angular-cn/public/docs/ts/latest/guide/upgrade.jade

include ../_util-fns

:marked
  _Angular_ is the name for the Angular of today and tomorrow.
  _AngularJS_ is the name for all v1.x versions of Angular.

  AngularJS apps are great. 
  Always consider the business case before moving to Angular.
  An important part of that case is the time and effort to get there.
  This guide describes the built-in tools for efficiently migrating AngularJS projects over to the
  Angular platform, a piece at a time.

  已经有了一个AngularJS的程序并不表示我们就不能享受Angular提供的一切。
  这是因为Angular带来了一些内置工具，来帮助我们把AngularJS的项目迁移到Angular平台。

  Some applications will be easier to upgrade than others, and there are
  ways in which we can make it easier for ourselves. It is possible to
  prepare and align AngularJS applications with Angular even before beginning
  the upgrade process. These preparation steps are all about making the code
  more decoupled, more maintainable, and up to speed with modern development
  tools. That means the preparation work will not only make the eventual upgrade
  easier, but will also generally improve our AngularJS applications.

  有些应用可能比其它的升级起来简单，还有一些方法能让把这项工作变得更简单。
  即使在正式开始升级过程之前，我们可以准备AngularJS的程序，让它向Angular看齐。
  这些准备步骤几乎都是关于如何让代码更加松耦合、更有可维护性，以及用现代开发工具提高速度的。
  这意味着，这种准备工作不仅能让最终的升级变得更简单，而且还能提升AngularJS程序的质量。

  One of the keys to a successful upgrade is to do it incrementally,
  by running the two frameworks side by side in the same application, and
  porting AngularJS components to Angular one by one. This makes it possible
  to upgrade even large and complex applications without disrupting other
  business, because the work can be done collaboratively and spread over
  a period of time. The `upgrade` module in Angular has been designed to
  make incremental upgrading seamless.

  成功升级的关键之一是增量式的实现它，通过在同一个应用中一起运行这两个框架，并且逐个把AngularJS的组件迁移到Angular中。
  这意味着可以在不必打断其它业务的前提下，升级更大、更复杂的应用程序，因为这项工作可以多人协作完成，在一段时间内逐渐铺开。
  Angular `upgrade`模块的设计目标就是让你渐进、无缝的完成升级。

  1. [Preparation](#preparation)

     [准备工作](#preparation)

      1. [Follow the Angular Style Guide](#follow-the-angular-style-guide)

         [遵循Angular风格指南](#follow-the-angular-style-guide)

      2. [Using a Module Loader](#using-a-module-loader)

         [使用模块加载器](#using-a-module-loader)

      3. [Migrating to TypeScript](#migrating-to-typescript)

         [迁移到TypeScript](#migrating-to-typescript)

      4. [Using Component Directives](#using-component-directives)

         [使用组件型指令](#using-component-directives)

  2. [Upgrading with The Upgrade Module](#upgrading-with-the-upgrade-module)

     [通过升级模块进行升级](#upgrading-with-the-upgrade-module)

      1. [How The Upgrade Module Works](#how-the-upgrade-module-works)

         [升级模块是如何工作的](#how-the-upgrade-module-works)

      2. [Bootstrapping hybrid](#bootstrapping-hybrid-applications)

         [引导混合(hybrid)应用](#bootstrapping-hybrid-applications)
      3. [Using Angular Components from AngularJS Code](#using-angular-components-from-angularjs-code)

         [从AngularJS的代码中使用Angular的组件](#using-angular-components-from-angularjs-code)

      4. [Using AngularJS Component Directives from Angular Code](#using-angularjs-component-directives-from-angular-code)

         [从Angular的代码中使用AngularJS的组件](#using-angularjs-component-directives-from-angular-components-from-angularjs-code)
      5. [Projecting AngularJS Content into Angular Components](#projecting-angularjs-content-into-angular-components)

         [把AngularJS的内容投影(project)进Angular组件中](#projecting-angularjs-content-into-angular-components)

      6. [Transcluding Angular Content into AngularJS Component Directives](#transcluding-angular-content-into-angularjs-component-directives)

         [把Angular的内容透传(transclude)到AngularJS的组件型指令中](#transcluding-angular-content-into-angularjs-component-directives)

      7. [Making AngularJS Dependencies Injectable to Angular](#making-angularjs-dependencies-injectable-to-angular)

         [让AngularJS提供的依赖可以被注入到Angular](#making-angularjs-dependencies-injectable-to-angular)

      8. [Making Angular Dependencies Injectable to AngularJS](#making-angular-dependencies-injectable-to-angularjs)

         [让Angular提供的依赖可以被注入到AngularJS](#making-angular-dependencies-injectable-to-angularjs)

      9. [Using Ahead-of-time compilation with hybrid apps](#using-ahead-of-time-compilation-with-hybrid-apps)
      
         [在混合式应用中使用预编译](#using-ahead-of-time-compilation-with-hybrid-apps)
         
      10. [Dividing routes between Angular and AngularJS](#dividing-routes-between-angular-and-angularjs)
      
          [在Angular和AngularJS之间进行路由](#dividing-routes-between-angular-and-angularjs)

  3. [PhoneCat Upgrade Tutorial](#phonecat-upgrade-tutorial)

     [PhoneCat准备工作教程](#phonecat-preparation-tutorial)

      1. [Switching to TypeScript](#switching-to-typescript)

         [切换到TypeScript](#switching-to-typescript)

      2. [Installing Angular](#installing-angular)

         [安装Angular](#installing-angular)

      3. [Bootstrapping a hybrid PhoneCat](#bootstrapping-a-hybrid-phonecat)

         [引导混合版PhoneCat](#bootstrapping-a-hybrid-phonecat)

      4. [Upgrading the Phone service](#upgrading-the-phone-service)

         [升级Phone服务](#upgrading-the-phone-service)

      5. [Upgrading Components](#upgrading-components)

         [升级组件](#upgrading-components)

      6. [AoT compile the hybrid app](#aot-compile-the-hybrid-app)
      
         [对混合式应用进行AoT预编译](#aot-compile-the-hybrid-app)
         
      7. [Adding The Angular Router And Bootstrap](#adding-the-angular-router-and-bootstrap)

         [添加Angular路由器并引导](#adding-the-angular-router-and-bootstrap)

      8. [Say Goodbye to AngularJS](#say-goodbye-to-angularjs)

         [和AngularJS说再见](#say-goodbye-to-angularjs)

  3. [Appendix: Upgrading PhoneCat Tests](#appendix-upgrading-phonecat-tests)

     [附录：升级PhoneCat测试](#appendix-upgrading-phonecat-tests)


.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Preparation
  ## 准备工作

  There are many ways to structure AngularJS applications. When we begin
  to upgrade these applications to Angular, some will turn out to be
  much more easy to work with than others. There are a few key techniques
  and patterns that we can apply to future proof our apps even before we
  begin the migration.

  AngularJS应用程序的组织方式有很多种。当我们想把它们升级到Angular的时候，
  有些做起来会比其它的更容易些。即使在我们开始升级之前，也有一些关键的技术和模式可以让我们将来升级时更轻松。

  ### Follow the Angular Style Guide
  
  ### 遵循Angular风格指南

  The [AngularJS Style Guide](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#single-responsibility)
  collects patterns and practices that have been proven to result in
  cleaner and more maintainable AngularJS applications. It contains a wealth
  of information about how to write and organize Angular code - and equally
  importantly - how **not** to write and organize Angular code.

