include ../_util-fns :marked In this page, you'll expand the Tour of Heroes app to display a list of heroes, and allow users to select a hero and display the hero's details. 我们需要管理多个英雄。我们将扩展《英雄指南》应用,让它显示一个英雄列表, 允许用户选择一个英雄,查看该英雄的详细信息。 When you're done with this page, the app should look like this . 当我们完成本章时,应用应该是这样的:。 .l-main-section :marked ## Where you left off ## 延续上一步教程 Before you continue with this page of the Tour of Heroes, verify that you have the following structure after [The Hero Editor](./toh-pt1.html) page. If your structure doesn't match, go back to that page to figure out what you missed. 在继续《英雄指南》的第二部分之前,先来检查一下,完成[第一部分](./toh-pt1.html)之后,你是否已经有了如下目录结构。如果没有,你得先回到第一部分,看看错过了哪里。 .filetree .file angular-tour-of-heroes .children .file src .children .file app .children .file app.component.ts .file app.module.ts .file main.ts .file index.html .file styles.css .file systemjs.config.js .file tsconfig.json .file node_modules ... .file package.json :marked ## Keep the app transpiling and running ## 让应用代码保持转译和运行 Enter the following command in the terminal window: 在控制台中敲下列命令: code-example(language="sh" class="code-shell"). npm start :marked This command runs the TypeScript compiler in "watch mode", recompiling automatically when the code changes. The command simultaneously launches the app in a browser and refreshes the browser when the code changes. 这个命令会在“监听”模式下运行TypeScript编译器,当代码变化时,它会自动重新编译。 同时,该命令还会在浏览器中启动该应用,并且当代码变化时刷新浏览器。 You can keep building the Tour of Heroes without pausing to recompile or refresh the browser. 在后续构建《英雄指南》过程中,应用能持续运行,而不用中断服务来编译或刷新浏览器。 .l-main-section :marked ## Displaying heroes ## 显示我们的英雄 To display a list of heroes, you'll add heroes to the view's template. 要显示英雄列表,我们就要先往视图模板中添加一些英雄。 ### Create heroes ### 创建英雄 Create an array of ten heroes. 我们先创建一个由十位英雄组成的数组。 +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.ts', 'hero-array', 'src/app/app.component.ts (hero array)') :marked The `HEROES` array is of type `Hero`, the class defined in the previous page. Eventually this app will fetch the list of heroes from a web service, but for now you can display mock heroes. `HEROES`是一个由`Hero`类的实例构成的数组,我们在第一部分定义过它。 我们当然希望从一个 Web 服务中获取这个英雄列表,但别急,我们得把步子迈得小一点,先用一组模拟出来的英雄。 ### Expose heroes ### 暴露英雄 Create a public property in `AppComponent` that exposes the heroes for binding. 我们在`AppComponent`上创建一个公共属性,用来暴露这些英雄,以供绑定。 +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.1.html', 'hero-array-1', 'app.component.ts (hero array property)') :marked The `heroes` type isn't defined because TypeScript infers it from the `HEROES` array. 我们并不需要明确定义`heroes`属性的数据类型,TypeScript 能从`HEROES`数组中推断出来。 .l-sub-section :marked The hero data is separated from the class implementation because ultimately the hero names will come from a data service. 英雄的数据从实现类中分离了出来,因为最终,英雄的名字会来自一个数据服务。 :marked ### Display hero names in a template ### 在模板中显示英雄 To display the hero names in an unordered list, insert the following chunk of HTML below the title and above the hero details. 我们还要在模板中创建一个无序列表来显示这些英雄的名字。 那就在标题和英雄详情之间,插入下面这段 HTML 代码。 +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.1.html', 'heroes-template-1', 'app.component.ts (heroes template)')(format='.') :marked Now you can fill the template with hero names. 现在,我们有了一个模板。接下来,就用英雄们的数据来填充它。 ### List heroes with ngFor ### 通过 ngFor 来显示英雄列表 The goal is to bind the array of heroes in the component to the template, iterate over them, and display them individually. 我们想要把组件中的`heroes`数组绑定到模板中,迭代并逐个显示它们。 Modify the `
  • ` tag by adding the built-in directive `*ngFor`. 首先,修改`
  • `标签,往上添加内置指令`*ngFor`。 +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.1.html', 'heroes-ngfor-1', 'app.component.ts (ngFor)') .l-sub-section :marked The (`*`) prefix to `ngFor` is a critical part of this syntax. It indicates that the `
