":2.4558210155,
"service":"app_3",
"total":40476
}
----------------------------------
TIP: The sample data sets include summarized data. For example, the `total`
value is a sum of the requests that were received by a specific service at a
particular time. If your data is stored in {es}, you can generate
this type of sum or average by using aggregations. One of the benefits of
summarizing data this way is that {es} automatically distributes
these calculations across your cluster. You can then feed this summarized data
into {xpackml} instead of raw results, which reduces the volume
of data that must be considered while detecting anomalies. For the purposes of
this tutorial, however, these summary values are stored in {es}. For more
information, see <<ml-configuring-aggregation>>.
Before you load the data set, you need to set up {ref}/mapping.html[_mappings_]
for the fields. Mappings divide the documents in the index into logical groups
and specify a field's characteristics, such as the field's searchability or
whether or not it's _tokenized_, or broken up into separate words.
The sample data includes an `upload_server-metrics.sh` script, which you can use
to create the mappings and load the data set. You can download it by clicking
here: https://download.elastic.co/demos/machine_learning/gettingstarted/upload_server-metrics.sh[upload_server-metrics.sh]
Before you run it, however, you must edit the USERNAME and PASSWORD variables
with your actual user ID and password.
The script runs a command similar to the following example, which sets up a
mapping for the data set:
[source,shell]
----------------------------------
curl -u elastic:x-pack-test-password -X PUT -H 'Content-Type: application/json'
http://localhost:9200/server-metrics -d '{
"settings":{
"number_of_shards":1,
"number_of_replicas":0
},
"mappings":{
"metric":{
"properties":{
"@timestamp":{
"type":"date"
},
"accept":{
"type":"long"
},
"deny":{
"type":"long"
},
"host":{
"type":"keyword"
},
"response":{
"type":"float"
},
"service":{
"type":"keyword"
},
"total":{
"type":"long"
}
}
}
}
}'
----------------------------------
NOTE: If you run this command, you must replace `x-pack-test-password` with your
actual password.
////
This mapping specifies the following qualities for the data set:
* The _@timestamp_ field is a date.
//that uses the ISO format `epoch_second`,
//which is the number of seconds since the epoch.
* The _accept_, _deny_, and _total_ fields are long numbers.
* The _host
////
You can then use the {es} `bulk` API to load the data set. The
`upload_server-metrics.sh` script runs commands similar to the following
example, which loads the four JSON files:
[source,shell]
----------------------------------
curl -u elastic:x-pack-test-password -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json"
http://localhost:9200/server-metrics/_bulk --data-binary "@server-metrics_1.json"
curl -u elastic:x-pack-test-password -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json"
http://localhost:9200/server-metrics/_bulk --data-binary "@server-metrics_2.json"
curl -u elastic:x-pack-test-password -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json"
http://localhost:9200/server-metrics/_bulk --data-binary "@server-metrics_3.json"
curl -u elastic:x-pack-test-password -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json"
http://localhost:9200/server-metrics/_bulk --data-binary "@server-metrics_4.json"
----------------------------------
TIP: This will upload 200MB of data. This is split into 4 files as there is a
maximum 100MB limit when using the `_bulk` API.
These commands might take some time to run, depending on the computing resources
available.
You can verify that the data was loaded successfully with the following command:
[source,shell]
----------------------------------
curl 'http://localhost:9200/_cat/indices?v' -u elastic:x-pack-test-password
----------------------------------
You should see output similar to the following:
[source,shell]
----------------------------------
health status index ... pri rep docs.count ...
green open server-metrics ... 1 0 905940 ...
----------------------------------
Next, you must define an index pattern for this data set:
. Open {kib} in your web browser and log in. If you are running {kib}
locally, go to `http://localhost:5601/`.
. Click the **Management** tab, then **Index Patterns**.
. If you already have index patterns, click the plus sign (+) to define a new
one. Otherwise, the **Configure an index pattern** wizard is already open.
. For this tutorial, any pattern that matches the name of the index you've
loaded will work. For example, enter `server-metrics*` as the index pattern.
. Verify that the **Index contains time-based events** is checked.