  [Angular风格指南](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#single-responsibility)收集了一些已证明能写出干净且可维护的AngularJS程序的模式与实践。
  它包含了很多关于如何书写和组织Angular代码的有价值信息，同样重要的是，**不应该**采用的书写和组织Angular代码的方式。

  Angular is a reimagined version of the best parts of AngularJS. In that
  sense, its goals are the same as the Angular Style Guide's: To preserve
  the good parts of AngularJS, and to avoid the bad parts. There's a lot
  more to Angular than just that of course, but this does mean that
  *following the style guide helps make your AngularJS app more closely
  aligned with Angular*.

  Angular是一个基于AngularJS中最好的部分构思出来的版本。在这种意义上，它的目标和Angular风格指南是一样的：
  保留AngularJS中好的部分，去掉坏的部分。当然，Angular还做了更多。
  说这些的意思是：*遵循这个风格指南可以让你写出更接近Angular程序的AngularJS程序*。

  There are a few rules in particular that will make it much easier to do

  *an incremental upgrade* using the Angular `upgrade` module:

  特别是某些规则会让使用Angular的`upgrade`模块进行*增量升级*变得更简单：

  * The [Rule of 1](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#single-responsibility)
    states that there should be one component per file. This not only makes
    components easy to navigate and find, but will also allow us to migrate
    them between languages and frameworks one at a time. In this example application,
    each controller, component, service, and filter is in its own source file.

    [单一规则](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#single-responsibility)
    规定每个文件应该只放一个组件。这不仅让组件更容易浏览和查找，而且还将允许我们逐个迁移它们的语言和框架。
    在这个范例程序中，每个控制器、工厂和过滤器都在它自己的源文件中。

  * The [Folders-by-Feature Structure](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#folders-by-feature-structure)
    and [Modularity](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#modularity)
    rules define similar principles on a higher level of abstraction: Different parts of the
    application should reside in different directories and Angular modules.

    [按特性分目录的结构](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#folders-by-feature-structure)和[模块化](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#modularity)规则在较高的抽象层定义了一些相似的原则：应用程序中的不同部分应该被分到不同的目录和Angular模块中。

  When an application is laid out feature per feature in this way, it can also be
  migrated one feature at a time. For applications that don't already look like
  this, applying the rules in the Angular style guide is a highly recommended
  preparation step. And this is not just for the sake of the upgrade - it is just
  solid advice in general!

  如果应用程序能用这种方式把每个特性分到一个独立目录中，它也就能每次迁移一个特性。
  对于那些还没有这么做的程序，强烈建议把应用这条规则作为准备步骤。而且这也不仅仅对升级有价值，
  它还是一个通用的规则，可以让你的程序更“坚实”。

  ### Using a Module Loader
  
  ### 使用模块加载器

  When we break application code down into one component per file, we often end
  up with a project structure with a large number of relatively small files. This is
  a much neater way to organize things than a small number of large files, but it
  doesn't work that well if you have to load all those files to the HTML page with
  <script> tags. Especially when you also have to maintain those tags in the correct
  order. That's why it's a good idea to start using a *module loader*.

  当我们把应用代码分解成每个文件中放一个组件之后，我们通常会得到一个由大量相对较小的文件组成的项目结构。
  这比组织成少量大文件要整洁得多，但如果你不得不通过`<script>`标签在HTML页面中加载所有这些文件，那就不好玩了。
  尤其是当你不得不按正确的顺序维护这些标签时更是如此。
  这就是为什么开始使用*模块加载器*是一个好主意了。

  Using a module loader such as [SystemJS](https://github.com/systemjs/systemjs),
  [Webpack](http://webpack.github.io/), or [Browserify](http://browserify.org/)
  allows us to use the built-in module systems of the TypeScript or ES2015 languages in our apps.
  We can use the `import` and `export` features that explicitly specify what code can
  and will be shared between different parts of the application. For ES5 applications
  we can use CommonJS style `require` and `module.exports` features. In both cases,
  the module loader will then take care of loading all the code the application needs
  in the correct order.

  使用模块加载器，比如[SystemJS](https://github.com/systemjs/systemjs)、
  [Webpack](http://webpack.github.io/)或[Browserify](http://browserify.org/)，
  可以让我们在程序中使用TypeScript或ES2015语言内置的模块系统。
  我们可以使用`import`和`export`特性来明确指定哪些代码应该以及将会被在程序的不同部分之间共享。
  对于ES5程序来说，我们可以改用CommonJS风格的`require`和`module.exports`特性代替。
  无是论哪种情况，模块加载器都会按正确的顺序加载程序中用到的所有代码。

  When we then take our applications into production, module loaders also make it easier
  to package them all up into production bundles with batteries included.

  当我们的应用程序投入生产环境时，模块加载器也会让把所有这些文件打成完整的产品包变得更容易。

:marked
  ### Migrating to TypeScript
  
  ### 迁移到TypeScript

  If part of our Angular upgrade plan is to also take TypeScript into use, it makes
  sense to bring in the TypeScript compiler even before the upgrade itself begins.
  This means there's one less thing to learn and think about during the actual upgrade.
  It also means we can start using TypeScript features in our AngularJS code.

  Angular升级计划的一部分是引入TypeScript，即使在开始升级之前，引入TypeScript编译器也是有意义的。
  这意味着等真正升级的时候需要学习和思考的东西更少。
  它还意味着我们可以在AngularJS代码中开始使用TypeScript的特性。

  Since TypeScript is a superset of ECMAScript 2015, which in turn is a superset
  of ECMAScript 5, "switching" to TypeScript doesn't necessarily require anything
  more than installing the TypeScript compiler and switching renaming files from
  `*.js` to `*.ts`. But just doing that is not hugely useful or exciting, of course.
  Additional steps like the following can give us much more bang for the buck:

  因为TypeScript是ECMAScript 2015的一个超集，而ES2015又是ECMAScript 5的一个超集。
  这意味着除了安装一个TypeScript编译器，并把文件名都从`*.js`改成`*.ts`之外，其实什么都不用做。
  当然，如果仅仅这样做也没什么大用，也没什么令人兴奋之处。
  下面这些额外步骤可以让我们精神抖擞起来：

  * For applications that use a module loader, TypeScript imports and exports
    (which are really ECMAScript 2015 imports and exports) can be used to organize
    code into modules.

    对那些使用了模块加载器的程序，TypeScript的导入和导出(这实际上是ECMAScript 2015导入和导出)可以把代码组织到模块中。

  * Type annotations can be gradually added to existing functions and variables
    to pin down their types and get benefits like build-time error checking,
    great autocompletion support and inline documentation.

    类型注解可以逐步添加到已存在的函数和变量上，以固定它们的类型，并获得其优点：比如编译期错误检查、更好的支持自动完成，以及内联式文档等。

  * JavaScript features new to ES2015, like arrow functions, `let`s and `const`s,
    default function parameters, and destructuring assignments can also be gradually
    added to make the code more expressive.

    那些ES2015中新增的特性，比如箭头函数、`let`、`const`、默认函数参数、解构赋值等也能逐渐添加进来，让代码更有表现力。

  * Services and controllers can be turned into *classes*. That way they'll be a step
    closer to becoming Angular service and component classes, which will make our
    life easier once we do the upgrade.

    服务和控制器可以转成*类*。这样我们就能一步步接近Angular的服务和组件类了，这样等到我们开始升级时，也会更简单。

  #### Using Component Directives
  
  ### 使用组件型指令

  In Angular, components are the main primitive from which user interfaces
  are built. We define the different parts of our UIs as components, and then
  compose the UI by using components in our templates.

