block includes include ../_util-fns - var _JavaScript = 'JavaScript'; //- Double underscore means don't escape var, use !{__var}. - var __chaining_op = '; or ,'; - var __new_op = 'new'; - var __objectAsMap = 'object'; :marked This chapter offers tips and techniques for testing Angular applications. Along the way you will learn some general testing principles and techniques but the focus is on testing applications written with Angular 本章提供了一些测试Angular应用的提示和技巧。虽然这里讲述了一些常规测试理念和技巧，但是其重点是测试用Angular编写的应用。 #top :marked # Table of Contents # 目录 1. [Introduction to Angular Testing](#testing-intro) 1. [Angular测试入门](#testing-intro) 1. [Setup](#setup) 1. [搭建测试环境](#setup) - [setup files](#setup-files): `karma.conf`, `karma-test-shim`, `systemjs.config` - [文件配置](#setup-files): `karma.conf`, `karma-test-shim`, `systemjs.config` - [npm packages](#npm-packages) - [npm 包](#npm-packages) 1. [The first karma test](#1st-karma-test) 1. [第一个Karma测试程序](#1st-karma-test) 1. [Introduction to the Angular testing utilities](#atu-intro) 1. [Angular测试工具](#atu-intro) 1. [The sample application and its tests](#sample-app) 1. [例子应用及其测试](#sample-app) 1. [A simple component test](#simple-component-test) 1. [简单的组件测试程序](#simple-component-test) - [_configureTestingModule_](#configure-testing-module) - [_configureTestingModule_](#configure-testing-module) - [_createComponent_](#create-component) - [_createComponent_](#create-component) - [_ComponentFixture_, _DebugElement_, _query(By.css)_](#component-fixture) - [_ComponentFixture_, _DebugElement_, _query(By.css)_](#component-fixture) - [_detectChanges_](#detect-changes) - [_detectChanges_](#detect-changes) - [_autoDetectChanges_](#auto-detect-changes) - [_autoDetectChanges_](#auto-detect-changes) 1. [Test a component with a service dependency](#component-with-dependency) 1. [测试拥有服务依赖的组件](#component-with-dependency) - [test doubles](#service-test-doubles) - [测试复制品](#service-test-doubles) - [get the injected service](#get-injected-service) - [获取注入的服务](#get-injected-service) - [_TestBed.get_](#testbed-get) - [_TestBed.get_](#testbed-get) 1. [Test a component with an async service](#component-with-async-service) 1. [测试拥有异步服务的组件](#component-with-async-service) - [spies](#service-spy) - [spies](#service-spy) - [_async_](#async) - [_async_](#async) - [_whenStable_](#when-stable) - [_whenStable_](#when-stable) - [_fakeAsync_](#async) - [_fakeAsync_](#async) - [_tick_](#tick) - [_tick_](#tick) - [_jasmine.done_](#jasmine-done) - [_jasmine.done_](#jasmine-done) 1. [Test a component with an external template](#component-with-external-template) 1. [测试拥有外部模板的组件](#component-with-external-template) - [_async_](#async-in-before-each) in `beforeEach` - [_async_](#async-in-before-each) in `beforeEach` - [_compileComponents_](#compile-components) - [_compileComponents_](#compile-components) 1. [Test a component with inputs and outputs](#component-with-input-output) 1. [测试拥有导入inputs和导出outputs的组件](#component-with-input-output) - [_triggerEventHandler_](#trigger-event-handler) - [_triggerEventHandler_](#trigger-event-handler) 1. [Test a component inside a test host component](#component-inside-test-host) 1. [在宿主组件中测试组件](#component-inside-test-host) 1. [Test a routed component](#routed-component) 1. [测试带路由器的组件](#routed-component) - [_inject_](#inject) - [_inject_](#inject) 1. [Test a routed component with parameters](#routed-component-w-param) 1. [测试带有路由和路由参数的组件](#routed-component-w-param) - [_Observable_ test double](#stub-observable) - [**可观察**测试复制品](#stub-observable) 1. [Use a _page_ object to simplify setup](#page-object) 1. [使用**page**对象来简化配置](#page-object) 1. [Setup with module imports](#import-module) 1. [用模块的导入进行配置](#import-module) 1. [Override component providers](#component-override) 1. [重载组件提供商](#component-override) 1. [Test a _RouterOutlet_ component](#router-outlet-component) 1. [测试带有**RouterOutlet**组件](#router-outlet-component) - [stubbing unneeded components](#stub-component) - [模拟不需要的组件](#stub-component) - [Stubbing the _RouterLink_](#router-link-stub) - [模拟_RouterLink_](#router-link-stub) - [_By.directive_ and injected directives](#by-directive) - [_By.directive_和注入的指令](#by-directive) 1. ["Shallow" component tests with *NO\_ERRORS\_SCHEMA*](#shallow-component-test) 1. [使用*NO\_ERRORS\_SCHEMA*来“浅化”组件测试程序](#shallow-component-test) 1. [Test an attribute directive](#attribute-directive) 1. [测试属性指令](#attribute-directive) 1. [Isolated unit tests](#isolated-unit-tests "Unit testing without the Angular testing utilities") 1. [孤立的单元测试](#isolated-unit-tests "Unit testing without the Angular testing utilities") - [Services](#isolated-service-tests) - [服务](#isolated-service-tests) - [Pipes](#isolated-pipe-tests) - [管道](#isolated-pipe-tests) - [Components](#isolated-component-tests) - [组件](#isolated-component-tests) 1. [Angular testing utility APIs](#atu-apis) 1. [Angular测试工具APIs](#atu-apis) - [Stand-alone functions](#atu-apis): `async`, `fakeAsync`, etc. - [独立函数](#atu-apis): `async`, `fakeAsync`, etc. - [_TestBed_](#testbed-class-summary) - [_TestBed_](#testbed-class-summary) - [_ComponentFixture_](#component-fixture-api-summary) - [_ComponentFixture_](#component-fixture-api-summary) - [_DebugElement_](#debug-element-details) - [_DebugElement_](#debug-element-details) 1. [FAQ](#faq "Frequently asked questions") 1. [常见问题](#faq "Frequently asked questions") :marked It’s a big agenda. Fortunately, you can learn a little bit at a time and put each lesson to use. 以上主题繁多。幸运的是，你可以慢慢地阅读并立刻应用每一个主题。 ## Live examples ## 在线例子 The chapter sample code is available as live examples for inspection, experiment, and download. 本章所有例子代码都在下面的在线例子中，以供参考、实验和下载。 * The sample application * 例子应用 * The first spec * 第一个测试程序spec * The complete application specs * 完整的应用测试程序spec * A grab bag of demonstration specs * 示范spec包 a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #testing-intro :marked ## Introduction to Angular Testing ## Angular测试入门 You write tests to explore and confirm the behavior of the application. 编写测试程序来探索和确认应用的行为。 1. They **guard** against changes that break existing code (“regressions”). 1. 测试**守护**由于代码变化而打破已有代码(“回归”)的情况。 1. They **clarify** what the code does both when used as intended and when faced with deviant conditions. 1. 不管代码被正确使用还是错误使用，测试程序起到**澄清**代码的作用。 1. They **reveal** mistakes in design and implementation. Tests shine a harsh light on the code from many angles. When a part of the application seems hard to test, the root cause is often a design flaw, something to cure now rather than later when it becomes expensive to fix. 1. 测试程序**暴露**设计和实现可能出现的错误。测试程序从很多角度为代码亮出警报灯。当应用程序很难被测试时， 其根本原因一般都是设计缺陷，这种缺陷最好立刻被修正，不要等到它变得很难被修复的时候才行动。 This chapter assumes that you know something about testing. Don't worry if you don't. There are plenty of books and online resources to get up to speed. 本章假设你熟悉测试。但是如果你不熟悉也没有关系。有很多书本和在线资源可以帮助你。 ### Tools and Technologies ### 工具与技术 You can write and run Angular tests with a variety of tools and technologies. This chapter describes specific choices that are known to work well. 你可以用多种工具和技术来编写和运行Angular测试程序。本章介绍了一些大家已经知道能良好工作的选择。 table(width="100%") col(width="20%") col(width="80%") tr th p Technology p 技术 th p Purpose p 目的 tr(style=top) td(style="vertical-align: top") Jasmine td :marked The [Jasmine test framework](http://jasmine.github.io/2.4/introduction.html). provides everything needed to write basic tests. It ships with an HTML test runner that executes tests in the browser. [Jasmine测试框架](http://jasmine.github.io/2.4/introduction.html)提供了所有编写基本测试的工具。 它自带HTML测试运行器，用来在浏览器中执行测试程序。 tr(style=top) td(style="vertical-align: top") p Angular Testing Utilities p Angular测试工具 td :marked The Angular testing utilities create a test environment for the Angular application code under test. Use them to condition and control parts of the application as they interact _within_ the Angular environment. Angular测试工具为被测试的Angular应用代码创建测试环境。在应用代码与Angular环境互动时，使用Angular测试工具来限制和控制应用的部分代码。 tr(style=top) td(style="vertical-align: top") Karma td :marked The [karma test runner](https://karma-runner.github.io/1.0/index.html) is ideal for writing and running unit tests while developing the application. It can be an integral part of the project's development and continuous integration processes. This chapter describes how to setup and run tests with karma. [karma测试运行器](https://karma-runner.github.io/1.0/index.html)是在开发应用的过程中 编写和运行单元测试的理想工具。 它能成为项目开发和连续一体化进程的不可分割的一部分。本章讲述了如何用Karma设置和运行测试程序。 tr(style=top) td(style="vertical-align: top") Protractor td :marked Use protractor to write and run _end-to-end_ (e2e) tests. End-to-end tests explore the application _as users experience it_. In e2e testing, one process runs the real application and a second process runs protractor tests that simulate user behavior and assert that the application responds in the browser as expected. 使用`Protractor`来编写和运行_端对端(e2e)_测试程序。端对端测试程序**像用户体验应用程序那样**探索它。 在端对端测试中，一条进程运行真正的应用，另一条进程运行Protractor测试程序，模拟用户行为，判断应用在浏览器中的反应是否正确。 .l-hr #setup :marked ## Setup ## 搭建测试环境 Many think writing tests is fun. Few enjoy setting up the test environment. To get to the fun as quickly as possible, the deep details of setup appear later in the chapter (_forthcoming_). A bare minimum of discussion plus the downloadable source code must suffice for now. 很多人认为编写测试程序很有趣。很少有人享受搭建测试环境的过程。 为了尽快开始有趣的部分，我们在本章后面一点再详细讲述搭建测试环境的细节。 在这里，我们先进行最简单的讨论，再加上源代码供大家下载。 There are two fast paths to getting started. 有两种快速方法立刻开始。 1. Start a new project following the instructions in [Setup](setup.html). 根据[搭建本地开发环境](setup.html)中的说明创建新的项目。 1. Start a new project with the [Angular CLI](https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/blob/master/README.md). 使用[Angular CLI](https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/blob/master/README.md)创建新的项目。 Both approaches install **npm packages, files, and scripts** pre-configured for applications built in their respective modalities. Their artifacts and procedures differ slightly but their essentials are the same and there are no differences in the test code. 以上两种方法都安装在各自的模式下为应用预先配置的**npm包、文件和脚本**。它们的文件和规程有一点不同，但是它们的核心部分是一样的，并且在测试代码方面没有任何区别。 In this chapter, the application and its tests are based on the documentation setup. 在本章中，应用及其测试程序是基于[搭建本地开发环境](setup.html)的。 .alert.is-helpful :marked If your application was based on the [Setup](setup.html) instructions, you can skip the rest of this section and get on with your first test. 如果你的应用是基于[搭建本地开发环境](setup.html)章所述的，可以跳过本小节下面的内容，直接开始第一个测试。 《快速起步》库一同了所有必须的配置。 #setup-files :marked ### Setup files ### 文件配置 Here's brief description of the setup files. 下面是文件配置的简介： table(width="100%") col(width="20%") col(width="80%") tr th p File p 文件 th p Description 描述 tr td(style="vertical-align: top") karma.conf.js td :marked The karma configuration file that specifies which plug-ins to use, which application and test files to load, which browser(s) to use, and how to report test results. Karma配置文件。它指定使用哪些插件、加载哪个应用和测试文件、使用哪些浏览器和如何报告测试结果。 It loads three other setup files: 它加载三种配置文件： * `systemjs.config.js` * `systemjs.config.extras.js` * `karma-test-shim.js` tr td(style="vertical-align: top") karma-test-shim.js td :marked This shim prepares karma specifically for the Angular test environment and launches karma itself. It loads the `systemjs.config.js` file as part of that process. 本垫片为Angular测试环境特别准备Karma，并运行Karma。在这个过程中，它加载`systemjs.config.js`文件。 tr td(style="vertical-align: top") systemjs.config.js td :marked [SystemJS](https://github.com/systemjs/systemjs/blob/master/README.md) loads the application and test files. This script tells SystemJS where to find those files and how to load them. It's the same version of `systemjs.config.js` used by Setup-based applications. [SystemJS](https://github.com/systemjs/systemjs/blob/master/README.md) 加载应用和测试文件。本脚本告诉SystemJS去哪儿寻找这些文件，以及如何加载它们。 `systemjs.config.js`的版本和基于[搭建本地开发环境](setup.html)的应用使用的一样。 tr td(style="vertical-align: top") systemjs.config.extras.js td :marked An optional file that supplements the SystemJS configuration in `systemjs.config.js` with configuration for the specific needs of the application itself. 一个可有可无的文件，用来配置应用自己特殊的需求，补充`systemjs.config.js`里面的SystemJS配置。 A stock `systemjs.config.js` can't anticipate those needs. You fill the gaps here. 原装`systemjs.config.js`无法预测这些需求。你可以在这里填补空白。 The sample version for this chapter adds the **model barrel** to the SystemJs `packages` configuration. 本章例子添加了**模型封装桶**到SystemJS的`packages`配置。 tr td(colspan="2") +makeExample('testing/ts/systemjs.config.extras.js', '', 'systemjs.config.extras.js')(format='.') :marked ### npm packages ### npm包 The sample tests are written to run in Jasmine and karma. The two "fast path" setups added the appropriate Jasmine and karma npm packages to the `devDependencies` section of the `package.json`. They were installed when you ran `npm install`. 例子中的测试程序是按照能在`Jasmine`和`Karma`中运行的规格编写的。以上两种“快速途径”配置测试环境，都在`package.json`的`devDependencies`中添加了合适的`Jasmine`和`karma`的`npm`包。 你运行`npm install`时就会安装它们。 .l-hr #1st-karma-test :marked ## The first karma test ## 第一个`karma`测试 Start with a simple test to make sure the setup works properly. 编写简单的测试程序，来确认以上的配置是否工作正常。 Create a new file called `1st.spec.ts` in the application root folder, `app/` 在应用的根目录`app/`创建新文件，名叫`1st.spec.ts`。 .alert.is-important :marked Tests written in Jasmine are called _specs_ . **The filename extension must be `.spec.ts`**, the convention adhered to by `karma.conf.js` and other tooling. 用Jasmine编写的测试程序都被叫做**specs**。**文件名后缀必须是`.spec.ts`**，这是`karma.conf.js`和其它工具所坚持和遵守的规约。 :marked **Put spec files somewhere within the `app/` folder.** The `karma.conf.js` tells karma to look for spec files there, for reasons explained [below](#q-spec-file-location). **将测试程序spec放到`app/`文件夹下的任何位置。