. Select the `@timestamp` field from the **Time-field name** list.
. Click **Create**.
This data set can now be analyzed in {ml} jobs in {kib}.
[[ml-gs-jobs]]
=== Creating Single Metric Jobs
Machine learning jobs contain the configuration information and metadata
necessary to perform an analytical task. They also contain the results of the
analytical task.
[NOTE]
--
This tutorial uses {kib} to create jobs and view results, but you can
alternatively use APIs to accomplish most tasks.
For API reference information, see {ref}/ml-apis.html[Machine Learning APIs].
The {xpackml} features in {kib} use pop-ups. You must configure your
web browser so that it does not block pop-up windows or create an
exception for your Kibana URL.
--
You can choose to create single metric, multi-metric, or advanced jobs in
{kib}. At this point in the tutorial, the goal is to detect anomalies in the
total requests received by your applications and services. The sample data
contains a single key performance indicator to track this, which is the total
requests over time. It is therefore logical to start by creating a single metric
job for this KPI.
TIP: If you are using aggregated data, you can create an advanced job
and configure it to use a `summary_count_field`. The {ml} algorithms will
make the best possible use of summarized data in this case. For simplicity, in
this tutorial we will not make use of that advanced functionality.
//TO-DO: Add link to aggregations.asciidoc: For more information, see <<>>.
A single metric job contains a single _detector_. A detector defines the type of
analysis that will occur (for example, `max`, `average`, or `rare` analytical
functions) and the fields that will be analyzed.
To create a single metric job in {kib}:
. Open {kib} in your web browser and log in. If you are running {kib} locally,
go to `http://localhost:5601/`.
. Click **Machine Learning** in the side navigation: +
+
--
[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-kibana.jpg[Job Management]
--
. Click **Create new job**.
. Click **Create single metric job**. +
+
--
[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-create-jobs.jpg["Create a new job"]
--
. Click the `server-metrics` index. +
+
--
[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-gs-index.jpg["Select an index"]
--
. Configure the job by providing the following information: +
+
--
[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-gs-single-job.jpg["Create a new job from the server-metrics index"]
--
.. For the **Aggregation**, select `Sum`. This value specifies the analysis
function that is used.
+
--
Some of the analytical functions look for single anomalous data points. For
example, `max` identifies the maximum value that is seen within a bucket.
Others perform some aggregation over the length of the bucket. For example,
`mean` calculates the mean of all the data points seen within the bucket.
Similarly, `count` calculates the total number of data points within the bucket.
In this tutorial, you are using the `sum` function, which calculates the sum of
the specified field's values within the bucket.
--
.. For the **Field**, select `total`. This value specifies the field that
the detector uses in the function.
+
--
NOTE: Some functions such as `count` and `rare` do not require fields.
--
.. For the **Bucket span**, enter `10m`. This value specifies the size of the
interval that the analysis is aggregated into.
+
--
The {xpackml} features use the concept of a bucket to divide up the time series
into batches for processing. For example, if you are monitoring
the total number of requests in the system,
//and receive a data point every 10 minutes
using a bucket span of 1 hour would mean that at the end of each hour, it
calculates the sum of the requests for the last hour and computes the
anomalousness of that value compared to previous hours.
The bucket span has two purposes: it dictates over what time span to look for
anomalous features in data, and also determines how quickly anomalies can be
detected. Choosing a shorter bucket span enables anomalies to be detected more
quickly. However, there is a risk of being too sensitive to natural variations
or noise in the input data. Choosing too long a bucket span can mean that
interesting anomalies are averaged away. There is also the possibility that the
aggregation might smooth out some anomalies based on when the bucket starts
in time.
The bucket span has a significant impact on the analysis. When you're trying to
determine what value to use, take into account the granularity at which you
want to perform the analysis, the frequency of the input data, the duration of
typical anomalies and the frequency at which alerting is required.