  在Angular中，组件是用来构建用户界面的主要元素。我们把UI中的不同部分定义成组件，然后通过在模板中使用这些组件最终合成为UI。

  You can also do this in AngularJS, using *component directives*. These are
  directives that define their own templates, controllers, and input/output bindings -
  the same things that Angular components define. Applications built with
  component directives are much easier to migrate to Angular than applications
  built with lower-level features like `ng-controller`,  `ng-include`, and scope
  inheritance.

  我们在AngularJS中也能这么做。那就是一种定义了自己的模板、控制器和输入/输出绑定的指令 —— 跟Angular中对组件的定义是一样的。
  要迁移到Angular，通过组件型指令构建的应用程序会比直接用`ng-controller`、`ng-include`和作用域继承等底层特性构建的要容易得多。

  To be Angular compatible, an AngularJS component directive should configure
  these attributes:

  要与Angular兼容，AngularJS的组件型指令应该配置下列属性：

  * `restrict: 'E'`. Components are usually used as elements.

    `restrict: 'E'`。组件通常会以元素的方式使用。

  * `scope: {}` - an isolate scope. In Angular, components are always isolated
    from their surroundings, and we should do this in AngularJS too.

    `scope: {}` - 一个独立作用域。在Angular中，组件永远是从它们的环境中被隔离出来的，在AngularJS中，我们也应该这么做。
    
  * `bindToController: {}`. Component inputs and outputs should be bound
    to the controller instead of using the `$scope`.

    `bindToController: {}`。组件的输入和输出应该绑定到控制器，而不是`$scope`。

  * `controller` and `controllerAs`. Components have their own controllers.

    `controller`和`controllerAs`。组件有它们自己的控制器。

  * `template` or `templateUrl`. Components have their own templates.

    `template`或`templateUrl`。组件有它们自己的模板。

  Component directives may also use the following attributes:

  组件型指令还可能使用下列属性：

  * `transclude: true`, if the component needs to transclude content from elsewhere.

    `transclude: true`：如果组件需要从其它地方透传内容，就设置它。

  * `require`, if the component needs to communicate with some parent component's
    controller.

    `require`：如果组件需要和父组件的控制器通讯，就设置它。

  Component directives **may not** use the following attributes:

  组件型指令**不能**使用下列属性：

  * `compile`. This will not be supported in Angular.

    `compile`。它在Angular中将不再被支持。

  * `replace: true`. Angular never replaces a component element with the
    component template. This attribute is also deprecated in AngularJS.

    `replace: true`。Angular永远不会用组件模板替换一个组件元素。这个特性在AngularJS中也同样不建议使用了。

  * `priority` and `terminal`. While AngularJS components may use these,
    they are not used in Angular and it is better not to write code
    that relies on them.

    `priority`和`terminal`。虽然AngularJS的组件可能使用这些，但它们在Angular中已经没用了，并且最好不要再写依赖它们的代码。

  An AngularJS component directive that is fully aligned with the Angular
  architecture may look something like this:

  AngularJS中一个完全向Angular架构看齐过的组件型指令看起来有点像这样：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/hero-detail.directive.ts')

:marked
  AngularJS 1.5 introduces the [component API](https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/type/angular.Module)
  that makes it easier to define directives like these. It is a good idea to use
  this API for component directives for several reasons:

  AngularJS.5引入了[组件API](https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/type/angular.Module)，它让像这样定义指令变得更简单了。
  为组件型指令使用这个API是一个好主意，因为：

  * It requires less boilerplate code.

    它需要更少的样板代码。

  * It enforces the use of component best practices like `controllerAs`.

    它强制使用组件的最佳实践，比如`controllerAs`。

  * It has good default values for directive attributes like `scope` and `restrict`.

    对于指令中像`scope`和`restrict`这样的属性，它有良好的默认值。

  The component directive example from above looks like this when expressed
  using the component API:

  如果使用这个组件API进行快捷定义，那么上面看到的组件型指令就变成了这样：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/upgrade-io/hero-detail.component.ts')

:marked
  Controller lifecycle hook methods `$onInit()`, `$onDestroy()`, and `$onChanges()`
  are another convenient feature that AngularJS 1.5 introduces. They all have nearly
  exact [equivalents in Angular](lifecycle-hooks.html), so organizing component lifecycle
  logic around them will ease the eventual Angular upgrade process.

  控制器的生命周期钩子`$onInit()`、`$onDestroy()`和`$onChanges()`是AngularJS.5引入的另一些便利特性。
  它们都很接近于[Angular中的等价物](lifecycle-hooks.html)，所以，围绕它们组织组件生命周期的逻辑会更容易升级。

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Upgrading with The Upgrade Module

  ## 使用升级适配器进行升级

  The `upgrade` module in Angular is a very useful tool for upgrading
  anything but the smallest of applications. With it we can mix and match
  AngularJS and Angular components in the same application and have them interoperate
  seamlessly. That means we don't have to do the upgrade work all at once,
  since there's a natural coexistence between the two frameworks during the
  transition period.

  不管要升级什么，Angular中的`upgrade`模块都会是一个非常有用的工具 —— 除非是小到没功能的应用。
  借助它，我们可以在同一个应用程序中混用并匹配AngularJS和2的组件，并让它们实现无缝的互操作。
  这意味着我们不用必须一次性做完所有升级工作，因为在整个演进过程中，这两个框架可以很自然的和睦相处。

  ### How The Upgrade Module Works
  
  ### 升级模块如何工作

  The primary tool provided by the upgrade module is called the `UpgradeModule`.
  This is a service that can bootstrap and manage hybrid applications that support
  both Angular and AngularJS code.

  `upgrade`模块提供的主要工具叫做`UpgradeModule`。这是一个服务，它可以引导并管理同时支持Angular和AngularJS的混合式应用程序。

  When we use `UpgradeModule`, what we're really doing is *running both versions
  of Angular at the same time*. All Angular code is running in the Angular
  framework, and AngularJS code in the AngularJS framework. Both of these are the
  actual, fully featured versions of the frameworks. There is no emulation going on,
  so we can expect to have all the features and natural behavior of both frameworks.

  当使用`UpgradeModule`时，我们实际做的是*同时运行两个版本的Angular*。所有Angular的代码运行在Angular框架中，
  而AngularJS的代码运行在AngularJS框架中。所有这些都是真实的、全功能的框架版本。
  没有进行任何仿真，所以我们可以期待同时存在这两个框架的所有特性和天生的行为。

  What happens on top of this is that components and services managed by one
  framework can interoperate with those from the other framework. This happens
  in three main areas: Dependency injection, the DOM, and change detection.

  所有这些事情的背后，本质上是一个框架中管理的组件和服务能和来自另一个中的进行互操作。
  这发生在三个主要的领域：依赖注入、DOM和变更检测。

  #### Dependency Injection
  
  #### 依赖注入

  Dependency injection is front and center in both AngularJS and
  Angular, but there are some key differences between the two
  frameworks in how it actually works.

  无论是在AngularJS中还是在Angular中，依赖注入都处于前沿和中心的位置，但在两个框架的工作原理上，却存在着一些关键的不同之处。

table
  tr
    th AngularJS
    th Angular
  tr
    td
      :marked
        Dependency injection tokens are always strings

        依赖注入的令牌(Token)永远是字符串(译注：指服务名称)。
    td
      :marked
        Tokens [can have different types](../guide/dependency-injection.html).
        They are often classes. They may also be strings.

        令牌[可能有不同的类型](../guide/dependency-injection.html)。
        通常是类，也可能是字符串。
  tr
    td
      :marked
        There is exactly one injector. Even in multi-module applications,
        everything is poured into one big namespace.