** `karma.conf.js`告诉`Karma`在这个文件夹中寻找测试程序spec文件，原因在 [这里](#spec-file-location) 有所解释。 Add the following code to `app/1st.spec.ts`. 添加下面的代码到`app/1st.spec.ts`。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/1st.spec.ts', '', 'app/1st.spec.ts')(format='.') :marked ### Run karma ### 运行Karma Compile and run it in karma from the command line with this command: 使用下面的命令从命令行中编译并在`Karma`中运行上面的测试程序。 code-example(format="." language="bash"). npm test :marked The command compiles the application and test code and starts karma. Both processes watch pertinent files, write messages to the console, and re-run when they detect changes. 该命令编译应用及其测试代码，并启动Karma。 两个进程都监视相关文件，往控制台输入信息和检测到变化时自动重新运行。 .l-sub-section :marked The documentation setup defines the `test` command in the `scripts` section of npm's `package.json`. The Angular CLI has different commands to do the same thing. Adjust accordingly. 《快速起步》在npm的`package.json`中的`scripts`里定义了`test`命令。 Angular CLI使用不同的命令来做同样的事情。对不同的环境采取不同的方案。 :marked After a few moments, karma opens a browser and starts writing to the console. 等一小段时间后，Karma便打开浏览器并开始向控制台输出。 figure.image-display img(src='/resources/images/devguide/testing/karma-browser.png' style="width:400px;" alt="Karma browser") :marked Hide (don't close!) the browser and focus on the console output which should look something like this. 隐藏（不要关闭）浏览器，查看控制台的输出，应该看起来像这样： code-example(format="." language="bash"). > npm test ... [0] 1:37:03 PM - Compilation complete. Watching for file changes. ... [1] Chrome 51.0.2704: Executed 0 of 0 SUCCESS Chrome 51.0.2704: Executed 1 of 1 SUCCESS SUCCESS (0.005 secs / 0.005 secs) :marked Both the compiler and karma continue to run. The compiler output is preceeded by `[0]`; the karma output by `[1]`. 编译器和`Karma`都会持续运行。编译器的输入信息前面有`[0]`，`Karma`的输出前面有`[1]`。 Change the expectation from `true` to `false`. 将期望从`true`变换为`false`。 The _compiler_ watcher detects the change and recompiles. **编译器**监视器检测到这个变化并重新编译。 code-example(format="." language="bash"). [0] 1:49:21 PM - File change detected. Starting incremental compilation... [0] 1:49:25 PM - Compilation complete. Watching for file changes. :marked The _karma_ watcher detects the change to the compilation output and re-runs the test. **`Karma`**监视器检测到编译器输出的变化，并重新运行测试。 code-example(format="." language="bash"). [1] Chrome 51.0.2704 1st tests true is true FAILED [1] Expected false to equal true. [1] Chrome 51.0.2704: Executed 1 of 1 (1 FAILED) (0.005 secs / 0.005 secs) :marked It failed of course. 正如所料，测试结果是**失败**。 Restore the expectation from `false` back to `true`. Both processes detect the change, re-run, and karma reports complete success. 将期望从`false`恢复为`true`。两个进程都检测到这个变化，自动重新运行，`Karma`报告测试成功。 .alert.is-helpful :marked The console log can be quite long. Keep your eye on the last line. It says `SUCCESS` when all is well. 控制台的日志可能会非常长。注意最后一样。当一切正常时，它会显示`SUCCESS`。 :marked ### Test debugging ### 调试测试程序 Debug specs in the browser in the same way you debug an application. 在浏览器中，像调试应用一样调试测试程序spec。 - Reveal the karma browser window (hidden earlier). - 显示`Karma`的浏览器窗口（之前被隐藏了）。 - Click the "DEBUG" button; it opens a new browser tab and re-runs the tests - 点击“DEBUG”按钮；它打开一页新浏览器标签并重新开始运行测试程序 - Open the browser's “Developer Tools” (F12 or Ctrl-Shift-I). - 打开浏览器的“Developer Tools”(F12或者Ctrl-Shift-I)。 - Pick the "sources" section - 选择“sources”页 - Open the `1st.spec.ts` test file (Ctrl-P, then start typing the name of the file). - 打开`1st.spec.ts`测试文件（Ctrl-P, 然后输入文件名字）。 - Set a breakpoint in the test - 在测试程序中设置断点。 - Refresh the browser … and it stops at the breakpoint. - 刷新浏览器...然后它就会停在断点上。 figure.image-display img(src='/resources/images/devguide/testing/karma-1st-spec-debug.png' style="width:700px;" alt="Karma debugging") a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #atu-intro :marked ## Introduction to the Angular Testing Utilities ## Angular测试工具入门 Many tests explore how applications classes interact with Angular and the DOM while under Angular's control. 许多测试程序探索应用的类在被`Angular`控制时，是如何与`Angular`和`DOM`互动的。 Such tests are easy to write with the help of the Angular testing utilities which include the `TestBed` class and some helper functions. Angular测试工具包含了`TestBed`类和一些辅助函数方法，在它们的帮助下，很容易编写上面那样的测试程序。 Tests written with these utilities are the main focus of this chapter. But they are not the only tests you should write. 利用**这些工具**编写的测试程序是本章的主要焦点。但是它们不是你能写的唯一测试类型。 ### Isolated unit tests ### 孤立的单元测试 [Isolated unit tests](#isolated-unit-tests "Unit testing without the Angular testing utilities") examine an instance of a class all by itself without any dependence on Angular or any injected values. The tester creates a test instance of the class with new, supplying test doubles for the constructor parameters as needed, and then probes the test instance API surface. [孤立的单元测试](#isolated-unit-tests "不使用Angular测试工具进行单元测试")独立自己检测类的实例，不依靠Angular或者任何其它注入值。 测试器使用`new`创建类的测试实例，在需要时提供用于测试的构造函数参数复制品，并测试被测试实例的API。 You can and should write isolated unit tests for pipes and services. 你可以，也应该为服务和管道编写孤立的单元测试。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/shared/title-case.pipe.spec.ts', 'mini-excerpt', 'app/shared/title-case.pipe.spec.ts (excerpt)') :marked Components can be tested in isolation as well. However, isolated unit tests don't reveal how these classes interact with Angular. In particular, they can't reveal how a component class interacts with its own template or with other components. Such tests require the Angular testing utilities. 孤立的测试不会展示类是如何与Angular互动的。也就是说，它们不会展示组件的类是如何与自己的模板或者其它组件互动的。 这样的测试程序需要Angular测试工具。 ### Testing with the Angular Testing Utilities ### 利用**Angular测试工具**进行测试 The Angular testing utilities include the `TestBed` class and several helper functions from `@angular/core/testing`. **Angular测试工具**包含了`TestBed`类和在`@angular/core/testing`中一些辅助函数方法。 The `TestBed` creates an Angular testing module — an `@NgModule` class — that you configure to produce the module environment for the class you want to test. You tell the `TestBed` to create an instance of the _component-under-test_ and probe that instance with tests. `TestBed`创建Angular测试模块 - `@NgModule`类 - 通过配置它，你为想要测试的类创造模块环境。 通过`TestBed`创建被测试的组件的实例，并使用测试程序来测探这个实例。 Before each spec, the `TestBed` resets itself to a base state. The base state includes a default testing module configuration consisting of the declarables (components, directives, and pipes) and providers (some of them mocked) that almost everyone needs. 在每个spec之前，`TestBed`将自己重设为初始状态。 这个初始状态包含了一套默认的、几乎所有情况都需要的测试模块配置，包括可声明类（组件、指令和管道）和提供商（其中一些是伪造的）。 .l-sub-section :marked The testing shims mentioned [earlier](#setup) initialize the testing module configuration to something like the `BrowserModule` from `@angular/platform-browser`. [之前](#setup)提到的测试垫片初始化测试模块配置到一个模块，这个模块和`@angular/platform-browser`中的`BrowserModule`类似。 :marked This default configuration is merely a _foundation_ for testing an app. You call `TestBed.configureTestingModule` with an object that defines additional imports, declarations, providers and schemas to fit your application tests. Optional `override...` methods can fine-tune aspects of the configuration. 默认配置只是测试应用的**基础**。 在`TestBed.configureTestingModule`中定义额外imports、declarations、providers和schemas的对象，构建适合你的应用程序的测试环境。 可选的`override...`方法可以微调配置的各个方面。 After configuring the `TestBed`, tell it to create an instance of the _component-under-test_ and the test fixture that you'll need to inspect and control the component's immediate environment. `TestBed`配置完成以后，用它创建**被测试的组件**的实例和测试fixture，我们可以用它们检查和控制组件周围的环境。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/banner.component.spec.ts', 'simple-example-before-each', 'app/banner.component.spec.ts (simplified)')(format='.') :marked Angular tests can interact with the HTML in the test DOM, simulate user activity, tell Angular to perform specific task (such as change detection), and see the effects of these actions both in the _component-under-test_ and in the test DOM. Angular测试可以在测试DOM中与HTML互动，模拟用户行为，让Angular执行特定任务（比如变换检测），并在被测试的组件和测试DOM中查看这些行为的效果。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/banner.component.spec.ts', 'simple-example-it', 'app/banner.component.spec.ts (simplified)')(format='.') :marked A comprehensive review of the Angular testing utilities appears [later in the chapter](#atu-apis). Let's dive right into Angular testing, starting with the components of a sample application. 关于Angular测试工具的完整回顾将会在[本章后面](#atu-apis)出现。 现在开始深入到Angular测试，让我们以例子应用的组件开始。 a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #sample-app :marked ## The sample application and its tests ## 例子应用和它的测试程序 This chapter tests a cut-down version of the _Tour of Heroes_ [tutorial app](../tutorial). 本章测试了**简化版本的英雄指南**[教程应用程序](../tutorial)。 The following live example shows how it works and provides the complete source code. 下面的在线例子展示了它是如何工作的，并提供了完整的源代码。

:marked The following live example runs all the tests of this application inside the browser, using the Jasmine Test Runner instead of karma. 下面的在线例子在浏览器中运行该应用的所有测试程序，使用的是`Jasmine`测试运行器，而非`Karma`。 It includes the tests discussed in this chapter and additional tests for you to explore. This live example contains both application and test code. Give it some time to load and warm up. 它包含了本章讨论的测试程序和其它测试程序。本在线例子包含了整个应用和测试代码。给它一些时间来加载。 a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #simple-component-test :marked ## Test a component ## 测试组件 :marked The top of the screen displays application title, presented by the `BannerComponent` in `app/banner.component.ts`. `app/banner.component.ts`中的`BannerComponent`在屏幕顶部显示应用的标题。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/banner.component.ts', '', 'app/banner.component.ts')(format='.') :marked `BannerComponent` has an inline template and an interpolation binding. The component is probably too simple to be worth testing in real life but it's perfect for a first encounter with the `TestBed`. `BannerComponent`有内联模板和插值表达式绑定。 在真实应用场景中，这个组件可能过于简单，不值得测试。但是我们是第一次接触`TestBed`，所以用它非常合适。 The corresponding `app/banner-component.spec.ts` sits in the same folder as the component, for reasons explained [here](#q-spec-file-location); 对应的`app/banner-component.spec.ts`在与组件相同的目录，参见[这里](#q-spec-file-location)的解释。 Start with ES6 import statements to get access to symbols referenced in the spec. 首先，使用ES6导入声明获取在spec中引用的符号。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/banner.component.spec.ts', 'imports', 'app/banner.component.spec.ts (imports)')(format='.') #configure-testing-module :marked Here's the setup for the tests followed by observations about the `beforeEach`: 下面是测试程序的配置和`beforeEach`的细节： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/banner.component.spec.ts', 'setup', 'app/banner.component.spec.ts (setup)')(format='.') :marked `TestBed.configureTestingModule` takes an `@NgModule`-like metadata object. This one simply declares the component to test, `BannerComponent`. `TestBed.configureTestingModule`接受像`@NgModule`元数据的对象。 这里的对象仅仅声明了要测试的组件`BannerComponent`。 It lacks `imports` because (a) it extends the default testing module configuration which already has what `BannerComponent` needs and (b) `BannerComponent` doesn't interact with any other components. 它没有`imports`，因为(a)它拓展默认测试模块配置，已经有了所有`BannerComponent`需要的，(b)`BannerComponent`不和其它任何组件互动。 #create-component :marked ### _createComponent_ ### _createComponent_ `TestBed.createComponent` creates an instance of `BannerComponent` to test and returns a [fixture](#component-fixture). `TestBed.createComponent`创建`BannerComponent`组件的实例，可以用来测试和返回[fixture](#component-fixture)。 `TestBed.createComponent` closes the current `TestBed` instance to further configuration. You cannot call any more `TestBed` configuration methods, not `configureTestingModule` nor any of the `override...` methods. The `TestBed` throws an error if you try. `TestBed.createComponent`关闭当前`TestBed`实例，让它不能再被配置。 你不能再调用`TestBed`的配置方法，也不能调用`configureTestingModule`或者任何`override...`方法，否则`TestBed`会抛出错误。 .alert.is-important :marked Do not configure the `TestBed` after calling `createComponent`. 不要再调用`createComponent`之后试图配置`TestBed`。 #component-fixture :marked ### _ComponentFixture_, _DebugElement_, and _query(By.css)_ The `createComponent` method returns a **`ComponentFixture`**, a handle on the test environment surrounding the created component. The fixture provides access to the component instance itself and to the **`DebugElement`** which is a handle on the component's DOM element. `createComponent`方法返回**`ComponentFixture`**，用来控制和访问已创建的组件所在的测试环境。 这个fixture提供了对组件实例自身的访问，同时还提供了用来访问组件的DOM元素的**`DebugElement`**对象。 The `title` property value was interpolated into the DOM within `

` tags. Use the fixture's `DebugElement` to `query` for the `

` element by CSS selector. `title`属性被插值到DOM的`

`标签中。 用CSS选择器从fixture的`DebugElement`中`query``