  • ` element and its children constitute a master template. `ngFor`的`*`前缀表示`
  • `及其子元素组成了一个主控模板。 The `ngFor` directive iterates over the component's `heroes` array and renders an instance of this template for each hero in that array. `ngFor`指令在`AppComponent.heroes`属性返回的`heroes`数组上迭代,并输出此模板的实例。 The `let hero` part of the expression identifies `hero` as the template input variable, which holds the current hero item for each iteration. You can reference this variable within the template to access the current hero's properties. 引号中赋值给`ngFor`的那段文本表示“*从`heroes`数组中取出每个英雄,存入一个局部的`hero`变量,并让它在相应的模板实例中可用*”。 Read more about `ngFor` and template input variables in the [Showing an array property with *ngFor](../guide/displaying-data.html#ngFor) section of the [Displaying Data](../guide/displaying-data.html) page and the [ngFor](../guide/template-syntax.html#ngFor) section of the [Template Syntax](../guide/template-syntax.html) page. 要学习更多关于`ngFor`和模板输入变量的知识,参见[显示数据](../guide/displaying-data.html)一章的[用*ngFor显示数组属性](../guide/displaying-data.html#ngFor)和 [模板语法](../guide/template-syntax.html)章的[ngFor](../guide/template-syntax.html#ngFor)。 :marked Within the `
  • ` tags, add content that uses the `hero` template variable to display the hero's properties. 接着,我们在`
  • `标签中插入一些内容,以便使用模板变量`hero`来显示英雄的属性。 +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.1.html', 'ng-for', 'app.component.ts (ngFor template)')(format=".") :marked When the browser refreshes, a list of heroes appears. 当浏览器刷新时,我们就看到了英雄列表。 ### Style the heroes ### 给我们的英雄们“美容” Users should get a visual cue of which hero they are hovering over and which hero is selected. 当用户的鼠标划过英雄或选中一个英雄时,我们得让他/她看起来醒目一点。 To add styles to your component, set the `styles` property on the `@Component` decorator to the following CSS classes: 要想给我们的组件添加一些样式,请把`@Component`装饰器的`styles`属性设置为下列 CSS 类: +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.ts', 'styles', 'src/app/app.component.ts (styles)')(format=".") :marked Remember to use the backtick notation for multi-line strings. 注意,我们又使用了反引号语法来书写多行字符串。 Adding these styles makes the file much longer. In a later page you'll move the styles to a separate file. 添加这些样式会让此文件变得更长。在后面的章节中,我们将会把这些样式移到单独的文件中去。 When you assign styles to a component, they are scoped to that specific component. These styles apply only to the `AppComponent` and don't affect the outer HTML. 当我们为一个组件指定样式时,它们的作用域将仅限于该组件。 上面的例子中,这些样式只会作用于`AppComponent`组件,而不会“泄露”到外部 HTML 中。 The template for displaying heroes should look like this: 用于显示英雄们的模板应该是这样的: +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.1.html', 'heroes-styled', 'src/app/app.component.ts (styled heroes)')(format='.') .l-main-section :marked ## Selecting a hero ## 选择英雄 The app now displays a list of heroes as well as a single hero in the details view. But the list and the details view are not connected. When users select a hero from the list, the selected hero should appear in the details view. This UI pattern is known as "master/detail." In this case, the _master_ is the heroes list and the _detail_ is the selected hero. 我们的应用已经有了英雄列表和单个英雄的详情视图。 但列表和单独的英雄之间还没有任何关联。 我们希望用户在列表中选中一个英雄,然后让这个被选中的英雄出现在详情视图中。 这种 UI 布局模式,通常被称为“主从结构”。 在这个例子中,主视图是英雄列表,从视图则是被选中的英雄。 Next you'll connect the master to the detail through a `selectedHero` component property, which is bound to a click event. 接下来,我们要通过组件中的一个`selectedHero`属性来连接主从视图,它被绑定到了点击事件上。 ### Handle click events ### 处理点击事件 Add a click event binding to the `
  • ` like this: 我们再往`
  • `元素上插入一句点击事件的绑定代码: +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.1.html', 'selectedHero-click', 'app.component.ts (template excerpt)')(format='.') :marked The parentheses identify the `