        只有一个注入器。即使在多模块的应用程序中，每样东西也都被装入一个巨大的命名空间中。
    td
      :marked
        There is a [tree hierarchy of injectors](../guide/hierarchical-dependency-injection.html),
        with a root injector and an additional injector for each component.

        有一组[树状多层注入器](../guide/hierarchical-dependency-injection.html)，有一个根注入器，每个组件也另外有一个注入器。

:marked
  Even accounting for these differences we can still have dependency injection
  interoperability. The `UpgradeModule` resolves the differences and makes
  everything work seamlessly:

  就算有这么多不同点，也并不妨碍我们在依赖注入时进行互操作。`UpgradeModule`解决了这些差异，并让它们无缝的对接：

  * You can make AngularJS services available for injection to Angular code
    by *upgrading* them. The same singleton instance of each service is shared
    between the frameworks. In Angular these services will always be in the
    *root injector* and available to all components.
  

    通过升级它们，我们就能让那些在AngularJS中能被注入的服务在Angular的代码中可用。
    在框架之间共享的是服务的同一个单例对象。在Angular中，这些外来服务总是被放在*根注入器*中，并可用于所有组件。
    它们总是具有*字符串令牌* —— 跟它们在AngularJS中的令牌相同。

  * You can also make Angular services available for injection to AngularJS code
    by *downgrading* them. Only services from the Angular root injector can
    be downgraded. Again, the same singleton instances are shared between the frameworks.
    When we register a downgrade, we explicitly specify a *string token* that we want to
    use in AngularJS.

    通过降级它们，我们也能让那些在Angular中能被注入的服务在AngularJS的代码中可用。
    只有那些来自Angular根注入器的服务才能被降级。同样的，在框架之间共享的是同一个单例对象。
    当我们注册一个要降级的服务时，要明确指定一个打算在AngularJS中使用的*字符串令牌*。

figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/upgrade/injectors.png" alt="The two injectors in a hybrid application" width="700")

:marked
  #### Components and the DOM
  
  #### 组件与DOM

  What we'll find in the DOM of a hybrid application are components and
  directives from both AngularJS and Angular. These components
  communicate with each other by using the input and output bindings
  of their respective frameworks, which the `UpgradeModule` bridges
  together. They may also communicate through shared injected dependencies,
  as described above.

  在混合式应用中，我们能同时发现那些来自AngularJS和Angular中组件和指令的DOM。
  这些组件通过它们各自框架中的输入和输出绑定来互相通讯，它们由`UpgradeModule`桥接在一起。
  它们也能通过共享被注入的依赖彼此通讯，就像前面所说的那样。

  There are two key things to understand about what happens in the DOM
  of a hybrid application:

  要弄明白在一个混合式应用的DOM中发生了什么，有两点很关键：

  1. Every element in the DOM is owned by exactly one of the two
     frameworks. The other framework ignores it. If an element is
     owned by AngularJS, Angular treats it as if it didn't exist,
     and vice versa.

     DOM中的每个元素都只能被两个框架之一拥有。另一个框架会忽略它。
     如果一个元素被AngularJS拥有，Angular就会当它不存在。反之亦然。

  2. The root of the application *is always an AngularJS template*.

     应用的根节点*总是来自AngularJS中的模板*。

  So a hybrid application begins life as an AngularJS application,
  and it is AngularJS that processes its root template. Angular then steps
  into the picture when an Angular component is used somewhere in
  the application templates. That component's view will then be managed
  by Angular, and it may use any number of Angular components and
  directives.

  所以，混合式应用总是像AngularJS程序那样启动，处理根模板的也是AngularJS.
  然后，当这个应用的模板中使用到了Angular的组件时，Angular才开始参与。
  这个组件的视图由Angular进行管理，而且它还可以使用一系列的Angular组件和指令。

  Beyond that, we may interleave the two frameworks as much as we need to.
  We always cross the boundary between the two frameworks by one of two
  ways:

  更进一步说，我们可以按照需要，任意穿插使用这两个框架。
  使用下面的两种方式之一，我们可以自由穿梭于这两个框架的边界：

  1. By using a component from the other framework: An AngularJS template
     using an Angular component, or an Angular template using an
     AngularJS component.

     通过使用来自另一个框架的组件：AngularJS的模板中用到了Angular的组件，或者Angular的模板中使用了AngularJS的组件。
     
  2. By transcluding or projecting content from the other framework. The
    `UpgradeModule` bridges the related concepts of  AngularJS transclusion
     and Angular content projection together.

     通过透传(transclude)或投影(project)来自另一个框架的内容。`UpgradeModule`牵线搭桥，把AngularJS的透传概念和Angular的内容投影概念关联起来。

figure.image-display
 img(src="/resources/images/devguide/upgrade/dom.png" alt="DOM element ownership in a hybrid application" width="500")

:marked
  Whenever we use a component that belongs to the other framework, a
  switch between framework boundaries occurs. However, that switch only
  happens to the *children* of the component element. Consider a situation
  where we use an Angular component from AngularJS like this:

code-example(language="html" escape="html").
  <a-component></a-component>

:marked
  The DOM element `<a-component>` will remain to be an AngularJS managed
  element, because it's defined in an AngularJS template. That also
  means you can apply additional AngularJS directives to it, but *not*
  Angular directives. It is only in the template of the `<a-component>`
  where Angular steps in. This same rule also applies when you
  use AngularJS component directives from Angular.

  此时，`<a-component>`这个DOM元素仍然由AngularJS管理，因为它是在AngularJS的模板中定义的。
  这也意味着你可以往它上面添加别的AngularJS指令，却*不能*添加Angular的指令。
  只有在`<a-component>`组件的模板中才是Angular的天下。同样的规则也适用于在Angular中使用AngularJS组件型指令的情况。

:marked
  #### Change Detection
  
  #### 变更检测

  Change detection in AngularJS is all about `scope.$apply()`. After every
  event that occurs, `scope.$apply()` gets called. This is done either
  automatically by the framework, or in some cases manually by our own
  code. It is the point in time when change detection occurs and data
  bindings get updated.

  AngularJS中的变更检测全是关于`scope.$apply()`的。在每个事件发生之后，`scope.$apply()`就会被调用。
  这或者由框架自动调用，或者在某些情况下由我们自己的代码手动调用。它是发生变更检测以及更新数据绑定的时间点。

  In Angular things are different. While change detection still
  occurs after every event, no one needs to call `scope.$apply()` for
  that to happen. This is because all Angular code runs inside something
  called the [Angular zone](../api/core/index/NgZone-class.html). Angular always
  knows when the code finishes, so it also knows when it should kick off
  change detection. The code itself doesn't have to call `scope.$apply()`
  or anything like it.

  在Angular中，事情有点不一样。虽然变更检测仍然会在每一个事件之后发生，却不再需要每次调用`scope.$apply()`了。
  这是因为所有Angular代码都运行在一个叫做[Angular zone](../api/core/index/NgZone-class.html)的地方。
  Angular总是知道什么时候代码执行完了，也就知道了它什么时候应该触发变更检测。代码本身并不需要调用`scope.$apply()`或其它类似的东西。

  In the case of hybrid applications, the `UpgradeModule` bridges the
  AngularJS and Angular approaches. Here's what happens:

  在这种混合式应用的案例中，`UpgradeModule`在AngularJS的方法和Angular的方法之间建立了桥梁。发生了什么呢？

  * Everything that happens in the application runs inside the Angular zone.
    This is true whether the event originated in AngularJS or Angular code.
    The zone triggers Angular change detection after every event.