`元素。 The **`query`** method takes a predicate function and searches the fixture's entire DOM tree for the _first_ element that satisfies the predicate. The result is a _different_ `DebugElement`, one associated with the matching DOM element. **`query`**方法接受predicate函数，并搜索fixture的整个DOM树，试图寻找**第一个**满足predicate函数的元素。 .l-sub-section :marked The `queryAll` method returns an array of _all_ `DebugElements` that satisfy the predicate. `queryAll`方法返回一列数组，包含所有`DebugElement`中满足predicate的元素。 A _predicate_ is a function that returns a boolean. A query predicate receives a `DebugElement` and returns `true` if the element meets the selection criteria. **predicate**是返回布尔值的函数。 predicate查询接受`DebugElement`参数，如果元素符合选择条件便返回`true`。 :marked The **`By`** class is an Angular testing utility that produces useful predicates. Its `By.css` static method produces a standard CSS selector predicate that filters the same way as a jQuery selector. **`By`**类是Angular测试工具之一，它生成有用的predicate。 它的`By.css`静态方法产生标准CSS选择器 predicate，与JQuery选择器相同的方式过滤。 Finally, the setup assigns the DOM element from the `DebugElement` **`nativeElement`** property to `el`. The tests will assert that `el` contains the expected title text. 最后，这个配置指定`DebugElement`中的**`nativeElement`**DOM元素到属性`el`。 测试程序将判断`el`是否包含期待的标题文本。 ### The tests ### 测试程序 Jasmine runs the `beforeEach` function before each of these tests 再每个测试程序之前，Jasmin都一次运行`beforeEach`函数： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/banner.component.spec.ts', 'tests', 'app/banner.component.spec.ts (tests)')(format='.') :marked These tests ask the `DebugElement` for the native HTML element to satisfy their expectations. 这些测试程序向`DebugElement`获取原生HTML元素，来满足自己的期望。 #detect-changes :marked ### _detectChanges_: Angular change detection within a test ### **detectChanges**：在测试中的Angular变化检测 Each test tells Angular when to perform change detection by calling `fixture.detectChanges()`. The first test does so immediately, triggering data binding and propagation of the `title` property to the DOM element. 每个测试程序都通过调用`fixture.detectChanges()`来通知Angular执行变化检测。第一个测试程序立刻这么做，触发数据绑定和并将`title`属性发送到DOM元素中。 The second test changes the component's `title` property _and only then_ calls `fixture.detectChanges()`; the new value appears in the DOM element. 第二个测试程序在更改组件的`title`属性**之后**才调用`fixture.detectChanges()`。新值出现在DOM元素中。 In production, change detection kicks in automatically when Angular creates a component or the user enters a keystroke or an asynchronous activity (e.g., AJAX) completes. 在产品阶段，当Angular创建组件、用户输入或者异步动作（比如AJAX）完成时，自动触发变化检测。 The `TestBed.createComponent` does _not_ trigger change detection. The fixture does not automatically push the component's `title` property value into the data bound element, a fact demonstrated in the following test: `TestBed.createComponent`**不会**触发变化检测。该工具不会自动将组件的`title`属性值推送到数据绑定的元素，下面的测试程序展示了这个事实： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/banner.component.spec.ts', 'test-w-o-detect-changes', 'app/banner.component.spec.ts (no detectChanges)')(format='.') :marked This behavior (or lack of it) is intentional. It gives the tester an opportunity to inspect or change the state of the component _before Angular initiates data binding or calls lifecycle hooks_. 此行为（或者缺乏的行为）是有意的。**在Angular初始化数据绑定或者调用生命周期钩子**之前，它给测试者机会来查看或者改变组件的状态。 #auto-detect-changes :marked ### Automatic change detection ### 自动变化检测 Some testers prefer that the Angular test environment run change detection automatically. That's possible by configuring the `TestBed` with the _AutoDetect_ provider: 一些测试者偏向让Angular测试环境自动运行变化检测。这是可能的，只要配置`TestBed`的**AutoDetect**提供商即可: +makeExample('testing/ts/app/banner.component.spec.ts', 'auto-detect', 'app/banner.component.spec.ts (AutoDetect)')(format='.') :marked Here are three tests that illustrate how _AutoDetect_ works. 下面是展示**自动检测**如何工作的三个测试程序： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/banner.component.spec.ts', 'auto-detect-tests', 'app/banner.component.spec.ts (AutoDetect Tests)')(format='.') :marked The first test shows the benefit of automatic change detection. 第一个测试程序展示了自动检测的好处。 The second and third test reveal an important limitation. The Angular testing environment does _not_ know that the test changed the component's `title`. _AutoDetect_ responds to _asynchronous activities_ such as promise resolution, timers, and DOM events. But a direct, synchronous update of the component property is invisible to _AutoDetect_. The test must call `fixture.detectChanges()` manually to trigger another cycle of change detection. 第二和第三个测试程序显示了一个重要的局限性。 Angular测试环境**不会**知道测试程序改变了组件的`title`属性。 自动检测只对异步行为比如承诺的解析、计时器和DOM时间作出反应。 但是直接修改组件属性值的这种同步更新是不会触发**自动检测**的。 测试程序必须手动调用`fixture.detectChange()`，来触发新一轮的变化检测周期。 .alert.is-helpful :marked Rather than wonder when the test fixture will or won't perform change detection, the samples in this chapter _always call_ `detectChanges()` _explicitly_. There is no harm in calling `detectChanges()` more often than is strictly necessary. 与其怀疑测试工具会不会执行变化检测，本章中的例子**总是显式**调用`detectChanges()`。 即使是在不需要的时候，频繁调用`detectChanges()`没有任何什么坏处。 a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #component-with-dependency :marked ## Test a component with a dependency ## 测试有依赖的组件 Components often have service dependencies. The `WelcomeComponent` displays a welcome message to the logged in user. It knows who the user is based on a property of the injected `UserService`: 组件经常依赖其他服务。`WelcomeComponent`为登陆的用户显示一条欢迎信息。它从注入的`UserService`的属性得知用户的身份： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/welcome.component.ts', '', 'app/welcome.component.ts')(format='.') :marked The `WelcomeComponent` has decision logic that interacts with the service, logic that makes this component worth testing. Here's the testing module configuration for the spec file, `app/welcome.component.spec.ts`: `WelcomeComponent`有与服务进行交互的决策逻辑，这样的逻辑让这个组件值得测试。下面是spec文件的测试模块配置，`app/welcome.component.spec.ts`： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/welcome.component.spec.ts', 'config-test-module', 'app/welcome.component.spec.ts')(format='.') :marked This time, in addition to declaring the _component-under-test_, the configuration adds a `UserService` provider to the `providers` list. But not the real `UserService`. 这次，在测试配置里不但声明了被测试的组件，而且在`providers`数组中添加了`UserService`依赖。但不是真实的`UserService`。 #service-test-doubles :marked ### Provide service test doubles ### 提供服务复制品 A _component-under-test_ doesn't have to be injected with real services. In fact, it is usually better if they are test doubles (stubs, fakes, spies, or mocks). The purpose of the spec is to test the component, not the service, and real services can be trouble. 被测试的组件不一定要注入真正的服务。实际上，服务的复制品（stubs, fakes, spies或者mocks）通常会更加合适。 spec的主要目的是测试组件，而不是服务。真实的服务可能自身有问题。 Injecting the real `UserService` could be a nightmare. The real service might try to ask the user for login credentials and try to reach an authentication server. These behaviors could be hard to intercept. It is far easier and safer to create and register a test double in place of the real `UserService`. 注入真实的`UserService`有可能很麻烦。真实的服务可能询问用户登录凭据，也可能试图连接认证服务器。 可能很难处理这些行为。所以在真实的`UserService`的位置创建和注册`UserService`复制品，会让测试更加容易和安全。 This particular test suite supplies a minimal `UserService` stub that satisfies the needs of the `WelcomeComponent` and its tests: 这个测试套件提供了最小化的`UserService`stub类，用来满足`WelcomeComponent`和它的测试的需求： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/welcome.component.spec.ts', 'user-service-stub')(format='.') #get-injected-service :marked ### Get injected services ### 获取注入的服务 The tests need access to the (stub) `UserService` injected into the `WelcomeComponent`. 测试程序需要访问被注入到`WelcomeComponent`中的`UserService`（stub类）。 Angular has a hierarchical injection system. There can be injectors at multiple levels, from the root injector created by the `TestBed` down through the component tree. Angular的注入系统是层次化的。 可以有很多层注入器，从根`TestBed`创建的注入器下来贯穿整个组件树。 The safest way to get the injected service, the way that **_always works_**, is to **get it from the injector of the _component-under-test_**. The component injector is a property of the fixture's `DebugElement`. 最安全并总是有效的获取注入服务的方法，是从被测试的组件的注入器获取。 组件注入器是fixture的`DebugElement`的属性。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/welcome.component.spec.ts', 'injected-service', 'WelcomeComponent\'s injector')(format='.') #testbed-get :marked ### _TestBed.get_ ### _TestBed.get_ You _may_ also be able to get the service from the root injector via `TestBed.get`. This is easier to remember and less verbose. But it only works when Angular injects the component with the service instance in the test's root injector. Fortunately, in this test suite, the _only_ provider of `UserService` is the root testing module, so it is safe to call `TestBed.get` as follows: 你**可以**通过`TestBed.get`方法来从根注入器中获取服务。 它更容易被记住，也更加简介。 但是只有在Angular使用测试的根注入器中的那个服务实例来注入到组件时，它才有效。 幸运的是，在这个测试套件中，**唯一**的`UserService`提供商就是根测试模块，所以像下面这样调用`TestBed.get`很安全： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/welcome.component.spec.ts', 'inject-from-testbed', 'TestBed injector')(format='.') .l-sub-section :marked The [`inject`](#inject) utility function is another way to get one or more services from the test root injector. [`inject`](#inject)辅助函数方法是另外一种从测试的根注入器注入一个或多个服务到测试的方法。 See the section "[_Override Component Providers_](#component-override)" for a use case in which `inject` and `TestBed.get` do not work and you must get the service from the component's injector. 到“[**重载组件提供商**](#component-override)”查看`inject`和`TestBed.get`无效，并且必须从组件的注入器获取服务的用例。 :marked ### Always get the service from an injector ### 总是从注入器获取服务 Surprisingly, you dare not reference the `userServiceStub` object that was provided to the testing module in the body of your test. **It does not work!** The `userService` instance injected into the component is a completely _different_ object, a clone of the provided `userServiceStub`. 出人意料的是，请不要引用测试代码里提供给测试模块的`userServiceStub`对象。**它是行不通的！** 被注入组件的`userService`实例是彻底**不一样**的对象，是提供的`userServiceStub`的克隆。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/welcome.component.spec.ts', 'stub-not-injected')(format='.') #welcome-spec-setup :marked ### Final setup and tests ### 最后的设置和测试程序 Here's the complete `beforeEach` using `TestBed.get`: 这里是使用`TestBed.get`的完整`beforeEach`： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/welcome.component.spec.ts', 'setup', 'app/welcome.component.spec.ts')(format='.') :marked And here are some tests: 下面是一些测试程序: +makeExample('testing/ts/app/welcome.component.spec.ts', 'tests', 'app/welcome.component.spec.ts')(format='.') :marked The first is a sanity test; it confirms that the stubbed `UserService` is called and working. 第一个测试程序是合法测试程序，它确认这个被模拟的`UserService`是否被调用和工作正常。 .l-sub-section :marked The second parameter to the Jasmine `it` (e.g., `'expected name'`) is an optional addendum. If the expectation fails, Jasmine displays this addendum after the expectation failure message. It can help clarify what went wrong and which expectation failed in a spec with multiple expectations. Jasmine的`it`方法的第二个参数（比如`'expected name'`）是可选附加参数。 如果这个期待失败了，Jasmine在期待失败信息后面显示这个附加参数。 在拥有多个期待的spec中，它可以帮助澄清发生了什么错误，哪个期待失败了。 :marked The remaining tests confirm the logic of the component when the service returns different values. The second test validates the effect of changing the user name. The third test checks that the component displays the proper message when there is no logged-in user. 接下来的测试程序确认当服务返回不同的值时组件的逻辑是否工作正常。 第二个测试程序验证变换用户名字的效果。 第三个测试程序检查如果用户没有登录，组件是否显示正确消息。 a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #component-with-async-service :marked ## Test a component with an async service ## 测试有异步服务的组件 Many services return values asynchronously. Most data services make an HTTP request to a remote server and the response is necessarily asynchronous. 许多服务异步返回值。大部分数据服务向远程服务器发起HTTP请求，响应必然是异步的。 The "About" view in this sample displays Mark Twain quotes. The `TwainComponent` handles the display, delegating the server request to the `TwainService`. Both are in the `app/shared` folder because the author intends to display Twain quotes on other pages someday. Here is the `TwainComponent`. 本例的`About`视图显示马克吐温的名言。 `TwainComponent`组件处理视图，并委派`TwainService`向服务器发起请求。 两者都在`app/shared`目录里，因为作者计划将来在其它页面也显示马克吐温的名言。 下面是`TwainComponent`： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/shared/twain.component.ts', 'component', 'app/shared/twain.component.ts')(format='.') :marked The `TwainService` implementation is irrelevant at this point. It is sufficient to see within `ngOnInit` that `twainService.getQuote` returns a promise which means it is asynchronous. `TwainService`的实现细节现在并不重要。 `ngOnInit`的`twainService.getQuote`返回承诺，所以显然它是异步的。 In general, tests should not make calls to remote servers. They should emulate such calls. The setup in this `app/shared/twain.component.spec.ts` shows one way to do that: 一般来讲，测试程序不应该向远程服务器发请求。 它们应该仿真这样的请求。`app/shared/twain.component.spec.ts`里的配置是其中一种伪造方法： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/shared/twain.component.spec.ts', 'setup', 'app/shared/twain.component.spec.ts (setup)')(format='.') #service-spy :marked ### Spying on the real service ### 刺探(Spy)真实服务 This setup is similar to the [`welcome.component.spec` setup](#welcome-spec-setup). But instead of creating a stubbed service object, it injects the _real_ service (see the testing module `providers`) and replaces the critical `getQuote` method with a Jasmine spy. 本配置与[`welcome.component.spec`配置](#welcome-spec-setup)类似。 但是与其伪造服务对象，它注入了真实的服务（参见测试模块的`providers`），并用Jasmine的`spy`替换关键的`getQuote`方法。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/shared/twain.component.spec.ts', 'spy')(format='.') :marked The spy is designed such that any call to `getQuote` receives an immediately resolved promise with a test quote. The spy bypasses the actual `getQuote` method and therefore will not contact the server. 这个Spy的设计是，所有调用`getQuote`的方法都会收到立刻解析的承诺，得到一条预设的名言。Spy拦截了实际`getQuote`方法，所有它不会联系服务。 .l-sub-section :marked Faking a service instance and spying on the real service are _both_ great options. Pick the one that seems easiest for the current test suite. Don't be afraid to change your mind. 伪造服务实例和刺探真实服务都是好方法。挑选一种对当前测试套件最简单的方法。你可以随时改变主意。 :marked Here are the tests with commentary to follow: 下面是接下来带有注解的测试程序： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/shared/twain.component.spec.ts', 'tests', 'app/shared/twain.component.spec.ts (tests)') :marked ### Synchronous tests ### 同步测试程序 The first two tests are synchronous. Thanks to the spy, they verify that `getQuote` is called _after_ the first change detection cycle during which Angular calls `ngOnInit`. 前两个测试程序是同步的。 在Spy的帮助下，它们验证了在Angular调用`ngOnInit`期间发生的第一次变化检测后，`getQuote`被调用了。 