fix(ivy): align TestBed.overrideProvider with what happens with providers in TestBed providers array (#33769)

In Ivy, if you do:
`TestBed.configureTestingModule({providers: [{provide: Service}]});`
the injector will attempt to inject Service as if it was simply listed
in the providers array like `{providers: [Service]}`
This fixes an inconsistency when similarly providing an override with no
`useValue` or `useFactory`.

PR Close #33769

packages/core/test/test_bed_spec.ts

@@ -989,4 +989,17 @@ describe('TestBed', () => {
                  .toEqual(originalResolver);
            });
       });
+
+  onlyInIvy('VE injects undefined when provider does not have useValue or useFactory')
+      .describe('overrides provider', () => {
+        it('with empty provider object', () => {
+          @Injectable()
+          class Service {
+          }
+          TestBed.overrideProvider(Service, {});
+          // Should be able to get a Service instance because it has no dependencies that can't be
+          // resolved
+          expect(TestBed.inject(Service)).toBeDefined();
+        });
+      });
 });

packages/core/testing/src/r3_test_bed_compiler.ts

@@ -158,14 +158,19 @@ export class R3TestBedCompiler {
   overrideProvider(
       token: any,
       provider: {useFactory?: Function, useValue?: any, deps?: any[], multi?: boolean}): void {
-    const providerDef = provider.useFactory ?
-        {
-          provide: token,
-          useFactory: provider.useFactory,
-          deps: provider.deps || [],
-          multi: provider.multi
-        } :
-        {provide: token, useValue: provider.useValue, multi: provider.multi};
+    let providerDef: Provider;
+    if (provider.useFactory !== undefined) {
+      providerDef = {
+        provide: token,
+        useFactory: provider.useFactory,
+        deps: provider.deps || [],
+        multi: provider.multi
+      };
+    } else if (provider.useValue !== undefined) {
+      providerDef = {provide: token, useValue: provider.useValue, multi: provider.multi};
+    } else {
+      providerDef = {provide: token};
+    }
 
     const injectableDef: InjectableDef<any>|null =
         typeof token !== 'string' ? getInjectableDef(token) : null;