--
. Determine whether you want to process all of the data or only part of it. If
you want to analyze all of the existing data, click
**Use full server-metrics* data**. If you want to see what happens when you
stop and start {dfeeds} and process additional data over time, click the time
picker in the {kib} toolbar. Since the sample data spans a period of time
between March 23, 2017 and April 22, 2017, click **Absolute**. Set the start
time to March 23, 2017 and the end time to April 1, 2017, for example. Once
you've got the time range set up, click the **Go** button. +
+
--
[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-gs-job1-time.jpg["Setting the time range for the {dfeed}"]
--
+
--
A graph is generated, which represents the total number of requests over time.
--
. Provide a name for the job, for example `total-requests`. The job name must
be unique in your cluster. You can also optionally provide a description of the
job.
. Click **Create Job**. +
+
--
[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-gs-job1.jpg["A graph of the total number of requests over time"]
--
As the job is created, the graph is updated to give a visual representation of
the progress of {ml} as the data is processed. This view is only available whilst the
job is running.
TIP: The `create_single_metic.sh` script creates a similar job and {dfeed} by
using the {ml} APIs. You can download that script by clicking
here: https://download.elastic.co/demos/machine_learning/gettingstarted/create_single_metric.sh[create_single_metric.sh]
For API reference information, see {ref}/ml-apis.html[Machine Learning APIs].
[[ml-gs-job1-manage]]
=== Managing Jobs
After you create a job, you can see its status in the **Job Management** tab: +
[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-gs-job1-manage1.jpg["Status information for the total-requests job"]
The following information is provided for each job:
Job ID::
The unique identifier for the job.
Description::
The optional description of the job.
Processed records::
The number of records that have been processed by the job.
Memory status::
The status of the mathematical models. When you create jobs by using the APIs or
by using the advanced options in {kib}, you can specify a `model_memory_limit`.
That value is the maximum amount of memory resources that the mathematical
models can use. Once that limit is approached, data pruning becomes more
aggressive. Upon exceeding that limit, new entities are not modeled. For more
information about this setting, see
{ref}/ml-job-resource.html#ml-apilimits[Analysis Limits]. The memory status
field reflects whether you have reached or exceeded the model memory limit. It
can have one of the following values: +
`ok`::: The models stayed below the configured value.
`soft_limit`::: The models used more than 60% of the configured memory limit
and older unused models will be pruned to free up space.
`hard_limit`::: The models used more space than the configured memory limit.
As a result, not all incoming data was processed.
Job state::
The status of the job, which can be one of the following values: +
`open`::: The job is available to receive and process data.
`closed`::: The job finished successfully with its model state persisted.
The job must be opened before it can accept further data.
`closing`::: The job close action is in progress and has not yet completed.
A closing job cannot accept further data.
`failed`::: The job did not finish successfully due to an error.
This situation can occur due to invalid input data.
If the job had irrevocably failed, it must be force closed and then deleted.
If the {dfeed} can be corrected, the job can be closed and then re-opened.
{dfeed-cap} state::
The status of the {dfeed}, which can be one of the following values: +
started::: The {dfeed} is actively receiving data.
stopped::: The {dfeed} is stopped and will not receive data until it is
re-started.
Latest timestamp::
The timestamp of the last processed record.
If you click the arrow beside the name of job, you can show or hide additional
information, such as the settings, configuration information, or messages for
the job.
You can also click one of the **Actions** buttons to start the {dfeed}, edit
the job or {dfeed}, and clone or delete the job, for example.
[float]
[[ml-gs-job1-datafeed]]
==== Managing {dfeeds-cap}
A {dfeed} can be started and stopped multiple times throughout its lifecycle.
If you want to retrieve more data from {es} and the {dfeed} is stopped, you must
restart it.
For example, if you did not use the full data when you created the job, you can
now process the remaining data by restarting the {dfeed}:
. In the **Machine Learning** / **Job Management** tab, click the following
button to start the {dfeed}: image:images/ml-start-feed.jpg["Start {dfeed}"]
. Choose a start time and end time. For example,
click **Continue from 2017-04-01 23:59:00** and select **2017-04-30** as the
search end time. Then click **Start**. The date picker defaults to the latest
timestamp of processed data. Be careful not to leave any gaps in the analysis,
otherwise you might miss anomalies. +
+
--
[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-gs-job1-datafeed.jpg["Restarting a {dfeed}"]
--
The {dfeed} state changes to `started`, the job state changes to `opened`,
and the number of processed records increases as the new data is analyzed. The
latest timestamp information also increases. For example:
[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-gs-job1-manage2.jpg["Job opened and {dfeed} started"]
TIP: If your data is being loaded continuously, you can continue running the job
in real time. For this, start your {dfeed} and select **No end time**.