Neither test can prove that a value from the service is be displayed. The quote itself has not arrived, despite the fact that the spy returns a resolved promise. 两者都不能证明被显示的值是服务提供的。 虽然spy返回了解析的承诺，名言本身还没有到来。 This test must wait at least one full turn of the JavaScript engine before the value becomes available. The test must become _asynchronous_. 这个测试程序必须等待JavaScript引擎一整个回合，返回值才会有效。该测试程序必须要变成**异步的**。 #async :marked ## The _async_ function in _it_ ## **it**里的**async**函数方法 Notice the `async` in the third test. 注意第三个测试程序的`async`方法。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/shared/twain.component.spec.ts', 'async-test', 'app/shared/twain.component.spec.ts (async test)')(format='.') :marked The `async` function is one of the Angular testing utilities. It simplifies coding of asynchronous tests by arranging for the tester's code to run in a special _async test zone_. `async`函数是**Angular TestBed**的一部分。通过将测试代码放到特殊的**异步测试区域**来运行，`async`函数简化了异步测试程序的代码。 The `async` function _takes_ a parameterless function and _returns_ a function which becomes the argument to the Jasmine `it` call. `async`函数**接受**无参数的函数方法，**返回**无参数的函数方法，变成Jasmine的`it`函数的参数。 The body of the `async` argument looks much like the body of a normal `it` argument. There is nothing obviously asynchronous about it. For example, it doesn't return a promise and there is no `done` function to call as there is in standard Jasmine asynchronous tests. `async`函数的参数看起来和普通的`it`参数主体一样。 没有任何地方显示异步特征。 比如，它不返回承诺，并且没有`done`方法可调用，因为它是标准的Jasmine异步测试程序。 Some functions called within a test (such as `fixture.whenStable`) continue to reveal their asynchronous behavior. 在测试程序（比如`fixture.whenStable`）里面调用函数时，还是体现它们的异步行为。 .l-sub-section :marked The `fakeAsync` alternative, [covered below](#fake-async), removes this artifact and affords a more linear coding experience. `fakeAsync`可选方法，[正如下面解释的](#fake-async)，进一步移除了异步行为，提供了更加直观的代码经验。 #when-stable :marked ## _whenStable_ ## **whenStable** The test must wait for the `getQuote` promise to resolve in the next turn of the JavaScript engine. 测试程序必须等待`getQuote`在JavaScript引擎的下一回合中被解析。 This test has no direct access to the promise returned by the call to `twainService.getQuote` because it is buried inside `TwainComponent.ngOnInit` and therefore inaccessible to a test that probes only the component API surface. 本测试对`twainService.getQuote`返回的承诺没有直接的访问，因为它被埋没在`TwainComponent.ngOnInit`里， 所以对于只测试组件API表面的测试来说，它是无法被访问的。 Fortunately, the `getQuote` promise is accessible to the _async test zone_ which intercepts all promises issued within the _async_ method call _no matter where they occur_. 幸运的是，**异步测试区域**可以访问`getQuote`承诺，因为它拦截所有调用**异步**方法所发出的承诺，不管它们在哪儿。 The `ComponentFixture.whenStable` method returns its own promise which resolves when the `getQuote` promise completes. In fact, the _whenStable_ promise resolves when _all pending asynchronous activities within this test_ complete ... the definition of "stable". `ComponentFixture.whenStable`方法返回它自己的承诺，它在`getQuote`承诺完成时被解析。实际上，“stable”的意思是当**所有待处理异步行为**完成时的状态，在“stable”后**whenStable**承诺被解析。 Then the test resumes and kicks off another round of change detection (`fixture.detectChanges`) which tells Angular to update the DOM with the quote. The `getQuote` helper method extracts the display element text and the expectation confirms that the text matches the test quote. 然后测试程序继续运行，并开始另一轮的变化检测（`fixture.detectChanges`）,通知Angular使用名言来更新DOM。 `getQuote`辅助方法提取出显示元素文本，然后expect语句确认这个文本与预备的名言相符。 #fakeAsync #fake-async :marked ## The _fakeAsync_ function ## **fakeAsync**函数方法 The fourth test verifies the same component behavior in a different way. 第四个测试程序用不同的方法验证同样的组件行为。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/shared/twain.component.spec.ts', 'fake-async-test', 'app/shared/twain.component.spec.ts (fakeAsync test)')(format='.') :marked Notice that `fakeAsync` replaces `async` as the `it` argument. The `fakeAsync` function is another of the Angular testing utilities. 注意，在`it`的参数中，`async`被`faceAsync`替换。 `fakeAsync`是另一种Angular测试工具。 Like [async](#async), it _takes_ a parameterless function and _returns_ a function that becomes the argument to the Jasmine `it` call. 和[async](#async)一样，它也**接受**无参数函数并**返回**一个函数，变成Jasmine的`it`函数的参数。 The `fakeAsync` function enables a linear coding style by running the test body in a special _fakeAsync test zone_. `fakeAsync`函数通过在特殊的**fakeAsync测试区域**运行测试程序，让测试代码更加简单直观。 The principle advantage of `fakeAsync` over `async` is that the test appears to be synchronous. There is no `then(...)` to disrupt the visible flow of control. The promise-returning `fixture.whenStable` is gone, replaced by `tick()`. 对于`async`来说，`fakeAsync`最重要的好处是测试程序看起来像同步的。里面没有任何承诺。 没有`then(...)`链来打断控制流。 .l-sub-section :marked There _are_ limitations. For example, you cannot make an XHR call from within a `fakeAsync`. 但是`fakeAsync`有局限性。比如，你不能从`fakeAsync`发起XHR请求。 #tick #tick-first-look :marked ## The _tick_ function ## **tick**函数 The `tick` function is one of the Angular testing utilities and a companion to `fakeAsync`. It can only be called within a `fakeAsync` body. `tick`函数是Angular测试工具之一，是`fakeAsync`的同伴。 它只能在`fakeAsync`的主体中被调用。 Calling `tick()` simulates the passage of time until all pending asynchronous activities complete, including the resolution of the `getQuote` promise in this test case. 调用`tick()`模拟时间的推移，直到全部待处理的异步任务都已完成，在这个测试案例中，包含`getQuote`承诺的解析。 It returns nothing. There is no promise to wait for. Proceed with the same test code as formerly appeared within the `whenStable.then()` callback. 它不返回任何结果。没有任何承诺需要等待。 直接执行与之前在`whenStable.then()`的回调函数里相同的代码。 Even this simple example is easier to read than the third test. To more fully appreciate the improvement, imagine a succession of asynchronous operations, chained in a long sequence of promise callbacks. 虽然这个例子非常简单，但是它已经比第三个测试程序更易阅读。 为了更充分的体会`fakeAsync`的好处，试想一下一连串的异步操作，被一长串的承诺回调链在一起。 #jasmine-done :marked ## _jasmine.done_ ## _jasmine.done_ While `fakeAsync` and even `async` function greatly simplify Angular asynchronous testing, you can still fallback to the traditional Jasmine asynchronous testing technique. 虽然`fakeAsync`，甚至`async`函数大大的简化了异步测试，你仍然可以回退到传统的Jasmine异步测试技术上。 You can still pass `it` a function that takes a [`done` callback](http://jasmine.github.io/2.0/introduction.html#section-Asynchronous_Support). Now you are responsible for chaining promises, handling errors, and calling `done` at the appropriate moment. 你仍然可以将接受 [`done`回调](http://jasmine.github.io/2.0/introduction.html#section-Asynchronous_Support)的函数传给`it`。 但是，你必须链接承诺、处理错误，并在适当的时候调用`done`。 Here is a `done` version of the previous two tests: 下面是上面两个测试程序的`done`版本： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/shared/twain.component.spec.ts', 'done-test', 'app/shared/twain.component.spec.ts (done test)')(format='.') :marked Although we have no direct access to the `getQuote` promise inside `TwainComponent`, the spy does and that makes it possible to wait for `getQuote` to finish. 虽然我们对`TwainComponent`里的`getQuote`承诺没有直接访问，但是Spy有，所以才可能等待`getQuote`完成。 The `jasmine.done` technique, while discouraged, may become necessary when neither `async` nor `fakeAsync` can tolerate a particular asynchronous activity. That's rare but it happens. 虽然不推荐使用`jasmine.done`技术，但是它可能在`async`和`fakeAsync`都无法容纳一种特定的异步行为时，变得很有必要。这很少见，但是有可能发生。 a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #component-with-external-template :marked ## Test a component with an external template ## 测试有外部模板的组件 The `TestBed.createComponent` is a synchronous method. It assumes that everything it could need is already in memory. `TestBed.createComponent`是一种同步的方法。它假设所有它需要的资源已经全部在内存。 That has been true so far. Each tested component's `@Component` metadata has a `template` property specifying an _inline templates_. Neither component had a `styleUrls` property. Everything necessary to compile them was in memory at test runtime. 到目前为止还是这样的。 每个被测试程序的组件的`@Component`元数据都有`template`属性，制定**内联模板**。 没有组件有`styleUrls`属性。所有编译它们所需要的资源，在测试时都已经在内存里。 The `DashboardHeroComponent` is different. It has an external template and external css file, specified in `templateUrl` and `styleUrls` properties. `DashbaordComponent`不一样。 它有外部的模板和外部CSS文件，是在`templateUrl`和`styleUrls`属性分别配置的。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.ts', 'component', 'app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.ts (component)')(format='.') :marked The compiler must read these files from a file system before it can create a component instance. 编译器必须预先从文件系统读取这些文件，它才能创建组件实例。 The `TestBed.compileComponents` method asynchronously compiles all the components configured in its current testing module. After it completes, external templates and css files, have been "inlined" and `TestBed.createComponent` can do its job synchronously. `TestBed.compileComponents`方法异步编译所有当前测试模块配置的组件。完成编译后，外部模板和CSS文件就已经被**内联**进来， 然后`TestBed.createComponent`就可以异步的完成它的任务了。 .l-sub-section :marked WebPack developers need not call `compileComponents` because it inlines templates and css as part of the automated build process that precedes running the test. WebPack开发者不需要调用`compileComponents`，因为在运行测试程序时，内联模板和CSS文件是自动编译流程的一部分。 :marked The `app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts` demonstrates the pre-compilation process: `app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts`展示了预编译的过程： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts', 'compile-components', 'app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts (compileComponents)')(format='.') #async-in-before-each :marked ### The _async_ function in _beforeEach_ ### **beforeEach**里的**async**函数 Notice the `async` call in the `beforeEach`, made necessary by the asynchronous `TestBed.compileComponents` method. The `async` function arranges for the tester's code to run in a special _async test zone_ that hides the mechanics of asynchronous execution, just as it does when passed to an [_it_ test](#async). 注意`beforeEach`里面对`async`的调用，因为异步方法`TestBed.compileComponents`而变得必要。 `async`函数将测试代码安排到特殊的**异步测试区域**来运行，该区域隐藏了异步执行的细节，就像它被传递给[_it_ 测试)(#async)一样。 #compile-components :marked ### _compileComponents_ ### _compileComponents_ In this example, `TestBed.compileComponents` compiles one component, the `DashboardComponent`. It's the only declared component in this testing module. 在本例中，`TestBed.compileComponents`编译了组件，那就是`DashbaordComponent`。 它是这个测试模块唯一的声明组件。 Tests later in this chapter have more declared components and some of them import application modules that declare yet more components. Some or all of these components could have external templates and css files. `TestBed.compileComponents` compiles them all asynchronously at one time. 本章后面的测试程序有更多声明组件，它们中间的一些导入应用模块，这些模块有更多的声明组件。 一部分或者全部组件可能有外部模板和CSS文件。 `TestBed.compileComponents`一次性异步编译所有组件。 The `compileComponents` method returns a promise so you can perform additional tasks _after_ it finishes. The promise isn't needed here. `compileComponents`方法返回承诺，可以用来在它完成时候，执行更多额外任务。 ### _compileComponents_ closes configuration ### _compileComponents_ 关闭配置 Calling `compileComponents` closes the current `TestBed` instance is further configuration. You cannot call any more `TestBed` configuration methods, not `configureTestingModule` nor any of the `override...` methods. The `TestBed` throws an error if you try. 调用`compileComponents`关闭当前的`TestBed`实例，使它不能再被配置。 你不能再调用任何`TestBed`配置方法、`configureTestingModule`或者任何`override...`方法，否则`TestBed`将会抛出错误。 .alert.is-important :marked Do not configure the `TestBed` after calling `compileComponents`. Make `compileComponents` the last step before calling `TestBed.createComponent` to instantiate the _component-under-test_. 不要再调用`compileComponents`之后再配置`TestBed`。 在调用`TestBed.createComponent`来初始化被测试的组件之前，把`compileComponents`的调用放到最后一步。 :marked The `DashboardHeroComponent` spec follows the asynchonous `beforeEach` with a _synchronous_ `beforeEach` that completes the setup steps and runs tests ... as described in the next section. `DashboardHeroComponent`spec中，异步的`beforeEach`下面紧接着**同步**的`beforeEach`， 用来完成设置步骤和运行测试程序...下面小节做了详细的解释。 .l-hr #component-with-input-output :marked ## Test a component with inputs and outputs ## 测试带有导入inputs和导出outputs的组件 A component with inputs and outputs typically appears inside the view template of a host component. The host uses a property binding to set the input property and uses an event binding to listen to events raised by the output property. 带有导入和导出的组件通常出现在宿主组件的视图模板中。 宿主使用属性绑定来设置输入属性，使用事件绑定来监听输出属性触发的事件。 The testing goal is to verify that such bindings work as expected. The tests should set input values and listen for output events. 测试的目的是验证这样的绑定和期待的那样正常工作。 测试程序应该设置导入值并监听导出事件。 The `DashboardHeroComponent` is a tiny example of a component in this role. It displays an individual hero provided by the `DashboardComponent`. Clicking that hero tells the `DashboardComponent` that the user has selected the hero. `DashbaordComponent`是非常小的这种类型的例子组件。 它显示由`DashboardCompoent`提供的英雄个体。 点击英雄告诉`DashbaordComponent`用户已经选择了这个英雄。 The `DashboardHeroComponent` is embedded in the `DashboardComponent` template like this: `DashboardHeroComponent`是这样内嵌在`DashboardCompoent`的模板中的： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard.component.html', 'dashboard-hero', 'app/dashboard/dashboard.component.html (excerpt)')(format='.') :marked The `DashboardHeroComponent` appears in an `*ngFor` repeater which sets each component's `hero` input property to the iteration value and listens for the components `selected` event. `DashboardHeroComponent`在`*ngFor`循环中出现，设置每个组件的`hero`input属性到迭代的值，并监听组件的`selected`事件。 Here's the component's definition again: 下面是组件的定义： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.ts', 'component', 'app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.ts (component)')(format='.') :marked While testing a component this simple has little intrinsic value, it's worth knowing how. Three approaches come to mind: 虽然测试这么简单的组件没有什么内在价值，但是它的测试程序是值得学习的。 