    应用中发生的每件事都运行在Angular的zone里。
    无论事件发生在AngularJS还是Angular的代码中，都是如此。

  * The `UpgradeModule` will invoke the AngularJS `$rootScope.$apply()` after
    every turn of the Angular zone. This also triggers AngularJS change
    detection after every event.

    `UpgradeModule`将在每一次离开Angular zone时调用AngularJS的`$rootScope.$apply()`。这样也就同样会在每个事件之后触发AngularJS的变更检测。

figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/upgrade/change_detection.png" alt="Change detection in a hybrid application" width="600")

:marked
  What this means in practice is that we do not need to call `$apply()` in
  our code, regardless of whether it is in AngularJS on Angular. The
  `UpgradeModule` does it for us. We *can* still call `$apply()` so there
  is no need to remove such calls from existing code. Those calls just don't
  have any effect in a hybrid application.

  在实践中，这意味着我们不用在自己的代码中调用`$apply()`，而不用管这段代码是在AngularJS还是Angular中。
  `UpgradeModule`都替我们做了。我们仍然*可以*调用`$apply()`，也就是说我们不必从现有代码中移除此调用。
  但是在混合式应用中，那些调用没有任何效果。

:marked
  When we downgrade an Angular component and then use it from AngularJS,
  the component's inputs will be watched using AngularJS change detection.
  When those inputs change, the corresponding properties in the component
  are set. We can also hook into the changes by implementing the
  [OnChanges](../api/core/index/OnChanges-class.html) interface in the component,
  just like we could if it hadn't been downgraded.

  当我们降级一个Angular组件，然后把它用于AngularJS中时，组件的输入属性就会被AngularJS的变更检测体系监视起来。
  当那些输入属性发生变化时，组件中相应的属性就会被设置。我们也能通过实现[OnChanges](../api/core/index/OnChanges-interface.html)
  接口来挂钩到这些更改，就像它未被降级时一样。

  Correspondingly, when we upgrade an AngularJS component and use it from Angular,
  all the bindings defined for the component directive's `scope` (or `bindToController`)
  will be hooked into Angular change detection. They will be treated
  as regular Angular inputs and set onto the scope (or controller) when
  they change.

  相应的，当我们把AngularJS的组件升级给Angular使用时，在这个组件型指令的`scope`(或`bindToController`)中定义的所有绑定，
  都将被挂钩到Angular的变更检测体系中。它们将和标准的Angular输入属性被同等对待，并当它们发生变化时设置回scope(或控制器)上。

  ### Using UpgradeModule with Angular _NgModules_

  ### 通过Angular的*NgModule*来使用UpgradeModule

  Both AngularJS and Angular have their own concept of modules
  to help organize an application into cohesive blocks of functionality.

  AngularJS还是Angular都有自己的模块概念，来帮你我们把应用组织成一些紧密相关的功能块。
  
  Their details are quite different in architecture and implementation.
  In AngularJS, you add Angular assets to the `angular.module` property.
  In Angular, you create one or more classes adorned with an `NgModule` decorator
  that describes Angular assets in metadata. The differences blossom from there.

  它们在架构和实现的细节上有着显著的不同。
  在AngularJS中，我们会把AngularJS的资源添加到`angular.module`属性上。
  在Angular中，我们会创建一个或多个带有`NgModule`装饰器的类，这些装饰器用来在元数据中描述Angular资源。差异主要来自这里。

  In a hybrid application we run both versions of Angular at the same time.
  That means that we need at least one module each from both AngularJS and Angular .
  We will import `UpgradeModule` inside our Angular  module, and then use it for 
  bootstrapping our AngularJS module. Let's see how.

  在混合式应用中，我们同时运行了两个版本的Angular。
  这意味着我们至少需要AngularJS和Angular各提供一个模块。
  当我们使用AngularJS的模块进行引导时，就得把Anuglar 2的模块传给`UpgradeModule`。我们来看看怎么做。

.l-sub-section
  :marked
    Learn more about Angular modules at the [NgModule guide](ngmodule.html).

    要了解Angular模块的更多信息，请参阅[Angular模块](ngmodule.html)页。
:marked
  ### Bootstrapping hybrid applications

  ### 引导AngularJS+2的混合式应用程序

  The first step to upgrading an application using the `UpgradeModule` is
  always to bootstrap it as a hybrid that supports both AngularJS and
  Angular, but still is an AngularJS app at top level.

  使用`UpgradeModule`升级应用的第一步总是把它引导成一个同时支持AngularJS和Angular的混合式应用。

  Pure AngularJS applications can be bootstrapped in two ways: By using an `ng-app`
  directive somewhere on the HTML page, or by calling
  [angular.bootstrap](https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/function/angular.bootstrap)
  from JavaScript. In Angular, only the second method is possible - there is
  no `ng-app` in Angular. This is also the case for hybrid applications.
  Therefore, it is a good preliminary step to switch AngularJS applications to use the
  JavaScript bootstrap method even before switching them to hybrid mode.

  纯粹的AngularJS应用可以用两种方式引导：在HTML页面中的某处使用`ng-app`指令，或者从JavaScript中调用
  [angular.bootstrap](https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/function/angular.bootstrap)。
  在Angular中，只有第二种方法是可行的，因为它没有`ng-app`指令。在混合式应用中也同样只能用第二种方法。
  所以，在将AngularJS应用切换到混合模式之前，把它改为用JavaScript引导的方式是一个不错的起点。

  Say we have an `ng-app` driven bootstrap such as this one:

  比如说我们有个由`ng-app`驱动的引导过程，就像这个：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/index-ng-app.html', null, null, {otl: /(ng-app.*ng-strict-di)/})

:marked
  We can remove the `ng-app` and `ng-strict-di` directives from the HTML
  and instead switch to calling `angular.bootstrap` from JavaScript, which
  will result in the same thing:

  我们可以从HTML中移除`ng-app`和`ng-strict-di`指令，改为从JavaScript中调用`angular.bootstrap`，它能达到同样效果：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/ajs-bootstrap/app.module.ts', 'bootstrap')

:marked
  Now introduce Angular to the project. Inspired by instructions in
  [the Setup](setup.html), you can selectively copy in material from the
  <a href="https://github.com/angular/quickstart" target="_blank">QuickStart github repository</a>.

  现在，把Angular引入项目中。根据[搭建本地开发环境](setup.html)中的指导，你可以有选择的从<a href="https://github.com/angular/quickstart" target="_blank">“快速起步”的Github仓库</a>中拷贝素材进来。

  Next, create an `app.module.ts` file and add the following `NgModule` class:

  接下来，创建一个`app.module.ts`文件，并添加下列`NgModule`类：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/ajs-a-hybrid-bootstrap/app.module.ts', 'ngmodule')

:marked
  This bare minimum `NgModule` imports `BrowserModule`, the module every Angular browser-based app must have.

  这个最小化的`NgModule`导入了`BrowserModule`，该模块是每个基于浏览器的Angular应用都必须具备的。

  It also imports `UpgradeModule` from `@angular/upgrade/static`, and adds an override to prevent
  Angular from bootstrapping itself in the form of the `ngDoBootstrap` empty class method.