If you want to stop the {dfeed} at this point, you can click the following
button: image:images/ml-stop-feed.jpg["Stop {dfeed}"]
Now that you have processed all the data, let's start exploring the job results.
[[ml-gs-job1-analyze]]
=== Exploring Single Metric Job Results
The {xpackml} features analyze the input stream of data, model its behavior,
and perform analysis based on the detectors you defined in your job. When an
event occurs outside of the model, that event is identified as an anomaly.
Result records for each anomaly are stored in `.ml-anomalies-*` indices in {es}.
By default, the name of the index where {ml} results are stored is labelled
`shared`, which corresponds to the `.ml-anomalies-shared` index.
You can use the **Anomaly Explorer** or the **Single Metric Viewer** in {kib} to
view the analysis results.
Anomaly Explorer::
This view contains swim lanes showing the maximum anomaly score over time.
There is an overall swim lane that shows the overall score for the job, and
also swim lanes for each influencer. By selecting a block in a swim lane, the
anomaly details are displayed alongside the original source data (where
applicable).
Single Metric Viewer::
This view contains a chart that represents the actual and expected values over
time. This is only available for jobs that analyze a single time series and
where `model_plot_config` is enabled. As in the **Anomaly Explorer**, anomalous
data points are shown in different colors depending on their score.
By default when you view the results for a single metric job, the
**Single Metric Viewer** opens:
[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-gs-job1-analysis.jpg["Single Metric Viewer for total-requests job"]
The blue line in the chart represents the actual data values. The shaded blue
area represents the bounds for the expected values. The area between the upper
and lower bounds are the most likely values for the model. If a value is outside
of this area then it can be said to be anomalous.
If you slide the time selector from the beginning of the data to the end of the
data, you can see how the model improves as it processes more data. At the
beginning, the expected range of values is pretty broad and the model is not
capturing the periodicity in the data. But it quickly learns and begins to
reflect the daily variation.
Any data points outside the range that was predicted by the model are marked
as anomalies. When you have high volumes of real-life data, many anomalies
might be found. These vary in probability from very likely to highly unlikely,
that is to say, from not particularly anomalous to highly anomalous. There
can be none, one or two or tens, sometimes hundreds of anomalies found within
each bucket. There can be many thousands found per job. In order to provide
a sensible view of the results, an _anomaly score_ is calculated for each bucket
time interval. The anomaly score is a value from 0 to 100, which indicates
the significance of the observed anomaly compared to previously seen anomalies.
The highly anomalous values are shown in red and the low scored values are
indicated in blue. An interval with a high anomaly score is significant and
requires investigation.
Slide the time selector to a section of the time series that contains a red
anomaly data point. If you hover over the point, you can see more information
about that data point. You can also see details in the **Anomalies** section
of the viewer. For example:
[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-gs-job1-anomalies.jpg["Single Metric Viewer Anomalies for total-requests job"]
For each anomaly you can see key details such as the time, the actual and
expected ("typical") values, and their probability.
You can see the same information in a different format by using the
**Anomaly Explorer**:
[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-gs-job1-explorer.jpg["Anomaly Explorer for total-requests job"]
Click one of the red sections in the swim lane to see details about the anomalies
that occurred in that time interval. For example:
[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-gs-job1-explorer-anomaly.jpg["Anomaly Explorer details for total-requests job"]
After you have identified anomalies, often the next step is to try to determine
the context of those situations. For example, are there other factors that are
contributing to the problem? Are the anomalies confined to particular
applications or servers? You can begin to troubleshoot these situations by
layering additional jobs or creating multi-metric jobs.
include::getting-started-multi.asciidoc[]
include::getting-started-next.asciidoc[]
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