This appendix is intended to provide more background on Ivy changes. Many of these examples list error messages you may see, so searching by error message might be a good idea if you are debugging.
<divclass="alert is-critical">
NOTE: Most of these issues affect a small percentage of applications encountering unusual or rare edge cases.
</div>
{@a content-children-descendants}
## @ContentChildren Queries Only Match Direct Children By Default
### Basic example of change
Let's say a component (`Comp`) has a `@ContentChildren` query for `'foo'`:
```html
<comp>
<div>
<div#foo></div><!-- matches in old runtime, not in new runtime -->
</div>
</comp>
```
In the previous runtime, the `<div>` with `#foo` would match.
With Ivy, that `<div>` does not match because it is not a direct child of `<comp>`.
### Background
By default, `@ContentChildren` queries have the `descendants` flag set to `false`.
Previously, "descendants" referred to "descendant directives".
An element could be a match as long as there were no other directives between the element and the requesting directive.
This made sense for directives with nesting like tabs, where nested tab directives might not be desirable to match.
However, this caused surprising behavior for users because adding an unrelated directive like `ngClass` to a wrapper element could invalidate query results.
For example, with the content query and template below, the last two `Tab` directives would not be matches:
## All Classes That Use Angular DI Must Have An Angular Class-level Decorator
### Basic example of change:
In the previous rendering engine, the following would work:
```
export class DataService {
constructor(@Inject('CONFIG') public config: DataConfig) {}
}
@Injectable()
export class AppService extends DataService {...}
```
In Ivy, it will throw an error because `DataService` is using Angular dependency injection, but is missing an `@Injectable` decorator.
The following would also work in the previous rendering engine, but in Ivy would require a `@Directive` decorator because it uses DI:
```
export class BaseMenu {
constructor(private vcr: ViewContainerRef) {}
}
@Directive({selector: '[settingsMenu]'})
export class SettingsMenu extends BaseMenu {}
```
The same is true if your directive class extends a decorated directive, but does not have a decorator of its own.
If you're using the CLI, there are two automated migrations that should transition your code for you ([this one](guide/migration-injectable) and [this one](guide/migration-undecorated-classes)).
However, as you're adding new code in version 9, you may run into this difference.
### Background
When a class has an Angular decorator like `@Injectable` or `@Directive`, the Angular compiler generates extra code to support injecting dependencies into the constructor of your class.
When using inheritance, Ivy needs both the parent class and the child class to apply a decorator to generate the correct code.
Otherwise, when the decorator is missing from the parent class, the subclass will inherit a constructor from a class for which the compiler did not generate special constructor info, and Angular won't have the dependency info it needs to create it properly.
In the previous rendering engine, the compiler had global knowledge, so in some cases (such as AOT mode or the presence of certain injection flags), it could look up the missing data.
However, the Ivy compiler only processes each class in isolation.
This means that compilation has the potential to be faster (and opens the framework up for optimizations and features going forward), but the compiler can't automatically infer the same information as before.
Adding the proper decorator explicitly provides this information.
### Example of error
In JIT mode, the framework will throw the following error:
```
ERROR: This constructor is not compatible with Angular Dependency Injection because dependency at index 'X' is invalid.
This can happen if the dependency type is a primitive like a string or if an ancestor of this class is missing an Angular decorator.
Please check that 1) the type for dependency X is correct and 2) the correct Angular decorators are defined for this class and its ancestors.
```
In AOT mode, you'll see something like:
```
X inherits its constructor from Y, but the latter does not have an Angular decorator of its own.
Dependency injection will not be able to resolve the parameters of Y's constructor. Either add a
@Directive decorator to Y, or add an explicit constructor to X.
```
In some cases, the framework may not be able to detect the missing decorator.
In these cases, you'll generally see a runtime error thrown when there is a property access attempted on the missing dependency.
If dependency was `foo`, you'd see an error when accessing something like `foo.bar`:
```
Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'bar' of undefined
```
If you see an error like this, and the `undefined` value refers to something that should have been injected, it may be this change.
### Recommended fix
- Add an `@Injectable` decorator to anything you plan to provide or inject.
```
@Injectable()
export class DataService {
constructor(@Inject('CONFIG') public config: DataConfig) {}
}
@Injectable()
export class AppService extends DataService {...}
```
- Add a [selectorless `@Directive` decorator](guide/migration-undecorated-classes#what-does-it-mean-to-have-a-directive-decorator-with-no-metadata-inside-of-it) to any class that extends a directive or any class from which a directive inherits.
```
@Directive() // selectorless, so it's not usable directly