  它还从`@angular/upgrade/static`导入了`UpgradeModule`，并添加了一个`ngDoBootstrap`空的覆盖方法，防止
  Angular启动它自身。

  Now we bootstrap `AppModule` using `platformBrowserDynamic`'s `bootstrapModule` method.
  Then we use dependency injection to get a hold of the `UpgradeModule` instance in `AppModule`,
  and use it to bootstrap our AngularJS app.
  The `upgrade.bootstrap` method takes the exact same arguments as [angular.bootstrap](https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/function/angular.bootstrap):

  现在我们使用`platformBrowserDynamic`的`bootstrapModule`方法启动`AppModule`。
  接着我们使用依赖注入来获取`AppModule`中的一个`UpgradeModule`实例，
  并使用它来启动我们的AngularJS应用。
  `upgrade.bootstrap`方法接受与[angular.bootstrap](https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/function/angular.bootstrap)相同的参数。

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/ajs-a-hybrid-bootstrap/app.module.ts', 'bootstrap')

:marked
  We also need to install the `@angular/upgrade` package via `npm install @angular/upgrade --save`
  and add a mapping for the `@angular/upgrade/static` package: 

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/systemjs.config.1.js', 'upgrade-static-umd', 'systemjs.config.js (map)')

:marked
  Congratulations! You're running a hybrid application! The
  existing AngularJS code works as before _and_ you're ready to run Angular code.

  恭喜！我们就要开始运行AngularJS+2的混合式应用程序了！所有现存的AngularJS代码会像以前一样正常工作，但是我们现在也同样可以运行Angular代码了。

:marked
  ### Using Angular Components from AngularJS Code
  
  ### 在AngularJS的代码中使用Angular的组件
  
figure
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/upgrade/ajs-to-a.png" alt="Using an Angular component from AngularJS code" align="left" style="width:250px; margin-left:-40px;margin-right:10px" )
  
:marked
  Once we're running a hybrid app, we can start the gradual process of upgrading
  code. One of the more common patterns for doing that is to use an Angular component
  in an AngularJS context. This could be a completely new component or one that was
  previously AngularJS but has been rewritten for Angular.

  一旦我们开始运行混合式应用，我们就可以开始逐渐升级代码了。做这件事的一种更常见的模式就是在AngularJS的上下文中使用Angular的组件。
  该组件可能是全新的，也可能是把原本AngularJS的组件用Angular重写而成的。

  Say we have a simple Angular component that shows information about a hero:

  假设我们有一个简单的用来显示英雄信息的Angular组件：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/downgrade-static/hero-detail.component.ts', null, 'hero-detail.component.ts')

:marked
  If we want to use this component from AngularJS, we need to *downgrade* it
  using the `downgradeComponent()` method. What we get when we do that is an AngularJS
  *directive*, which we can then register into our AngularJS module:

  如果我们想在AngularJS中使用这个组件，我们就得用`downgradeComponent()`方法把它*降级*。
  如果我们这么做，就会得到一个AngularJS的*指令*，我们可以把它注册到AngularJS的模块中：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/downgrade-static/app.module.ts', 'downgradecomponent')

:marked
  Because `HeroDetailComponent` is an Angular component, we must also add it to the `declarations` in the `AppModule`.

  由于`HeroDetailComponent`是一个Angular组件，所以我们必须同时把它加入`AppModule`的`declarations`字段中。

  And because this component is being used from the AngularJS module, and is an entry point into
  our Angular application, we also need to add it to the `entryComponents` for our
  Angular module.

  并且由于这个组件在AngularJS模块中使用，也是我们Angular应用的一个入口点，我们还需要
  将它加入到Angular模块的`entryComponents`列表中。

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/downgrade-static/app.module.ts', 'ngmodule')

.l-sub-section
  :marked
    All Angular components, directives and pipes must be declared in an NgModule.

    所有Angular组件、指令和管道都必须声明在NgModule中。

:marked
  The net result is an AngularJS directive called `heroDetail`, that we can
  use like any other directive in our AngularJS templates.

  这里我们得到的是一个叫做`heroDetail`的AngularJS指令，我们可以像用其它指令一样把它用在AngularJS模板中。

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/index-downgrade-static.html', 'usecomponent')

.alert.is-helpful
  :marked
    Note that this AngularJS is an element directive (`restrict: 'E'`) called `heroDetail`.
    An AngularJS element directive is matched based on its _name_.
    *The `selector` metadata of the downgraded Angular component is ignored.*

    注意，它在AngularJS中是一个名叫`heroDetail`的元素型指令（`restrict: 'E'`）。
    AngularJS的元素型指令是基于它的*名字*匹配的。
    *Angular组件中的`selector`元数据，在降级后的版本中会被忽略。*

:marked
  Most components are not quite this simple, of course. Many of them
  have *inputs and outputs* that connect them to the outside world. An
  Angular hero detail component with inputs and outputs might look
  like this:

  当然，大多数组件都不像这个这么简单。它们中很多都有*输入属性和输出属性*，来把它们连接到外部世界。
  Angular的英雄详情组件带有像这样的输入属性与输出属性：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/downgrade-io/hero-detail.component.ts', null, 'hero-detail.component.ts')

:marked
  These inputs and outputs can be supplied from the AngularJS template, and the
  `downgradeComponent()` method takes care of bridging them overvia the `inputs`
  and `outputs` arrays:

  这些输入属性和输出属性的值来自于AngularJS的模板，而`downgradeComponent()`方法负责桥接它们：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/downgrade-io/app.module.ts', 'downgradecomponent')
+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/index-downgrade-io.html', 'usecomponent')

:marked
  Note that even though we are in an AngularJS template, **we're using Angular
  attribute syntax to bind the inputs and outputs**. This is a requirement for downgraded
  components. The expressions themselves are still regular AngularJS expressions.

  注意，虽然我们正在AngularJS的模板中，**但却在使用Angular的属性(Attribute)语法来绑定到输入属性与输出属性**。
  这是降级的组件本身要求的。而表达式本身仍然是标准的AngularJS表达式。

.callout.is-important
  header Use kebab-case for downgraded component attributes
  header 在降级过的组件属性中使用中线命名法
  :marked
    There's one notable exception to the rule of using Angular attribute syntax
    for downgraded components. It has to do with input or output names that consist
    of multiple words. In Angular we would bind these attributes using camelCase:

    为降级过的组件使用Angular的属性(Attribute)语法规则时有一个值得注意的例外。
    它适用于由多个单词组成的输入或输出属性。在Angular中，我们要使用小驼峰命名法绑定这些属性：
    
  code-example(format="").
    [myHero]="hero"
  
  :marked
    But when using them from AngularJS templates, we need to use kebab-case:

    但是从AngularJS的模板中使用它们时，我们得使用中线命名法：
  
  code-example(format="").
    [my-hero]="hero"

:marked
  The `$event` variable can be used in outputs to gain access to the
  object that was emitted. In this case it will be the `Hero` object, because
  that is what was passed to `this.deleted.emit()`.

  `$event`变量能被用在输出属性里，以访问这个事件所发出的对象。这个案例中它是`Hero`对象，因为`this.deleted.emit()`函数曾把它传了出来。

  Since this is an AngularJS template, we can still use other AngularJS
  directives on the element, even though it has Angular binding attributes on it.
  For  example, we can easily make multiple copies of the component using `ng-repeat`:

  由于这是一个AngularJS模板，虽然它已经有了Angular中绑定的属性(Attribute)，我们仍可以在这个元素上使用其它AngularJS指令。
  例如，我们可以用`ng-repeat`简单的制作该组件的多份拷贝：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/index-downgrade-io.html', 'userepeatedcomponent')

:marked
  ### Using AngularJS Component Directives from Angular Code
  
  ### 从Angular代码中使用AngularJS组件型指令
  
figure
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/upgrade/a-to-ajs.png" alt="Using an AngularJS component from Angular code" align="left" style="width:250px; margin-left:-40px;margin-right:10px" )
  
:marked
  So, we can write an Angular component and then use it from AngularJS
  code. This is very useful when we start our migration from lower-level
  components and work our way up. But in some cases it is more convenient
  to do things in the opposite order: To start with higher-level components
  and work our way down. This too can be done using the `UpgradeModule`.
  We can *upgrade* AngularJS component directives and then use them from
  Angular.