有三种候选测试方案： 1. Test it as used by `DashboardComponent` 1. 把它当作被`DashbaordComponent`使用的组件来测试 1. Test it as a stand-alone component 1. 把它当作独立的组件来测试 1. Test it as used by a substitute for `DashboardComponent` 1. 把它当作被`DashbaordComponent`的替代组件使用的组件来测试 A quick look at the `DashboardComponent` constructor discourages the first approach: 简单看看`DashbaordComponent`的构造函数就否决了第一种方案： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard.component.ts', 'ctor', 'app/dashboard/dashboard.component.ts (constructor)')(format='.') :marked The `DashboardComponent` depends upon the Angular router and the `HeroService`. You'd probably have to replace them both with test doubles and that looks like a lot of work. The router seems particularly challenging. `DashbaordComponent`依赖Angular路由器和`HeroService`服务。 你必须使用测试复制品替换它们两个，似乎过于复杂了。 路由器尤其具有挑战性。 .l-sub-section :marked The [discussion below](#routed-component) covers testing components that require the router. [下面](#routed-component) 覆盖了如何测试带有路由器的组件。 :marked The immediate goal is to test the `DashboardHeroComponent`, not the `DashboardComponent`, and there's no need to work hard unnecessarily. Let's try the second and third options. 当前的任务是测试`DashboardHeroComponent`组件，而非`DashbaordComponent`，所以无需做不必要的努力。 让我们尝试第二和第三种方案。 ### Test _DashboardHeroComponent_ stand-alone ### 独立测试_DashboardHeroComponent_ Here's the spec file setup. 下面是spec文件的设置。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts', 'setup', 'app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts (setup)')(format='.') :marked The async `beforeEach` was discussed [above](#component-with-external-template). Having compiled the components asynchronously with `compileComponents`, the rest of the setup proceeds _synchronously_ in a _second_ `beforeEach`, using the basic techniques described [earlier](#simple-component-test). 异步`beforeEach`已经在[上面](#component-with-external-template)讨论过。 在使用`compileComponents`异步编译完组件后，接下来的设置执行另一个**同步**的`beforeEach`，使用[之前](#simple-component-test)解释过的基本知识。 Note how the setup code assigns a test hero (`expectedHero`) to the component's `hero` property, emulating the way the `DashboardComponent` would set it via the property binding in its repeater. 注意代码是如何将模拟英雄（`expectedHero`）赋值给组件的`hero`属性的，模拟了`DashbaordComponent`在它的迭代器中通过属性绑定的赋值方式。 The first test follows: 紧接着第一个测试程序： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts', 'name-test', 'app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts (name test)')(format='.') :marked It verifies that the hero name is propagated through to template with a binding. There's a twist. The template passes the hero name through the Angular `UpperCasePipe` so the test must match the element value with the uppercased name: 它验证了英雄名字通过绑定被传递到模板了。这里有个额外步骤。模板将英雄名字传给Angular的`UpperCasePipe`， 所以测试程序必须使用大写名字来匹配元素的值： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.html')(format='.') :marked .alert.is-helpful :marked This small test demonstrates how Angular tests can verify a component's visual representation — something not possible with [isolated unit tests](#isolated-component-tests) — at low cost and without resorting to much slower and more complicated end-to-end tests. 这个小测试演示了Angular测试是如何验证组件的视图表现的 —— 这是[孤立的单元测试](#isolated-component-tests)无法实现的 —— 它成本低，而且无需依靠更慢、更复杂的端对端测试。 :marked The second test verifies click behavior. Clicking the hero should raise a `selected` event that the host component (`DashboardComponent` presumably) can hear: 第二个测试程序验证点击行为。点击英雄应该出发`selected`事件，可供宿主组件(`DashbaordComponent`)监听： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts', 'click-test', 'app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts (click test)')(format='.') :marked The component exposes an `EventEmitter` property. The test subscribes to it just as the host component would do. 这个组件公开`EventEmitter`属性。测试程序像宿主组件那样来描述它。 The `heroEl` is a `DebugElement` that represents the hero `
`. The test calls `triggerEventHandler` with the "click" event name. The "click" event binding responds by calling `DashboardHeroComponent.click()`. `heroEl`是个`DebugElement`，它代表了英雄所在的`
`。 测试程序用"click"事件名字来调用`triggerEventHandler`。 调用`DashboardHeroComponent.click()`时，"click"事件绑定作出响应。 If the component behaves as expected, `click()` tells the component's `selected` property to emit the `hero` object, the test detects that value through its subscription to `selected`, and the test should pass. 如果组件想期待的那样工作，`click()`通知组件的`selected`属性发出`hero`对象，测试程序通过订阅`selected`事件而检测到这个值，所以测试应该成功。 #trigger-event-handler :marked ### _triggerEventHandler_ ### _triggerEventHandler_ The Angular `DebugElement.triggerEventHandler` can raise _any data-bound event_ by its _event name_. The second parameter is the event object passed to the handler. Angular的`DebugElement.triggerEventHandler`可以用**事件的名字**触发**任何数据绑定事件**。 第二个参数是传递给事件处理器的事件对象。 In this example, the test triggers a "click" event with a null event object. 本例中，测试程序用null事件对象触发"click"事件。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts', 'trigger-event-handler')(format='.') :marked The test assumes (correctly in this case) that the runtime event handler — the component's `click()` method — doesn't care about the event object. 测试程序假设（在这里应该这样)运行时间的事件处理器——组件的`click()`方法——不关心事件对象。 Other handlers will be less forgiving. For example, the `RouterLink` directive expects an object with a `button` property indicating the mouse button that was pressed. The directive throws an error if the event object doesn't do this correctly. 其它处理器将会更加严格。 比如，`RouterLink`指令期待事件对象，并且该对象具有`button`属性，代表了已被按下的鼠标按钮。 如果该事件对象不具备上面的条件，指令便会抛出错误。 #click-helper :marked Clicking a button, an anchor, or an arbitrary HTML element is a common test task. Make that easy by encapsulating the _click-triggering_ process in a helper such as the `click` function below: 点击按钮、链接或者任意HTML元素是很常见的测试任务。 把**click触发**过程封装到辅助方法中可以简化这个任务，比如下面的`click`辅助方法： +makeExample('testing/ts/testing/index.ts', 'click-event', 'testing/index.ts (click helper)')(format='.') :marked The first parameter is the _element-to-click_. You can pass a custom event object as the second parameter if you wish. The default is a (partial) left-button mouse event object accepted by many handlers including the `RouterLink` directive. 第一个参数是**用来点击的元素**。如果你愿意，可以将自定义的事件对象传递给第二个参数。 默认的是（局部的）鼠标左键事件对象， 它被许多事件处理器接受，包括`RouterLink`指令。 .callout.is-critical header click() is not an Angular testing utility header click()不是Angular测试工具 :marked The `click()` helper function is **not** one of the Angular testing utilities. It's a function defined in _this chapter's sample code_ and used by all of the sample tests. If you like it, add it to your own collection of helpers. `click()`辅助函数**不是**Angular测试工具之一。 它是在**本章的例子代码**中定义的函数方法，被所有测试例子所用。 如果你喜欢它，将它添加到你自己的辅助函数集。 :marked Here's the previous test, rewritten using this click helper. 下面是使用了click辅助函数重新编写的上一个测试程序： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts', 'click-test-2', 'app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts (click test revised)')(format='.') .l-hr #component-inside-test-host :marked ## Test a component inside a test host component ## 在测试宿主组件中测试组件 # 在测试宿主组件中测试组件 In the previous approach the tests themselves played the role of the host `DashboardComponent`. A nagging suspicion remains. Will the `DashboardHeroComponent` work properly when properly data-bound to a host component? 在前面的方法中，测试本身扮演了宿主组件`DashbaordComponent`的角色。 一种挥之不去的疑虑仍然存在：当正常数据绑定到宿主组件时，`DashboardHeroComponent`还会正常工作吗？ Testing with the actual `DashboardComponent` host is doable but seems more trouble than its worth. It's easier to emulate the `DashboardComponent` host with a _test host_ like this one: 使用实际的`DashbaordComponent`宿主来测试是可行的，但是这么做似乎不合算。 像下面这样使用**测试宿主组件**来模拟`DashbaordComponent`显得更加容易： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts', 'test-host', 'app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts (test host)')(format='.') :marked The test host binds to `DashboardHeroComponent` as the `DashboardComponent` would but without the distraction of the `Router`, the `HeroService` or even the `*ngFor` repeater. 测试宿主组件和`DashboardComponent`一样绑定`DashboardHeroComponent`，但是不用理会`Router`、`HeroService`服务，甚至`*ngFor`循环。 The test host sets the component's `hero` input property with its test hero. It binds the component's `selected` event with its `onSelected` handler that records the emitted hero in its `selectedHero` property. Later the tests check that property to verify that the `DashboardHeroComponent.selected` event really did emit the right hero. 测试宿主将组件的`hero`导入属性设置为它的模拟英雄。 它将组件的`selected`事件绑定到它的`onSelected`处理器，使用`selectedHero`属性来记录发送来的英雄。 然后测试检查这个属性来验证`DashboardHeroComponent.selected`事件确实发送了正确的英雄。 The setup for the test-host tests is similar to the setup for the stand-alone tests: 配置使用测试宿主的测试程序与配置孤立测试相似： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts', 'test-host-setup', 'app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts (test host setup)')(format='.') :marked This testing module configuration shows two important differences: 这个测试模块配置展示了两个非常重要的区别： 1. It _declares_ both the `DashboardHeroComponent` and the `TestHostComponent`. 1. 它同时**声明**了`DashbaordComponent`和`TestHostComponent`。 1. It _creates_ the `TestHostComponent` instead of the `DashboardHeroComponent`. 1. 它**创建**了`TestHostComponent`，而非`DashboardHeroComponent`。 The `fixture` returned by `createComponent` holds an instance of `TestHostComponent` instead of an instance of `DashboardHeroComponent`. `createComponent`返回的`fixture`里有`TestHostComponent`实例，而非`DashboardHeroComponent`组件实例。 Of course creating the `TestHostComponent` has the side-effect of creating a `DashboardHeroComponent` because the latter appears within the template of the former. The query for the hero element (`heroEl`) still finds it in the test DOM albeit at greater depth in the element tree than before. 当然，创建`TestHostComponent`有创建`DashboardHeroComponent`的副作用，因为后者出现在前者的模板中。 英雄元素（`heroEl`)的查询语句仍然可以在测试DOM中找到它，尽管元素树比以前更深。 The tests themselves are almost identical to the stand-alone version 测试它们自己和它们的孤立版本几乎相同。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts', 'test-host-tests', 'app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts (test-host)')(format='.') :marked Only the selected event test differs. It confirms that the selected `DashboardHeroComponent` hero really does find its way up through the event binding to the host component. 只有selected事件的测试不一样。它确保被选择的`DashboardHeroComponent`英雄确实通过事件绑定被传递到宿主组件。 a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #routed-component :marked ## Test a routed component ## 测试带路由器的组件 Testing the actual `DashboardComponent` seemed daunting because it injects the `Router`. 测试实际的`DashbaordComponent`似乎令人生畏，因为它注入了`Router`。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard.component.ts', 'ctor', 'app/dashboard/dashboard.component.ts (constructor)')(format='.') :marked It also injects the `HeroService` but faking that is a [familiar story](#component-with-async-servic). The `Router` has a complicated API and is entwined with other services and application pre-conditions. 它同时还注入了`HeroService`，但是我们已经知道如何[伪造](#component-with-async-servic)它。 `Router`的API非常复杂，并且它缠绕了其它服务和许多应用的先决条件。 Fortunately, the `DashboardComponent` isn't doing much with the `Router` 幸运的是，`DashbaordComponent`没有使用`Router`做很多事情。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard.component.ts', 'goto-detail', 'app/dashboard/dashboard.component.ts (goToDetail)')(format='.') :marked This is often the case. As a rule you test the component, not the router, and care only if the component navigates with the right address under the given conditions. Stubbing the router with a test implementation is an easy option. This should do the trick: 通常都是这样的。原则上，你测试的是组件，不是路由器，应该只关心在指定的条件下，组件是否导航到正确的地址。 用模拟类来替换路由器是一种简单的方案。下面的代码应该可以： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard.component.spec.ts', 'router-stub', 'app/dashboard/dashboard.component.spec.ts (Router Stub)')(format='.') :marked Now we setup the testing module with the test stubs for the `Router` and `HeroService` and create a test instance of the `DashboardComponent` for subsequent testing. 现在我们来利用`Router`和`HeroService`的测试stub类来配置测试模块，并为接下来的测试创建`DashboardComponent`的测试实例。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard.component.spec.ts', 'compile-and-create-body', 'app/dashboard/dashboard.component.spec.ts (compile and create)')(format='.') :marked The following test clicks the displayed hero and confirms (with the help of a spy) that `Router.navigateByUrl` is called with the expected url. 下面的测试程序点击显示的英雄，并利用spy来确认`Router.navigateByUrl`被调用了，而且传进的url是所期待的值。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard.component.spec.ts', 'navigate-test', 'app/dashboard/dashboard.component.spec.ts (navigate test)')(format='.') #inject :marked ### The _inject_ function ### _inject_函数 Notice the `inject` function in the second `it` argument. 注意第二个`it`参数里面的`inject`函数。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard.component.spec.ts', 'inject')(format='.') :marked The `inject` function is one of the Angular testing utilities. It injects services into the test function where you can alter, spy on, and manipulate them. `inject`函数是Angular测试工具之一。 它注入服务到测试函数，以供修改、监视和操纵。 The `inject` function has two parameters `inject`函数有两个参数： 1. an array of Angular dependency injection tokens 1. 一列数组，包含了Angular依赖注入令牌 1. a test function whose parameters correspond exactly to each item in the injection token array 1. 一个测试函数，它的参数与注入令牌数组里的每个项目严格的一一对应。 .callout.is-important header inject uses the TestBed Injector header 使用TestBed注入器来注入 :marked The `inject` function uses the current `TestBed` injector and can only return services provided at that level. It does not return services from component providers. `inject`函数使用当前`TestBed`注入器，并且只返回这个级别提供的服务。 