  • ` element's `click` event as the target. The `onSelect(hero)` expression calls the `AppComponent` method, `onSelect()`, passing the template input variable `hero`, as an argument. That's the same `hero` variable you defined previously in the `ngFor` directive. 圆括号标识`
  • `元素上的`click`事件是绑定的目标。 等号右边的`onSelect(hero)`表达式调用`AppComponent`的`onSelect()`方法,并把模板输入变量`hero`作为参数传进去。 它是我们前面在`ngFor`指令中定义的那个`hero`变量。 .l-sub-section :marked Learn more about event binding at the [User Input](../guide/user-input.html) page and the [Event binding](../guide/template-syntax.html#event-binding) section of the [Template Syntax](../guide/template-syntax.html) page. 关于事件绑定的更多内容,参见: [用户输入](../guide/user-input.html)页 和 [模板语法](../guide/template-syntax.html)页的[事件绑定](../guide/template-syntax.html#event-binding)节。 :marked ### Add a click handler to expose the selected hero ### 添加点击处理器以暴露选中的英雄 You no longer need the `hero` property because you're no longer displaying a single hero; you're displaying a list of heroes. But the user will be able to select one of the heroes by clicking on it. So replace the `hero` property with this simple `selectedHero` property: 我们不再需要`AppComponent`的`hero`属性,因为不需要再显示单个的英雄,我们只需要显示英雄列表。但是用户可以点选一个英雄。 所以我们要把`hero`属性**替换**成`selectedHero`属性。 +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.ts', 'selected-hero', 'src/app/app.component.ts (selectedHero)') :marked The hero names should all be unselected before the user picks a hero, so you won't initialize the `selectedHero` as you did with `hero`. 在用户选取一个英雄之前,所有的英雄名字都应该是未选中的。所以我们不希望像`hero`一样初始化`selectedHero`变量。 Add an `onSelect()` method that sets the `selectedHero` property to the `hero` that the user clicks. 现在,**添加一个`onSelect`方法**,用于将用户点击的英雄赋给`selectedHero`属性。 +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.ts', 'on-select', 'src/app/app.component.ts (onSelect)')(format='.') :marked The template still refers to the old `hero` property. Bind to the new `selectedHero` property instead as follows: 我们将把所选英雄的详细信息显示在模板中。目前,它仍然引用之前的`hero`属性。 我们这就修改模板,让它绑定到新的`selectedHero`属性。 +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.1.html', 'selectedHero-details', 'app.component.ts (template excerpt)')(format='.') :marked ### Hide the empty detail with ngIf ### 使用 ngIf 隐藏空的详情 When the app loads, `selectedHero` is undefined. The selected hero is initialized when the user clicks a hero's name. Angular can't display properties of the undefined `selectedHero` and throws the following error, visible in the browser's console: 当应用加载时,我们会看到一个英雄列表,但还没有任何英雄被选中。 `selectedHero`属性是`undefined`。 因此,我们会看到浏览器控制台中出现下列错误: code-example(format="nocode"). EXCEPTION: TypeError: Cannot read property 'name' of undefined in [null] :marked Although `selectedHero.name` is displayed in the template, you must keep the hero detail out of the DOM until there is a selected hero. 虽然我们要在模板中显示的是`selectedHero.name`,但在选中了一个英雄之前,我们必须让这些英雄详情留在DOM之外。 Wrap the HTML hero detail content of the template with a `
    `. Then add the `ngIf` built-in directive and set it to the `selectedHero` property of the component. 我们可以把模板中的英雄详情内容区放在一个`