  现在，我们已经能在Angular中写一个组件，并把它用于AngularJS代码中了。
  当我们从低级组件开始移植，并往上走时，这非常有用。但在另外一些情况下，从相反的方向进行移植会更加方便：
  从高级组件开始，然后往下走。这也同样能用`UpgradeModule`完成。
  我们可以*升级*AngularJS组件型指令，然后从Angular中用它们。

  Not all kinds of AngularJS directives can be upgraded. The directive
  really has to be a *component directive*, with the characteristics
  [described in the preparation guide above](#using-component-directives).
  Our safest bet for ensuring compatibility is using the
  [component API](https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/type/angular.Module)
  introduced in AngularJS 1.5.

  不是所有种类的AngularJS指令都能升级。该指令必须是一个严格的*组件型指令*，具有[上面的准备指南中描述的](#using-component-directives)那些特征。
  确保兼容性的最安全的方式是AngularJS.5中引入的[组件API](https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/type/angular.Module)。

  A simple example of an upgradable component is one that just has a template
  and a controller:

  可升级组件的简单例子是只有一个模板和一个控制器的指令：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/upgrade-static/hero-detail.component.ts', 'hero-detail', 'hero-detail.component.ts')

:marked
  We can *upgrade* this component to Angular  using the `UpgradeComponent` class. 
  By creating a new Angular  **directive** that extends `UpgradeComponent` and doing a `super` call
  inside it's constructor, we have a fully upgrade AngularJS component to be used inside Angular .
  All that is left is to add it to `AppModule`'s `declarations` array.

  我们可以使用`UpgradeComponent`方法来把这个组件*升级*到Angular。
  具体方法是创建一个Angular**指令**，继承`UpgradeComponent，在其构造函数中进行`super`调用，
  这样我们就得到一个完全升级的AngularJS组件，并且可以Angular中使用。
  剩下是工作就是把它加入到`AppModule`的`declarations`数组。

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/upgrade-static/hero-detail.component.ts', 'hero-detail-upgrade', 'hero-detail.component.ts')
+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/upgrade-static/app.module.ts', 'hero-detail-upgrade', 'hero-detail.component.ts')

.alert.is-helpful
  :marked
    Upgraded components are Angular **directives**, instead of **components**, because Angular
    is unaware that AngularJS will create elements under it. As far as Angular knows, the upgraded
    component is just a directive - a tag - and Angular doesn't have to concern itself with
    it's children.

    升级后的组件是Angular的**指令**，而不是**组件**，因为Angular不知道AngularJS将在它下面创建元素。
    Angular所知道的是升级后的组件只是一个指令（一个标签），Angular不需要关心组件本身及其子元素。

:marked
  An upgraded component may also have inputs and outputs, as defined by
  the scope/controller bindings of the original AngularJS component
  directive. When we use the component from an Angular template,
  we provide the inputs and outputs using **Angular template syntax**,
  with the following rules:

  升级后的组件也可能有输入属性和输出属性，它们是在原AngularJS组件型指令的scope/controller绑定中定义的。
  当我们从Angular模板中使用该组件时，我们要使用**Angular模板语法**来提供这些输入属性和输出属性，但要遵循下列规则：

table
  tr
    th
    th
      p Binding definition
      p 绑定定义
    th
      p Template syntax
      p 模板语法
  tr
    th
      p Attribute binding
      p 属性(Attribute)绑定
    td
      :marked
        `myAttribute: '@myAttribute'`
    td
      :marked
        `<my-component myAttribute="value">`
  tr
    th
      p Expression binding
      p 表达式绑定
    td
      :marked
        `myOutput: '&myOutput'`
    td
      :marked
        `<my-component (myOutput)="action()">`
  tr
    th
      p One-way binding
      p 单向绑定
    td
      :marked
        `myValue: '<myValue'`
    td
      :marked
        `<my-component [myValue]="anExpression">`
  tr
    th
      p Two-way binding
      p 双向绑定
    td
      :marked
        `myValue: '=myValue'`
    td
      :marked
        As a two-way binding: `<my-component [(myValue)]="anExpression">`.
        Since most AngularJS two-way bindings actually only need a one-way binding
        in practice, `<my-component [myValue]="anExpression">` is often enough.

        用作输入：`<my-component [myValue]="anExpression">` 或
        用作双向绑定：`<my-component [(myValue)]="anExpression"`

:marked
  As an example, say we have a hero detail AngularJS component directive
  with one input and one output:

  举个例子，假设我们在AngularJS中有一个表示“英雄详情”的组件型指令，它带有一个输入属性和一个输出属性：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/upgrade-io/hero-detail.component.ts', 'hero-detail-io', 'hero-detail.component.ts')

:marked
  We can upgrade this component to Angular, annotate inputs and outputs in the upgrade directive,and then provide the input
  and output using Angular template syntax:

  我们可以把这个组件升级到Angular，然后使用Angular的模板语法提供这个输入属性和输出属性：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/upgrade-io/hero-detail.component.ts', 'hero-detail-io-upgrade', 'hero-detail.component.ts')
+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/upgrade-io/container.component.ts', null, 'container.component.ts')

:marked
  ### Projecting AngularJS Content into Angular Components
  ### 把AngularJS的内容投影到Angular组件中
figure
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/upgrade/ajs-to-a-with-projection.png" alt="Projecting AngularJS content into Angular" align="left" style="width:250px; margin-left:-40px;margin-right:10px" )
:marked
  When we are using a downgraded Angular component from an AngularJS
  template, the need may arise to *transclude* some content into it. This
  is also possible. While there is no such thing as transclusion in Angular,
  there is a very similar concept called *content projection*. The `UpgradeModule`
  is able to make these two features interoperate.

  如果我们在AngularJS模板中使用降级后的Angular组件时，可能会需要把模板中的一些内容投影进那个组件。
  这也是可能的，虽然在Angular中并没有透传(transclude)这样的东西，但它有一个非常相似的概念，叫做*内容投影*。
  `UpgradeModule`也能让这两个特性实现互操作。

  Angular components that support content projection make use of an `<ng-content>`
  tag within them. Here's an example of such a component:

  Angular的组件通过使用`<ng-content>`标签来支持内容投影。下面是这类组件的一个例子：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/ajs-to-a-projection/hero-detail.component.ts', null, 'hero-detail.component.ts')

:marked
  When using the component from AngularJS, we can supply contents for it. Just
  like they would be transcluded in AngularJS, they get projected to the location
  of the `<ng-content>` tag in Angular:

  当从AngularJS中使用该组件时，我们可以为它提供内容。正如它们将在AngularJS中被透传一样，
  它们也在Angular中被投影到了`<ng-content>`标签所在的位置：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/index-ajs-to-a-projection.html', 'usecomponent')

.alert.is-helpful
  :marked
    When AngularJS content gets projected inside an Angular component, it still
    remains in "AngularJS land" and is managed by the AngularJS framework.

    当AngularJS的内容被投影到Angular组件中时，它仍然留在“AngularJS王国”中，并被AngularJS框架管理着。

:marked
  ### Transcluding Angular Content into AngularJS Component Directives
  ### 把Angular的内容透传进AngularJS的组件型指令
figure
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/upgrade/a-to-ajs-with-transclusion.png" alt="Projecting Angular content into AngularJS" align="left" style="width:250px; margin-left:-40px;margin-right:10px" )
:marked
  Just like we can project AngularJS content into Angular components,
  we can *transclude* Angular content into AngularJS components, whenever
  we are using upgraded versions from them.

