When you specify providers in the `@Injectable()` decorator of the service itself (typically at the app root level), optimization tools such as those used by the CLI's production builds can perform *tree shaking*, which removes services that aren't used by your app. Tree shaking results in smaller bundle sizes.
You're likely to inject `UserService` in many places throughout the app and will want to inject the same service instance every time. Providing `UserService` through the `root` injector is a good choice, and is the default that the [Angular CLI](cli) uses when you generate a service for your app.
The platform injector is used internally during bootstrap, to configure platform-specific dependencies. You can configure additional platform-specific providers at the platform level by supplying `extraProviders` using the `platformBrowser()` function.
Learn more about dependency resolution through the injector hierarchy:
[What you always wanted to know about Angular Dependency Injection tree](https://blog.angularindepth.com/angular-dependency-injection-and-tree-shakeable-tokens-4588a8f70d5d)
*NgModule-level* providers can be specified with `@NgModule()``providers` metadata option, or in the `@Injectable()``providedIn` option (with some module other than the root `AppModule`).
Use the `@NgModule()``provides` option if a module is [lazy loaded](guide/lazy-loading-ngmodules). The module's own injector is configured with the provider when that module is loaded, and Angular can inject the corresponding services in any class it creates in that module. If you use the `@Injectable()` option `providedIn: MyLazyloadModule`, the provider could be shaken out at compile time, if it is not used anywhere else in the app.
For both root-level and module-level injectors, a service instance lives for the life of the app or module, and Angular injects this one service instance in every class that needs it.
The `@Injectable()` decorator identifies every service class. The `providedIn` metadata option for a service class configures a specific injector (typically `root`)
to use the decorated class as a provider of the service.
When an injectable class provides its own service to the `root` injector, the service is available anywhere the class is imported.
This is generally no different from configuring the injector of the NgModule itself,
except that the service is tree-shakable if the NgModule doesn't use it.
It can be useful for a library that offers a particular service that some
components *might* want to inject optionally,
and leave it up to the app whether to provide the service.
* Learn more about [tree-shakable providers](guide/dependency-injection-providers#tree-shakable-providers).
### @NgModule-level injectors
You can configure a provider at the module level using the `providedIn` metadata option for a non-root NgModule, in order to limit the scope of the provider to that module.
This is the equivalent of specifying the non-root module in the `@Injectable()` metadata, except that the service provided this way is not tree-shakable.
You generally don't need to specify `AppModule` with `providedIn`, because the app's `root` injector is the `AppModule` injector.
However, if you configure a app-wide provider in the`@NgModule()` metadata for `AppModule`,
it overrides one configured for `root` in the `@Injectable()` metadata.
You can do this to configure a non-default provider of a service that is shared with multiple apps.
Here is an example of the case where the component router configuration includes
a non-default [location strategy](guide/router#location-strategy) by listing its provider
Individual components within an NgModule have their own injectors.
You can limit the scope of a provider to a component and its children
by configuring the provider at the component level using the `@Component` metadata.
The following example is a revised `HeroesComponent` that specifies `HeroService` in its `providers` array. `HeroService` can provide heroes to instances of this component, or to any child component instances.
An injector does not actually belong to a component, but rather to the component instance's anchor element in the DOM. A different component instance on a different DOM element uses a different injector.
Components are a special type of directive, and the `providers` property of
`@Component()` is inherited from `@Directive()`.
Directives can also have dependencies, and you can configure providers
in their `@Directive()` metadata.
When you configure a provider for a component or directive using the `providers` property, that provider belongs to the injector for the anchor DOM element. Components and directives on the same element share an injector.
* Learn more about [Element Injectors in Angular](https://blog.angularindepth.com/a-curios-case-of-the-host-decorator-and-element-injectors-in-angular-582562abcf0a).
Consider this guide's variation on the Tour of Heroes application.
At the top is the `AppComponent` which has some subcomponents, such as the `HeroesListComponent`.
The `HeroesListComponent` holds and manages multiple instances of the `HeroTaxReturnComponent`.
The following diagram represents the state of this three-level component tree when there are three instances of `HeroTaxReturnComponent` open simultaneously.
When a component requests a dependency, Angular tries to satisfy that dependency with a provider registered in that component's own injector.
If the component's injector lacks the provider, it passes the request up to its parent component's injector.
If that injector can't satisfy the request, it passes the request along to the next parent injector up the tree.
The requests keep bubbling up until Angular finds an injector that can handle the request or runs out of ancestor injectors.
If it runs out of ancestors, Angular throws an error.
If you have registered a provider for the same DI token at different levels, the first one Angular encounters is the one it uses to provide the dependency. If, for example, a provider is registered locally in the component that needs a service, Angular doesn't look for another provider of the same service.
You can cap the bubbling by adding the `@Host()` parameter decorator on the dependant-service parameter
in a component's constructor.
The hunt for providers stops at the injector for the host element of the component.
* See an [example](guide/dependency-injection-in-action#qualify-dependency-lookup) of using `@Host` together with `@Optional`, another parameter decorator that lets you handle the null case if no provider is found.
* Learn more about the [`@Host` decorator and Element Injectors](https://blog.angularindepth.com/a-curios-case-of-the-host-decorator-and-element-injectors-in-angular-582562abcf0a).
If you only register providers with the root injector at the top level (typically the root `AppModule`), the tree of injectors appears to be flat.
All requests bubble up to the root injector, whether you configured it with the `bootstrapModule` method, or registered all providers with `root` in their own services.
If you provide `VillainsService` in the root `AppModule` (where you registered the `HeroesService`),
that would make the `VillainsService` available everywhere in the application, including the _Hero_ workflows. If you later modified the `VillainsService`, you could break something in a hero component somewhere. Providing the service in the root `AppModule` creates that risk.
To prevent this, we configure the component-level injector of `HeroTaxReturnComponent` to provide the service, using the `providers` property in the component metadata.
Providing the service at the component level ensures that _every_ instance of the component gets its own, private instance of the service, and no tax return gets overwritten.
Another reason to re-provide a service at another level is to substitute a _more specialized_ implementation of that service, deeper in the component tree.