    `中。 然后,添加一个`ngIf`内置指令,把`ngIf`的值设置为组件的`selectedHero`属性。 +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.1.html', 'ng-if', 'src/app/app.component.ts (ngIf)')(format='.') .alert.is-critical :marked Don't forget the asterisk (`*`) in front of `ngIf`. 别忘了`ngIf`前的星号 (`*`)。 :marked The app no longer fails and the list of names displays again in the browser. 应用不再出错,而名字列表也再次显示在浏览器中。 :marked When there is no selected hero, the `ngIf` directive removes the hero detail HTML from the DOM. There are no hero detail elements or bindings to worry about. 当没有选中英雄时,`ngIf`指令会从 DOM 中移除表示英雄详情的这段 HTML 。 没有了表示英雄详情的元素,也就不用担心绑定问题。 When the user picks a hero, `selectedHero` becomes defined and `ngIf` puts the hero detail content into the DOM and evaluates the nested bindings. 当用户选取了一个英雄,`selectedHero`变成了“已定义的”值,于是`ngIf`把英雄详情加回 DOM 中,并计算它所嵌套的各种绑定。 .l-sub-section :marked Read more about `ngIf` and `ngFor` in the [Structural Directives](../guide/structural-directives.html) page and the [Built-in directives](../guide/template-syntax.html#directives) section of the [Template Syntax](../guide/template-syntax.html) page. 要了解更多`ngIf`,`ngFor`和其它结构型指令的信息,参见 [结构型指令](../guide/structural-directives.html)和 [模板语法](../guide/template-syntax.html)章的[内置指令](../guide/template-syntax.html#directives)部分。 :marked ### Style the selected hero ### 给所选英雄添加样式 While the selected hero details appear below the list, it's difficult to identify the selected hero within the list itself. 我们在下面的详情区看到了选中的英雄,但是我们还是没法在上面的列表区快速定位这位英雄。 In the `styles` metadata that you added above, there is a custom CSS class named `selected`. To make the selected hero more visible, you'll apply this `selected` class to the `
  • ` when the user clicks on a hero name. For example, when the user clicks "Magneta", it should render with a distinctive but subtle background color like this: 在我们前面添加的`styles`元数据中,有一个名叫`selected`的自定义CSS类。 要想让选中的英雄更加醒目,当用户点击一个英雄名字时,我们要为`
  • `添加`selected`类。 例如,当用户点击“Magneta”时,它应该使用不一样的醒目的背景色。 figure.image-display img(src='/resources/images/devguide/toh/heroes-list-selected.png' alt="选中的英雄") :marked In the template, add the following `[class.selected]` binding to the `
  • `: 在这个模板中,往`
  • `上添加一个`[class.selected]`绑定: +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.1.html', 'class-selected-1', 'app.component.ts (setting the CSS class)')(format=".") :marked When the expression (`hero === selectedHero`) is `true`, Angular adds the `selected` CSS class. When the expression is `false`, Angular removes the `selected` class. 当表达式(`hero === selectedHero`)为`true`时,Angular会添加一个CSS类`selected`。为`false`时则会移除`selected`类。 .l-sub-section :marked Read more about the `[class]` binding in the [Template Syntax](../guide/template-syntax.html#ngClass "Template syntax: NgClass") guide. 关于`[class]`绑定的更多信息,参见[模板语法](../guide/template-syntax.html#ngClass "Template syntax: NgClass")。 :marked The final version of the `
  • ` looks like this: +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.1.html', 'class-selected-2', 'app.component.ts (styling each hero)')(format=".") :marked After clicking "Magneta", the list should look like this: 浏览器重新加载了我们的应用。 我们选中英雄 Magneta,通过背景色的变化,它被清晰的标记出来。 figure.image-display img(src='/resources/images/devguide/toh/heroes-list-1.png' alt="英雄列表应用的输出") :marked Here's the complete `app.component.ts` as of now: 完整的`app.component.ts`文件如下: +makeExample('toh-2/ts/src/app/app.component.ts', '', 'src/app/app.component.ts') .l-main-section :marked ## The road you've travelled ## 已走的路 Here's what you achieved in this page: 在本章中,我们完成了以下内容: * The Tour of Heroes app displays a list of selectable heroes. 我们的《英雄指南》现在显示一个可选英雄的列表 * You added the ability to select a hero and show the hero's details. 我们可以选择英雄,并显示这个英雄的详情 * You learned how to use the built-in directives `ngIf` and `ngFor` in a component's template. 我们学会了如何在组件模板中使用内置的`ngIf`和`ngFor`指令 Run the for this part. 运行这部分的。 ### The Road Ahead ### 前方的路 Our Tour of Heroes has grown, but it’s far from complete. We can't put the entire app into a single component. We need to break it up into sub-components and teach them to work together as we learn in the [next chapter](toh-pt3.html). 我们的《英雄指南》长大了,但还远远不够完善。 我们显然不能把整个应用都放进一个组件中。 我们需要把它拆分成一系列子组件,然后教它们协同工作, 就像我们将在[下一章](toh-pt3.html)学到的那样。