它不会返回组件提供商提供的服务。 :marked This example injects the `Router` from the current `TestBed` injector. That's fine for this test because the `Router` is (and must be) provided by the application root injector. 这个例子通过当前的`TestBed`注入器来注入`Router`。 对这个测试程序来说，这是没问题的，因为`Router`是（也必须是）由应用的根注入器来提供。 If you need a service provided by the component's _own_ injector, call `fixture.debugElement.injector.get` instead: 如果你需要组件自己的注入器提供的服务，调用`fixture.debugElement.injector.get`： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/welcome.component.spec.ts', 'injected-service', 'Component\'s injector')(format='.') .alert.is-important :marked Use the component's own injector to get the service actually injected into the component. 使用组件自己的注入器来获取实际注入到组件的服务。 :marked The `inject` function closes the current `TestBed` instance to further configuration. You cannot call any more `TestBed` configuration methods, not `configureTestingModule` nor any of the `override...` methods. The `TestBed` throws an error if you try. `inject`函数关闭当前`TestBed`实例，使它无法再被配置。 你不能再调用任何`TestBed`配置方法、`configureTestModule`或者任何`override...`方法，否则`TestBed`将抛出错误。 .alert.is-important :marked Do not configure the `TestBed` after calling `inject`. 不要再调用`inject`以后再试图配置`TestBed`。 a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #routed-component-w-param :marked ## Test a routed component with parameters ## 测试带有路由和路由参数的组件 Clicking a _Dashboard_ hero triggers navigation to `heroes/:id` where `:id` is a route parameter whose value is the `id` of the hero to edit. That URL matches a route to the `HeroDetailComponent`. 点击**Dashboard**英雄触发导航到`heros/:id`，其中`:id`是路由参数，它的值是进行编辑的英雄的`id`。 这个URL匹配到`HeroDetailComponent`的路由。 The router pushes the `:id` token value into the `ActivatedRoute.params` _Observable_ property, Angular injects the `ActivatedRoute` into the `HeroDetailComponent`, and the component extracts the `id` so it can fetch the corresponding hero via the `HeroDetailService`. Here's the `HeroDetailComponent` constructor: 路由器将`:id`令牌的值推送到`ActivatedRoute.params`**可观察**属性里， Angular注入`ActivatedRoute`到`HeroDetailComponent`中， 然后组件提取`id`，这样它就可以通过`HeroDetailService`获取相应的英雄。 下面是`HeroDetailComponent`的构造函数： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.ts', 'ctor', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.ts (constructor)')(format='.') :marked `HeroDetailComponent` listens for changes to the `ActivatedRoute.params` in its `ngOnInit` method. `HeroDetailComponent`在它的`ngOnInit`方法中监听`ActivatedRoute.params`的变化。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.ts', 'ng-on-init', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.ts (ngOnInit)')(format='.') .l-sub-section :marked The expression after `route.params` chains an _Observable_ operator that _plucks_ the `id` from the `params` and then chains a `forEach` operator to subscribes to `id`-changing events. The `id` changes every time the user navigates to a different hero. `route.params`之后的表达式链接了**可观察**操作符，它从`params`中提取`id`，然后链接`forEach`操作符来订阅`id`变化事件。 每次`id`变化时，用户被导航到不同的英雄。 The `forEach` passes the new `id` value to the component's `getHero` method (not shown) which fetches a hero and sets the component's `hero` property. If the`id` parameter is missing, the `pluck` operator fails and the `catch` treats failure as a request to edit a new hero. `forEach`将新的`id`值传递到组件的`getHero`方法（这里没有列出来），它获取英雄并将它赋值到组件的`hero`属性。 如果`id`参数无效，`pluck`操作符就会失败，`catch`将失败当作创建新英雄来处理。 The [Router](router.html#route-parameters) chapter covers `ActivatedRoute.params` in more detail. [路由器](router.html#route-parameters)章更详尽的讲述了`ActivatedRoute.params`。 :marked A test can explore how the `HeroDetailComponent` responds to different `id` parameter values by manipulating the `ActivatedRoute` injected into the component's constructor. 通过操纵被注入到组件构造函数的`ActivatedRoute`服务，测试程序可以探索`HeroDetailComponent`是如何对不同的`id`参数值作出响应的。 By now you know how to stub the `Router` and a data service. Stubbing the `ActivatedRoute` would follow the same pattern except for a complication: the `ActivatedRoute.params` is an _Observable_. 现在，你已经知道如何模拟`Router`和数据服务。 模拟`ActivatedRoute`遵循类似的模式，但是有个额外枝节：`ActivatedRoute.params`是**可观察对象**。 #stub-observable :marked ### _Observable_ test double ### **可观察对象**的测试复制品 The `hero-detail.component.spec.ts` relies on an `ActivatedRouteStub` to set `ActivatedRoute.params` values for each test. This is a cross-application, re-usable _test helper class_. We recommend locating such helpers in a `testing` folder sibling to the `app` folder. This sample keeps `ActivatedRouteStub` in `testing/router-stubs.ts`: `hero-detail.component.spec.ts`依赖`ActivatedRouteStub`来为每个测试程序设置`ActivatedRoute.params`值。 它是跨应用、可复用的**测试辅助类**。 我们建议将这样的辅助类放到`app`目录下的名为`testing`的目录。 本例把`ActivatedRouteStub`放到`testing/router-stubs.ts`： +makeExample('testing/ts/testing/router-stubs.ts', 'activated-route-stub', 'testing/router-stubs.ts (ActivatedRouteStub)')(format='.') :marked Notable features of this stub: 这个stub类有下列值得注意的特征： * The stub implements only two of the `ActivatedRoute` capabilities: `params` and `snapshot.params`. * 这个stub类只实现`ActivatedRoute`的两个功能：`params`和`snapshot.params`。 * _BehaviorSubject_ drives the stub's `params` _Observable_ and returns the same value to every `params` subscriber until it's given a new value. * _BehaviorSubject_ 驱使这个stub类的`params`可观察对象，并为每个`params`的订阅者返回同样的值，直到它接受到新值。 * The `HeroDetailComponent` chain its expressions to this stub `params` _Observable_ which is now under the tester's control. * `HeroDetailComponent`链接它的表达式到这个stub类的`params`可观察对象，该对象现在被测试者的控制之下。 * Setting the `testParams` property causes the `subject` to push the assigned value into `params`. That triggers the `HeroDetailComponent` _params_ subscription, described above, in the same way that navigation does. * 设置`testParams`属性导致`subject`将指定的值推送进`params`。 它触发上面描述过的`HeroDetailComponent`的`params`订阅，和导航的方式一样。 * Setting the `testParams` property also updates the stub's internal value for the `snapshot` property to return. * 设置`testParams`属性同时更新这个stub类内部值，用于`snapshot`属性的返回。 .l-sub-section(style="margin-left:30px") :marked The [_snapshot_](router.html#snapshot "Router Chapter: snapshot") is another popular way for components to consume route parameters. [_snapshot_](router.html#snapshot "Router Chapter: snapshot")是组件使用路由参数的另一种流行的方法。 .callout.is-helpful :marked The router stubs in this chapter are meant to inspire you. Create your own stubs to fit your testing needs. 本章的路由器stub类是为了给你灵感。创建你自己的stub类，以适合你的测试需求。 #observable-tests :marked ### _Observable_ tests ### **可观察对象**测试 Here's a test demonstrating the component's behavior when the observed `id` refers to an existing hero: 下面的测试程序是演示组件在被观察的`id`指向现有英雄时的行为： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'route-good-id', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (existing id)')(format='.') .l-sub-section :marked The `createComponent` method and `page` object are discussed [in the next section](#page-object). Rely on your intuition for now. [下一节](#page-object)将解释`createComponent`方法和`page`对象，现在暂时跟着自己的直觉走。 :marked When the `id` cannot be found, the component should re-route to the `HeroListComponent`. The test suite setup provided the same `RouterStub` [described above](#routed-component) which spies on the router without actually navigating. This test supplies a "bad" id and expects the component to try to navigate. 当无法找到`id`时，组件应该重新导航到`HeroListComponent`。 该测试套件配置与[上面描述](#routed-component)的`RouterStub`一样，它在不实际导航的情况下刺探路由器。 该测试程序提供了“坏”的id，期望组件尝试导航。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'route-bad-id', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (bad id)')(format='.') :marked :marked While this app doesn't have a route to the `HeroDetailComponent` that omits the `id` parameter, it might add such a route someday. The component should do something reasonable when there is no `id`. 虽然本应用没有在缺少`id`参数的时候，继续导航到`HeroDetailComponent`的路由，但是，将来它可能会添加这样的路由。 当没有`id`时，该组件应该作出合理的反应。 In this implementation, the component should create and display a new hero. New heroes have `id=0` and a blank `name`. This test confirms that the component behaves as expected: 在本例中，组件应该创建和显示新英雄。 新英雄的`id`为零，`name`为空。本测试程序确认组件是按照预期的这样做的： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'route-no-id', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (no id)')(format='.') :marked .callout.is-helpful :marked Inspect and download _all_ of the chapter's application test code with this live example. 到在线例子查看和下载**所有**本章应用程序测试代码。 .l-hr #page-object :marked ## Use a _page_ object to simplify setup ## 使用**page**对象来简化配置 The `HeroDetailComponent` is a simple view with a title, two hero fields, and two buttons. `HeroDetailComponent`是带有标题、两个英雄字段和两个按钮的简单视图。 figure.image-display img(src='/resources/images/devguide/testing/hero-detail.component.png' alt="HeroDetailComponent in action") :marked But there's already plenty of template complexity. 但是它已经有很多模板复杂性。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.html', '', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.html')(format='.') :marked To fully exercise the component, the test needs ... 要彻底测试该组件，测试程序需要： * to wait until a `hero` arrives before `*ngIf` allows any element in DOM * 在`*ngIf`允许元素进入DOM之前，等待`hero`的到来 * element references for the title name span and name input-box to inspect their values * 标题名字span和名字输入框元素的引用，用来检查它们的值 * two button references to click * 两个按钮的引用，用来点击 * spies on services and component methods * 刺探（spy）服务和组件的方法 Even a small form such as this one can produce a mess of tortured conditional setup and CSS element selection. 即使是像这样一个很小的表单，也能产生令人疯狂的错综复杂的条件设置和CSS元素选择。 Tame the madness with a `Page` class that simplifies access to component properties and encapsulates the logic that sets them. Here's the `Page` class for the `hero-detail.component.spec.ts` 通过简化组件属性的访问和封装设置属性的逻辑，`Page`类可以轻松解决这个令人疯狂的难题。 下面是为`hero-detail.component.spec.ts`准备的`page`类： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'page', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (Page)')(format='.') :marked Now the important hooks for component manipulation and inspection are neatly organized and accessible from an instance of `Page`. 现在，用来操作和检查组件的重要钩子都被井然有序的组织起来了，可以通过`page`实例来使用它们。 A `createComponent` method creates a `page` and fills in the blanks once the `hero` arrives. `createComponent`方法创建`page`，在`hero`到来时，自动填补空白。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'create-component', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (createComponent)')(format='.') :marked The [observable tests](#observable-tests) in the previous section demonstrate how `createComponent` and `page` keep the tests short and _on message_. There are no distractions: no waiting for promises to resolve and no searching the DOM for element values to compare. Here are a few more `HeroDetailComponent` tests to drive the point home. 上一节的[可观察对象测试](#observable-tests)展示了`createComponent`和`page`如何让测试程序简短和即时。 没有任何干扰：无需等待承诺的解析，也没有搜索DOM元素值进行比较。 这里是一些更多的`HeroDetailComponent`测试程序，进一步的展示了这一点。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'selected-tests', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (selected tests)')(format='.') a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #import-module :marked ## Setup with module imports ## 模块导入imports的配置 Earlier component tests configured the testing module with a few `declarations` like this: 此前的组件测试程序使用了一些`declarations`来配置模块，就像这样： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts', 'compile-components', 'app/dashboard/dashboard-hero.component.spec.ts (config)')(format='.') :marked The `DashboardComponent` is simple. It needs no help. But more complex components often depend on other components, directives, pipes, and providers and these must be added to the testing module too. `DashbaordComponent`非常简单。它不需要帮助。 但是更加复杂的组件通常依赖其它组件、指令、管道和提供商， 所以这些必须也被添加到测试模块中。 Fortunately, the `TestBed.configureTestingModule` parameter parallels the metadata passed to the `@NgModule` decorator which means you can also specify `providers` and `imports`. 幸运的是，`TestBed.configureTestingModule`参数与传入`@NgModule`装饰器的元数据一样，也就是所你也可以指定`providers`和`imports`. The `HeroDetailComponent` requires a lot of help despite its small size and simple construction. In addition to the support it receives from the default testing module `CommonModule`, it needs: 虽然`HeroDetailComponent`很小，结构也很简单，但是它需要很多帮助。 除了从默认测试模块`CommonModule`中获得的支持，它还需要： * `NgModel` and friends in the `FormsModule` enable two-way data binding * `FormsModule`里的`NgModel`和其它，来进行双向数据绑定 * The `TitleCasePipe` from the `shared` folder * `shared`目录里的`TitleCasePipe` * Router services (which these tests are stubbing) * 一些路由器服务（测试程序将stub伪造它们） * Hero data access services (also stubbed) * 英雄数据访问服务（同样被stub伪造了） One approach is to configure the testing module from the individual pieces as in this example: 一种方法是在测试模块中一一配置，就像这样： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'setup-forms-module', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (FormsModule setup)')(format='.') :marked Because many app components need the `FormsModule` and the `TitleCasePipe`, the developer created a `SharedModule` to combine these and other frequently requested parts. The test configuration can use the `SharedModule` too as seen in this alternative setup: 因为许多应用组件需要`FormsModule`和`TitleCasePipe`，所以开发者创建了`SharedModule`来合并它们和一些频繁需要的部件。 测试配置也可以使用`SharedModule`，请看下面另一种配置： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'setup-shared-module', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (SharedModule setup)')(format='.') :marked It's a bit tighter and smaller, with fewer import statements (not shown). 它的导入声明少一些（未显示），稍微干净一些，小一些。 #feature-module-import :marked ### Import the feature module ### 导入特征模块 The `HeroDetailComponent` is part of the `HeroModule` [Feature Module](ngmodule.html#feature-modules) that aggregates more of the interdependent pieces including the `SharedModule`. Try a test configuration that imports the `HeroModule` like this one: `HeroDetailComponent`是`HeroModule`[特征模块](ngmodule.html#feature-modules)的一部分，它组合了更多互相依赖的部件，包括`SharedModule`。 试试下面这个导入`HeroModule`的测试配置： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'setup-hero-module', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (HeroModule setup)')(format='.') :marked That's _really_ crisp. Only the _test doubles_ in the `providers` remain. Even the `HeroDetailComponent` declaration is gone. 这样特别清爽。只有`providers`里面的测试复制品被保留。连`HeroDetailComponent`声明都消失了。 .l-sub-section :marked In fact, if you try to declare it, Angular throws an error because `HeroDetailComponent` is declared in both the `HeroModule` and the `DynamicTestModule` (the testing module). 事实上，如果里试图声明它，Angular会抛出错误，因为`HeroDetailComponent`已经在`HeroModule`和测试模块的`DynamicTestModule`中声明。 .alert.is-helpful :marked Importing the component's feature module is often the easiest way to configure the tests, especially when the feature module is small and mostly self-contained ... as feature modules should be. 导入组件的特征模块通常是最简单的配置测试的方法， 尤其是当特征模块很小而且几乎自包含时...特征模块应该是自包含的。 :marked a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #component-override :marked ## Override component providers ## 重载组件提供商 The `HeroDetailComponent` provides its own `HeroDetailService`. `HeroDetailComponent`提供自己的`HeroDetailService`服务。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.ts', 'prototype', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.ts (prototype)')(format='.') :marked It's not possible to stub the component's `HeroDetailService` in the `providers` of the `TestBed.configureTestingModule`. Those are providers for the _testing module_, not the component. They prepare the dependency injector at the _fixture level_. 在`TestBed.configureTestingModule`的`providers`中stub伪造组件的`HeroDetailService`是不可行的。 这些是**测试模块**的提供商，而非组件的。组件级别的供应商应该在**fixture级别**准备的依赖注入器。 Angular creates the component with its _own_ injector which is a _child_ of the fixture injector. It registers the component's providers (the `HeroDetailService` in this case) with the child injector. A test cannot get to child injector services from the fixture injector. And `TestBed.configureTestingModule` can't configure them either. Angular创建组件时，该组件有自己的注入器，它是fixture注入器的子级。 Angular使用这个子级注入器来注册组件的提供商（也就是`HeroDetailService`）。 测试程序无法从fixture的注入器获取这个子级注入器。 而且`TestBed.configureTestingModule`也无法配置它们。 Angular has been creating new instances of the real `HeroDetailService` all along! Angular始终都在创建真实`HeroDetailService`的实例。 .l-sub-section :marked These tests could fail or timeout if the `HeroDetailService` made its own XHR calls to a remote server. There might not be a remote server to call. 如果`HeroDetailService`向远程服务器发出自己的XHR请求，这些测试可能会失败或者超时。 这个远程服务器可能根本不存在。 Fortunately, the `HeroDetailService` delegates responsibility for remote data access to an injected `HeroService`. 幸运的是，`HeroDetailService`将远程数据访问的责任交给了注入进来的`HeroService`。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.service.ts', 'prototype', 'app/hero/hero-detail.service.ts (prototype)')(format='.') :marked The [previous test configuration](#feature-module-import) replaces the real `HeroService` with a `FakeHeroService` that intercepts server requests and fakes their responses. [之前的测试配置](#feature-module-import)将真实的`HeroService`替换为`FakeHeroService`，拦截了服务起请求，伪造了它们的响应。 :marked What if you aren't so lucky. What if faking the `HeroService` is hard? What if `HeroDetailService` makes its own server requests? 如果我们没有这么幸运怎么办？如果伪造`HeroService`很难怎么办？如果`HeroDetailService`自己发出服务器请求怎么办？ The `TestBed.overrideComponent` method can replace the component's `providers` with easy-to-manage _test doubles_ as seen in the following setup variation: `TestBed.overrideComponent`方法可以将组件的`providers`替换为容易管理的**测试复制品**，参见下面的设置变化： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'setup-override', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (Override setup)')(format='.') :marked Notice that `TestBed.configureTestingModule` no longer provides a (fake) `HeroService` because it's [not needed](#stub-hero-detail-service). 注意，`TestBed.configureTestingModule`不再提供（伪造）`HeroService`，因为已经[没有必要了](#stub-hero-detail-service)。 #override-component-method :marked ### The _overrideComponent_ method ### **overrideComponent**方法 Focus on the `overrideComponent` method. 注意这个`overrideComponent`方法。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'override-component-method', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (overrideComponent)')(format='.') :marked It takes two arguments: the component type to override (`HeroDetailComponent`) and an override metadata object. The [overide metadata object](#metadata-override-object) is a generic defined as follows: 它接受两个参数：要重载的组件类型(`HeroDetailComponent`)和用于重载的元数据对象。 [重载元数据对象](#metadata-override-object)是泛型类，就像这样： code-example(format="." language="javascript"). type MetadataOverride = { add?: T; remove?: T; set?: T; }; :marked A metadata override object can either add-and-remove elements in metadata properties or completely reset those properties. This example resets the component's `providers` metadata. 元数据重载对象可以添加和删除元数据属性的项目，也可以彻底重设这些属性。 这个例子重新设置了组件的`providers`元数据。 The type parameter, `T`, is the kind of metadata you'd pass to the `@Component` decorator: 这个类型参数，`T`，是你会传递给`@Component`装饰器的元数据的类型。 code-example(format="." language="javascript"). selector?: string; template?: string; templateUrl?: string; providers?: any[]; ... #stub-hero-detail-service :marked ### _StubHeroDetailService_ ### _StubHeroDetailService_ This example completely replaces the component's `providers` with an array containing the `StubHeroDetailService`. The `StubHeroDetailService` is dead simple. It doesn't need a `HeroService` (fake or otherwise). 本例将组件的`providers`彻底替换为包含`StubHeroDetailService`的数组。 `StubHeroDetailService`非常简单。它不需要`HeroService`(假不假不重要) +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'stub-hds', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (StubHeroDetailService)')(format='.') :marked ### The override tests ### 重载的测试程序 Now the tests can control the component's hero directly by manipulating the stub's `testHero`. 现在，测试程序可以通过操控stub的`testHero`，直接控制组件的英雄。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'override-tests', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (override tests)')(format='.') :marked ### More overrides ### 更多重载 The `TestBed.overrideComponent` method can be called multiple times for the same or different components. The `TestBed` offers similar `overrideDirective`, `overrideModule`, and `overridePipe` methods for digging into and replacing parts of these other classes. `TestBed.overrideComponent`方法可以在相同或不同的组件中被反复调用。 `TestBed`还提供了类似的`overrideDirective`、`overrideModule`和`overridePipe`方法，用来深入并重载这些其它类的部件。 Explore the options and combinations on your own. 自己探索这些选项和组合。 a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #router-outlet-component :marked ## Test a _RouterOutlet_ component ## 测试带有_RouterOutlet_的组件 The `AppComponent` displays routed components in a ``. It also displays a navigation bar with anchors and their `RouterLink` directives. `AppComponent`在``中显示导航组件。 它还显示了导航条，包含了链接和它们的`RouterLink`指令。 #app-component-html +makeExample('testing/ts/app/app.component.html', '', 'app/app.component.html')(format='.') :marked The component class does nothing. 组件的类没有做任何事。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/app.component.ts', '', 'app/app.component.ts')(format='.') :marked Unit tests can confirm that the anchors are wired properly without engaging the router. See why this is worth doing [below](#why-stubbed-routerlink-tests). 在不涉及路由的情况下，单元测试可以确认链接的设置是否正确。 参见[下面的内容](#why-stubbed-routerlink-tests)，了解为什么值得这么做。 #stub-component :marked ### Stubbing unneeded components ### stub伪造不需要的组件 The test setup should look familiar 该测试配置应该看起来很眼熟： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/app.component.spec.ts', 'setup-stubs', 'app/app.component.spec.ts (Stub Setup)')(format='.') :marked The `AppComponent` is the declared test subject The setup extends the default testing module with one real component (`BannerComponent`) and several stubs. `AppComponent`是被声明的测试对象。 使用一个真实的组件（`BannerComponent`）和几个stub，该配置扩展了默认测试模块。 * `BannerComponent` is simple and harmless to use as is. * 原样使用`BannerComponent`非常简单而且无害。 * The real `WelcomeComponent` has an injected service. `WelcomeStubComponent` is a placeholder with no service to worry about. * 真实的`WelcomeComponent`有被注入的服务。`WelcomeStubComponent`是无服务的替代品。 * The real `RouterOutlet` is complex and errors easily. The `RouterOutletStubComponent` (in `testing/router-stubs.ts`) is safely inert. * 真实的`RouterOutlet`很复杂而且容易出错。 `testing/router-stubs.ts`里的`RouterOutletStubComponent`是安全的替代品。 The component stubs are essential. Without them, the Angular compiler doesn't recognize the `` and `` tags and throws an error. 组件stub替代品很关键。 没有它们，Angular编译器无法识别``标签，抛出错误。 #router-link-stub :marked ### Stubbing the _RouterLink_ ### Stub伪造_RouterLink_ The `RouterLinkStubDirective` contributes substantively to the test `RouterLinkStubDirective`为测试作出了重要的贡献： +makeExample('testing/ts/testing/router-stubs.ts', 'router-link', 'testing/router-stubs.ts (RouterLinkStubDirective)')(format='.') :marked The `host` metadata property wires the click event of the host element (the ``) to the directive's `onClick` method. The URL bound to the `[routerLink]` attribute flows to the directive's `linkParams` property. Clicking the anchor should trigger the `onClick` method which sets the telltale `navigatedTo` property. Tests can inspect that property to confirm the expected _click-to-navigation_ behavior. `host`元数据属性将宿主元素(``)的click事件与指令的`onClick`方法关联起来。 绑定到`[routerLink]`的URL属性被传递到指令的`linkParams`属性。 点击这个链接应该能触发`onClick`方法，从而设置`navigatedTo`属性。 测试程序可以查看这个属性，来确认期望的**点击导航**行为。 #by-directive #inject-directive :marked ### _By.directive_ and injected directives ### _By.directive_和注入的指令 A little more setup triggers the initial data binding and gets references to the navigation links: 再一步配置触发了数据绑定的初始化，获取导航链接的引用： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/app.component.spec.ts', 'test-setup', 'app/app.component.spec.ts (test setup)')(format='.') :marked Two points of special interest: 特别值得注意的两点： 1. You can locate elements _by directive_, using `By.directive`, not just by css selectors. 1. 你还可以按指令定位元素，使用`By.directive`，而不仅仅是通过CSS选择器。 1. You can use the component's dependency injector to get an attached directive because Angular always adds attached directives to the component's injector. 1. 你可以使用组件的依赖注入器来获取附加的指令，因为Angular总是将附加组件添加到组件的注入器中。 #app-component-tests :marked Here are some tests that leverage this setup: 下面是一些使用这个配置的测试程序： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/app.component.spec.ts', 'tests', 'app/app.component.spec.ts (selected tests)')(format='.') .l-sub-section :marked The "click" test _in this example_ is worthless. It works hard to appear useful when in fact it tests the `RouterLinkStubDirective` rather than the _component_. This is a common failing of directive stubs. 本例中的“click”测试程序其实毫无价值。 它显得很有用，但是事实上，它测试的是`RouterLinkStubDirective`，而非测试组件。 这是指令stub的通病。 It has a legitimate purpose in this chapter. It demonstrates how to find a `RouterLink` element, click it, and inspect a result, without engaging the full router machinery. This is a skill you may need to test a more sophisticated component, one that changes the display, re-calculates parameters, or re-arranges navigation options when the user clicks the link. 在本章中，它有存在的必要。 它演示了如何在不涉及完整路由器机制的情况下，如何找到`RouterLink`元素、点击它并检查结果。 要测试更复杂的组件，你可能需要具备这样的能力，能改变视图和重新计算参数，或者当用户点击链接时，有能力重新安排导航选项。 #why-stubbed-routerlink-tests :marked ### What good are these tests? ### 这些测试有什么好处？ Stubbed `RouterLink` tests can confirm that a component with links and an outlet is setup properly, that the component has the links it should have, and that they are all pointing in the expected direction. These tests do not concern whether the app will succeed in navigating to the target component when the user clicks a link. stub伪造的`RouterLink`测试可以确认带有链接和outlet的组件的设置的正确性，确认组件有应该有的链接，确认它们都指向了正确的方向。 这些测试程序不关心用户点击链接时，应用是否会成功的导航到目标组件。 Stubbing the RouterLink and RouterOutlet is the best option for such limited testing goals. Relying on the real router would make them brittle. They could fail for reasons unrelated to the component. For example, a navigation guard could prevent an unauthorized user from visiting the `HeroListComponent`. That's not the fault of the `AppComponent` and no change to that component could cure the failed test. 对于这样局限的测试目标，stub伪造RouterLink和RouterOutlet是最佳选择。 依靠真正的路由器会让它们很脆弱。 它们可能因为与组件无关的原因而失败。 例如，一个导航守卫可能防止没有授权的用户访问`HeroListComponent`。 这并不是`AppComponent`的过错，并且无论该组件怎么改变都无法修复这个失败的测试程序。 A _different_ battery of tests can explore whether the application navigates as expected in the presence of conditions that influence guards such as whether the user is authenticated and authorized. A future chapter update will explain how to write such tests with the `RouterTestingModule`. 不同的测试程序可以探索在不同条件下（比如像检查用户是否认证），该应用是否和期望的那样导航。 未来本章的更新将介绍如何使用`RouterTestingModule`来编写这样的测试程序。 a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #shallow-component-test :marked ## "Shallow component tests" with *NO\_ERRORS\_SCHEMA* ## 使用*NO\_ERRORS\_SCHEMA*来“浅化”组件测试程序 The [previous setup](#stub-component) declared the `BannerComponent` and stubbed two other components for _no reason other than to avoid a compiler error_. [以前的配置](#stub-component)声明了`BannerComponent`，并stub伪造了两个其它组件，**仅仅是为了避免编译错误，不是为别的原因**。 