angular-cn/aio/content/guide/testing-attribute-directives.md

{@a attribute-directive}

# Testing Attribute Directives

An _attribute directive_ modifies the behavior of an element, component or another directive.
Its name reflects the way the directive is applied: as an attribute on a host element.

<div class="alert is-helpful">

  For a hands-on experience you can <live-example name="testing" stackblitz="specs" noDownload>run tests and explore the test code</live-example> in your browser as your read this guide.

  If you'd like to experiment with the application that this guide describes, you can <live-example name="testing" noDownload>run it in your browser</live-example> or <live-example name="testing" downloadOnly>download and run it locally</live-example>.

</div>

## Testing the `HighlightDirective`

The sample application's `HighlightDirective` sets the background color of an element
based on either a data bound color or a default color (lightgray).
It also sets a custom property of the element (`customProperty`) to `true`
for no reason other than to show that it can.

<code-example path="testing/src/app/shared/highlight.directive.ts" header="app/shared/highlight.directive.ts"></code-example>

It's used throughout the application, perhaps most simply in the `AboutComponent`:

<code-example path="testing/src/app/about/about.component.ts" header="app/about/about.component.ts"></code-example>

Testing the specific use of the `HighlightDirective` within the `AboutComponent` requires only the techniques explored in the ["Nested component tests"](guide/testing-components-scenarios#nested-component-tests) section of [Component testing scenarios](guide/testing-components-scenarios).

<code-example path="testing/src/app/about/about.component.spec.ts" region="tests" header="app/about/about.component.spec.ts"></code-example>

However, testing a single use case is unlikely to explore the full range of a directive's capabilities.
Finding and testing all components that use the directive is tedious, brittle, and almost as unlikely to afford full coverage.

_Class-only tests_ might be helpful,
but attribute directives like this one tend to manipulate the DOM.
Isolated unit tests don't touch the DOM and, therefore,
do not inspire confidence in the directive's efficacy.

A better solution is to create an artificial test component that demonstrates all ways to apply the directive.

<code-example path="testing/src/app/shared/highlight.directive.spec.ts" region="test-component" header="app/shared/highlight.directive.spec.ts (TestComponent)"></code-example>

<div class="lightbox">
  <img src='generated/images/guide/testing/highlight-directive-spec.png' alt="HighlightDirective spec in action">
</div>

<div class="alert is-helpful">

The `<input>` case binds the `HighlightDirective` to the name of a color value in the input box.
The initial value is the word "cyan" which should be the background color of the input box.

</div>

Here are some tests of this component:

<code-example path="testing/src/app/shared/highlight.directive.spec.ts" region="selected-tests" header="app/shared/highlight.directive.spec.ts (selected tests)"></code-example>

A few techniques are noteworthy:

- The `By.directive` predicate is a great way to get the elements that have this directive _when their element types are unknown_.

- The <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:not">`:not` pseudo-class</a>
  in `By.css('h2:not([highlight])')` helps find `<h2>` elements that _do not_ have the directive.
  `By.css('*:not([highlight])')` finds _any_ element that does not have the directive.

- `DebugElement.styles` affords access to element styles even in the absence of a real browser, thanks to the `DebugElement` abstraction.
  But feel free to exploit the `nativeElement` when that seems easier or more clear than the abstraction.

- Angular adds a directive to the injector of the element to which it is applied.
  The test for the default color uses the injector of the second `<h2>` to get its `HighlightDirective` instance
  and its `defaultColor`.

- `DebugElement.properties` affords access to the artificial custom property that is set by the directive.