Without them, the Angular compiler doesn't recognize the ``, `` and `` tags in the [_app.component.html_](#app-component-html) template and throws an error. 没有它们，Angular编译器无法识别[_app.component.html_](#app-component-html)模板里的``、``和``标签，并抛出错误。 Add `NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA` to the testing module's `schemas` metadata to tell the compiler to ignore unrecognized elements and attributes. You no longer have to declare irrelevant components and directives. 添加`NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA`到测试模块的`schemas`元数据中，告诉编译器忽略不认识的元素和属性。 这样你不再需要声明无关组件和指令。 These tests are ***shallow*** because they only "go deep" into the components you want to test. Here is a setup (with `import` statements) that demonstrates the improved simplicity of _shallow_ tests, relative to the stubbing setup. 这些测试程序比较**浅**，因为它们只“深入”到你要测试的组件。 这里是一套配置（拥有`import`语句），体现了相比使用stub伪造的配置来说，**浅**测试程序的简单性。 +makeTabs('testing/ts/app/app.component.spec.ts, testing/ts/app/app.component.spec.ts', 'setup-schemas, setup-stubs-w-imports', 'app/app.component.spec.ts (NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA), app/app.component.spec.ts (Stubs)')(format='.') :marked The _only_ declarations are the _component-under-test_ (`AppComponent`) and the `RouterLinkStubDirective` that contributes actively to the tests. The [tests in this example](#app-component-tests) are unchanged. 这里**唯一**声明的是**被测试的组件**(`AppComponent`)和测试需要的`RouterLinkStubDirective`。 没有改变任何[原测试程序](#app-component-tests)。 .alert.is-important :marked _Shallow component tests_ with `NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA` greatly simplify unit testing of complex templates. However, the compiler no longer alerts you to mistakes such as misspelled or misused components and directives. 使用`NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA`的**浅组件测试程序**很大程度上简化了拥有复杂模板组件的单元测试。 但是，编译器将不再提醒你一些错误，比如模板中拼写错误或者误用的组件和指令。 a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #attribute-directive :marked ## Test an attribute directive ## 测试属性指令 An _attribute directive_ modifies the behavior of an element, component or another directive. Its name reflects the way the directive is applied: as an attribute on a host element. **属性指令**修改元素、组件和其它指令的行为。正如它们的名字所示，它们是作为宿主元素的属性来被使用的。 The sample application's `HighlightDirective` sets the background color of an element based on either a data bound color or a default color (lightgray). It also sets a custom property of the element (`customProperty`) to `true` for no reason other than to show that it can. 本例子应用的`HighlightDirective`使用数据绑定的颜色或者默认颜色来设置元素的背景色。 它同时设置元素的`customProperty`属性为`true`，这里仅仅是为了显示它能这么做而已，并无其它原因。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/shared/highlight.directive.ts', '', 'app/shared/highlight.directive.ts')(format='.') :marked It's used throughout the application, perhaps most simply in the `AboutComponent`: 它的使用贯穿整个应用，也许最简单的使用在`AboutComponent`里： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/about.component.ts', '', 'app/about.component.ts')(format='.') :marked Testing the specific use of the `HighlightDirective` within the `AboutComponent` requires only the techniques explored above (in particular the ["Shallow test"](#shallow-component-test) approach). 使用`AboutComponent`来测试这个`HightlightDirective`的使用，只需要上面解释过的知识就够了，（尤其是["浅测试程序"](#shallow-component-test)方法)。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/about.component.spec.ts', 'tests', 'app/about.component.spec.ts')(format='.') :marked However, testing a single use case is unlikely to explore the full range of a directive's capabilities. Finding and testing all components that use the directive is tedious, brittle, and almost as unlikely to afford full coverage. 但是，测试单一的用例一般无法探索该指令的全部能力。 查找和测试所有使用该指令的组件非常繁琐和脆弱，并且通常无法覆盖所有组件。 [Isolated unit tests](#isolated-unit-tests) might be helpful. But attribute directives like this one tend to manipulate the DOM. Isolated unit tests don't and therefore don't inspire confidence in the directive's efficacy. [孤立单元测试](#isolated-unit-tests)可能有用。 但是像这样的属性指令一般都操纵DOM。孤立单元测试不能控制DOM，所以不推荐用它测试指令的功能。 A better solution is to create an artificial test component that demonstrates all ways to apply the directive. 更好的方法是创建一个展示所有使用该组件的方法的人工测试组件。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/shared/highlight.directive.spec.ts', 'test-component', 'app/shared/highlight.directive.spec.ts (TestComponent)')(format='.') figure.image-display img(src='/resources/images/devguide/testing/highlight-directive-spec.png' width="200px" alt="HighlightDirective spec in action") .l-sub-section :marked The `` case binds the `HighlightDirective` to the name of a color value in the input box. The initial value is the word "cyan" which should be the background color of the input box. ``用例将`HighlightDirective`绑定到输入框里输入的颜色名字。 初始只是单词“cyan”，所以输入框的背景色应该是cyan。 :marked Here are some tests of this component: 下面是一些该组件的测试程序： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/shared/highlight.directive.spec.ts', 'selected-tests', 'app/shared/highlight.directive.spec.ts (selected tests)') :marked A few techniques are noteworthy: 一些技巧值得注意： * The `By.directive` predicate is a great way to get the elements that have this directive _when their element types are unknown_. * 当**已知元素类型**时，`By.directive`是一种获取拥有这个指令的元素的好方法。 * The `:not` pseudo-class in `By.css('h2:not([highlight])')` helps find `

` elements that _do not_ have the directive. `By.css('*:not([highlight])')` finds _any_ element that does not have the directive. * `By.css('h2:not([highlight])')`里的`:not` pseudo-class帮助查找**不带**该指令的`

`元素。 `By.css('*:not([highlight])')`查找**所有**不带该指令的元素。 * `DebugElement.styles` affords access to element styles even in the absence of a real browser, thanks to the `DebugElement` abstraction. But feel free to exploit the `nativeElement` when that seems easier or more clear than the abstraction. * 在缺乏浏览器时，`DebugElement.styles`提供对元素样式的访问。 但是，请随意使用`nativeElement`，它可能更加容易、更加清晰。 * Angular adds a directive to the injector of the element to which it is applied. The test for the default color uses the injector of the 2nd `

` to get its `HighlightDirective` instance and its `defaultColor`. * Angular将指令添加到它的元素的注入器中。 默认颜色的测试程序使用第二个`

`的注入器来获取它的`HighlightDirective`实例以及它的`defaultColor`。 * `DebugElement.properties` affords access to the artificial custom property that is set by the directive. * `DebugElement.properties`提供了对指令的自定义属性的访问。 a(href="#top").to-top Back to top a(href="#top").to-top 回到顶部 .l-hr #isolated-unit-tests :marked ## Isolated Unit Tests ## 孤立的单元测试 Testing applications with the help of the Angular testing utilities is the main focus of this chapter. 使用Angular测试工具测试应用程序是本章的重点。 However, it's often more productive to explore the inner logic of application classes with _isolated_ unit tests that don't depend upon Angular. Such tests are often smaller and easier to read, write and maintain. 但是，使用**孤立**单元测试来探索应用类的内在逻辑往往更加有效率，它不依赖Angular。 这种测试程序通常比较小、更易阅读、编写和维护。 They don't 它们不会： * import from the Angular test libraries * 从Angular测试库导入 * configure a module * 配置模块 * prepare dependency injection `providers` * 准备依赖注入`providers` * call `inject` or `async` or `fakeAsync` * 调用`inject`，或者`async`，或者`fakeAsync` They do 它们会： * exhibit standard, Angular-agnostic testing techniques * 使用标准的、与Angular无关的测试技巧 * create instances directly with `new` * 直接使用`new`创建实例 * substitute test doubles (stubs, spys, and mocks) for the real dependencies. * 用测试复制品（stub，spy和mock）替代真正的依赖 .callout.is-important header Write both kinds of tests header 同时采用这两种测试程序 :marked Good developers write both kinds of tests for the same application part, often in the same spec file. Write simple _isolated_ unit tests to validate the part in isolation. Write _Angular_ tests to validate the part as it interacts with Angular, updates the DOM, and collaborates with the rest of the application. 优秀的开发者同时编写这两种测试程序来测试相同的应用部件，往往在同一个spec文件。 编写简单的**孤立**单元测试程序来验证孤立的部分。 编写**Angular**测试程序来验证与Angular互动、更新DOM、以及与应用其它部分互动的部分。 #isolated-service-tests :marked ### Services ### 服务 Services are good candidates for isolated unit testing. Here are some synchronous and asynchronous unit tests of the `FancyService` written without assistance from Angular testing utilities. 服务是应用孤立测试的好例子。 下面是未使用Angular测试工具的一些`FancyService`的同步和异步单元测试： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/bag/bag.no-testbed.spec.ts', 'FancyService', 'app/bag/bag.no-testbed.spec.ts') :marked A rough line count suggests that these isolated unit tests are about 25% smaller than equivalent Angular tests. That's telling but not decisive. The benefit comes from reduced setup and code complexity. 粗略行数表明，这些孤立单元测试比同等的Angular测试小25%。 这表明了它的好处，但是不是最关键的。 主要的好处来自于缩减的配置和代码的复杂性。 Compare these equivalent tests of `FancyService.getTimeoutValue`. 比较下面两个同等的`FancyService.getTimeoutValue`测试程序： +makeTabs( `testing/ts/app/bag/bag.no-testbed.spec.ts, testing/ts/app/bag/bag.spec.ts`, 'getTimeoutValue, getTimeoutValue', `app/bag/bag.no-testbed.spec.ts (Isolated), app/bag/bag.spec.ts (with Angular testing utilities)`) :marked They have about the same line-count. But the Angular-dependent version has more moving parts, including a couple of utility functions (`async` and `inject`). Both approaches work and it's not much of an issue if you're using the Angular testing utilities nearby for other reasons. On the other hand, why burden simple service tests with added complexity? 它们有类似的行数。 但是，依赖Angular的版本有更多活动的部分，包括一些工具函数（`async`和`inject`)。 两种方法都可行，而且如果你为了某些原因使用Angular测试工具，也并没有什么问题。 反过来，为什么要为简单的服务测试程序添加复杂度呢？ Pick the approach that suits you. 选择你喜欢的方法。 #### Services with dependencies #### 带依赖的服务 Services often depend on other services that Angular injects into the constructor. You can test these services _without_ the testbed. In many cases, it's easier to create and _inject_ dependencies by hand. 服务通常依赖其它服务，Angular通过构造函数注入它们。 你可以**不使用**TestBed测试这些服务。 在许多情况下，创建和手动**注入**依赖来的更加容易。 The `DependentService` is a simple example `DependentService`是一个简单的例子： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/bag/bag.ts', 'DependentService', 'app/bag/bag.ts')(format='.') :marked It delegates it's only method, `getValue`, to the injected `FancyService`. 它将唯一的方法，`getValue`，委托给了注入的`FancyService`。 Here are several ways to test it. 这里是几种测试它的方法。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/bag/bag.no-testbed.spec.ts', 'DependentService', 'app/bag/bag.no-testbed.spec.ts') :marked The first test creates a `FancyService` with `new` and passes it to the `DependentService` constructor. 第一个测试程序使用`new`创建`FancyService`实例，并将它传递给`DependentService`构造函数。 It's rarely that simple. The injected service can be difficult to create or control. You can mock the dependency, or use a dummy value, or stub the pertinent service method with a substitute method that is easy to control. 很少有这么简单的，注入的服务有可能很难创建和控制。 你可以mock依赖，或者使用假值，或者用易于控制的替代品stub伪造相关服务。 These _isolated_ unit testing techniques are great for exploring the inner logic of a service or its simple integration with a component class. Use the Angular testing utilities when writing tests that validate how a service interacts with components _within the Angular runtime environment_. 这些**孤立**单元测试技巧是一个很好的方法，用来探索服务的内在逻辑，以及它与组件类简单的集成。 当在**运行时间环境下**，使用Angular测试工具来验证一个服务是如何与组件互动的。 #isolated-pipe-tests :marked ### Pipes ### 管道 Pipes are easy to test without the Angular testing utilities. 管道很容易测试，无需Angular测试工具。 A pipe class has one method, `transform`, that turns an input to an output. The `transform` implementation rarely interacts with the DOM. Most pipes have no dependence on Angular other than the `@Pipe` metadata and an interface. 管道类有一个方法，`transform`，用来转换输入值到输出值。 `transform`的实现很少与DOM交互。 除了`@Pipe`元数据和一个接口外，大部分管道不依赖Angular。 Consider a `TitleCasePipe` that capitalizes the first letter of each word. Here's a naive implementation implemented with a regular expression. 假设`TitleCasePipe`将每个单词的第一个字母变成大写。 下面是使用正则表达式实现的简单代码： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/shared/title-case.pipe.ts', '', 'app/shared/title-case.pipe.ts')(format='.') :marked Anything that uses a regular expression is worth testing thoroughly. Use simple Jasmine to explore the expected cases and the edge cases. 任何使用正则表达式的类都值得彻底的进行测试。 使用Jasmine来探索预期的用例和极端的用例。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/shared/title-case.pipe.spec.ts', 'excerpt', 'app/shared/title-case.pipe.spec.ts') :marked #### Write Angular tests too #### 同时也编写Angular测试 These are tests of the pipe _in isolation_. They can't tell if the `TitleCasePipe` is working properly as applied in the application components. 有些管道的测试程序是**孤立的**。 它们不能验证`TitleCasePipe`是否在应用到组件上时是否工作正常。 Consider adding component tests such as this one: 考虑像这样添加组件测试程序： +makeExample('testing/ts/app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts', 'title-case-pipe', 'app/hero/hero-detail.component.spec.ts (pipe test)') #isolated-component-tests :marked ### Components ### 组件 Component tests typically examine how a component class interacts with its own template or with collaborating components. The Angular testing utilities are specifically designed to facilitate such tests. 组件测试通常检查该组件类是如何与自己的模板或者其它合作组件交互的。 Angular测试工具是专门为这种测试设计的。 Consider this `ButtonComp` component. 考虑这个`ButtonComp`组件。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/bag/bag.ts', 'ButtonComp', 'app/bag/bag.ts (ButtonComp)')(format='.') :marked The following Angular test demonstrates that clicking a button in the template leads to an update of the on-screen message. 下面的Angular测试演示点击模板里的按钮后，引起了屏幕上的消息的更新。 +makeExample('testing/ts/app/bag/bag.spec.ts', 'ButtonComp', 'app/bag/bag.spec.ts (ButtonComp)')(format='.') :marked The assertions verify the data binding flow from one HTML control (the `