  就像我们能把AngularJS的内容投影进Angular组件一样，我们也能把Angular的内容*透传*进AngularJS的组件，
  但不管怎样，我们都要使用它们升级过的版本。

  When an AngularJS component directive supports transclusion, it may use
  the `ng-transclude` directive in its template to mark the transclusion
  point:

  如果一个AngularJS组件型指令支持透传，它就会在自己的模板中使用`ng-transclude`指令标记出透传到的位置：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/a-to-ajs-transclusion/hero-detail.component.ts', null, 'hero-detail.component.ts')

.alert.is-helpful
  :marked
    The directive also needs to have the `transclude: true` option enabled.
    It is on by default for component directives defined with the
    1.5 component API.

    该指令还需要启用一个`transclude: true`选项。当用AngularJS.5中的组件API定义组件型指令时，该选项默认是开启的。

:marked
  If we upgrade this component and use it from Angular, we can populate
  the component tag with contents that will then get transcluded:

  如果我们升级这个组件，并把它用在Angular中，我们就能把准备透传的内容放进这个组件的标签中。

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/a-to-ajs-transclusion/container.component.ts', null, 'container.component.ts')

:marked
  ### Making AngularJS Dependencies Injectable to Angular
  ### 让AngularJS中的依赖可被注入到Angular

  When running a hybrid app, we may bump into situations where we need to have
  some AngularJS dependencies to be injected to Angular code. This may be
  because we have some business logic still in AngularJS services, or because
  we need some of AngularJS's built-in services like `$location` or `$timeout`.

  当运行一个混合式应用时，我们可能会遇到这种情况：我们需要把某些AngularJS的依赖注入到Angular代码中。
  这可能是因为某些业务逻辑仍然在AngularJS服务中，或者需要某些AngularJS的内置服务，比如`$location`或`$timeout`。

  In these situations, it is possible to *upgrade* an AngularJS provider to
  Angular. This makes it possible to then inject it somewhere in Angular
  code. For example, we might have a service called `HeroesService` in AngularJS:

  在这些情况下，把一个AngularJS提供商*升级到*Angular也是有可能的。这就让它将来有可能被注入到Angular代码中的某些地方。
  比如，我们可能在AngularJS中有一个名叫`HeroesService`的服务：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/ajs-to-a-providers/heroes.service.ts', null, 'heroes.service.ts')

:marked
  We can upgrade the service using a Angular [Factory provider](./dependency-injection.html#factory-providers)
  that requests the service from the AngularJS `$injector`. 

  我们可以Angular的[工厂提供商（factory provider）](../guide/dependency-injection.html#factory-providers)升级该服务，
  它从AngularJS的`$injector`请求服务。Angular依赖的名称由你确定：

  We recommend declaring the Factory Provider in a separate `ajs-upgraded-providers.ts` file
  so that they are all together, making it easier to reference them, create new ones and
  delete them once the upgrade is over. 
  
  It's also recommended to export the `heroesServiceFactory` function so that Ahead-of-Time
  compilation can pick it up. 

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/ajs-to-a-providers/ajs-upgraded-providers.ts', null, 'ajs-upgraded-providers.ts')

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/ajs-to-a-providers/app.module.ts', 'register', 'app.module.ts')

:marked
  We can then inject it in Angular using it's class as a type annotation:

  然后我们可以一个字符串型令牌，把它注入到Angular中：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/ajs-to-a-providers/hero-detail.component.ts', null, 'hero-detail.component.ts')

.alert.is-helpful
  :marked
    In this example we upgraded a service class, which has the added benefit that
    we can use a TypeScript type annotation when we inject it. While it doesn't
    affect how the dependency is handled, it enables the benefits of static type
    checking. This is not required though, and any AngularJS service, factory, or
    provider can be upgraded.

    在这个例子中，我们升级了服务类。当我们注入它时，我们可以使用TypeScript类型注解来获得这些额外的好处。
    它没有影响该依赖的处理过程，同时还得到了启用静态类型检查的好处。
    任何AngularJS中的服务、工厂和提供商都能被升级 —— 尽管这不是必须的。

:marked
  ### Making Angular Dependencies Injectable to AngularJS
  
  ### 让Angular的依赖能被注入到AngularJS中

  In addition to upgrading AngularJS dependencies, we can also *downgrade*
  Angular dependencies, so that we can use them from AngularJS. This can be
  useful when we start migrating services to Angular or creating new services
  in Angular while we still have components written in AngularJS.

  除了能升级AngularJS依赖之外，我们还能*降级*Angular的依赖，以便我们能在AngularJS中使用它们。
  当我们已经开始把服务移植到Angular或在Angular中创建新服务，但同时还有一些用AngularJS写成的组件时，这会非常有用。

  For example, we might have an Angular service called `Heroes`:

  例如，我们可能有一个Angular的`Heroes`服务：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/a-to-ajs-providers/heroes.ts', null, 'heroes.ts')

:marked
  Again, as with Angular components, register the provider with the `NgModule` by adding it to the module's `providers` list.

  仿照Angular组件，我们通过把该提供商加入`NgModule`的`providers`列表中来注册它。

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/a-to-ajs-providers/app.module.ts', 'ngmodule', 'app.module.ts')

:marked
  Now wrap the Angular `Heroes` in an *AngularJS factory function* using `downgradeInjectable()`.
  and plug the factory into an AngularJS module. 
  The name of the AngularJS dependency is up to you:

  现在，我们使用`upgradeAdapter.downgradeNg2Provider()`来把Angular的`Heroes`包装成*AngularJS的工厂函数*，并把这个工厂注册进AngularJS的模块中。
  依赖在AngularJS中的名字你可以自己定：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/a-to-ajs-providers/app.module.ts', 'register', 'app.module.ts')

:marked
  After this, the service is injectable anywhere in our AngularJS code:

  此后，该服务就能被注入到AngularJS代码中的任何地方了：

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/a-to-ajs-providers/hero-detail.component.ts', null, 'hero-detail.component.ts')

:marked
  ## Using Ahead-of-time compilation with hybrid apps

  We can take advantage of Ahead-of-time (AoT) compilation on hybrid apps just like on any other
  Angular application.
  The setup for an hybrid app is mostly the same as described in 
  [the Ahead-of-time Compilation chapter](../cookbook/aot-compiler.html)
  save for differences in `index.html` and `main-aot.ts`

  Our `index.html` will likely have script tags loading AngularJS files, so the `index.html` we
  use for AoT must also load those files. 
  An easy way to copy them is by adding each to the `copy-dist-files.js` file.

  We also need to use `UpgradeModule` to bootstrap a hybrid app after bootstrapping the 
  Module Factory:

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/main-aot.ts', null, 'app/main-aot.ts')

:marked
  And that's all we need to get the full benefit of AoT for Angular apps!

.alert.is-helpful
  :marked
    The AoT metadata collector will not detect lifecycle hook methods on a parent class' prototype,
    so in order for upgraded components to work we needs to implement the lifecycle hooks 
    on the upgraded component class and forward them to the `UpgradeComponent` parent.  

:marked
  ## Dividing routes between Angular and AngularJS

  Another important part of upgrading is upgrading routes.
  We could upgrade our whole app while still using the AngularJS router and then
  migrate all the routes in one fell swoop.
  But it would be much better to migrate routes one by one as they become upgraded.
  
  The first step to have a dual router setup is to add an Angular root component containing
  one outlet for each router. 
  AngularJS will use `ng-view`, and Angular will use `router-outlet`.
  When one is using it's router, the other outlet will be empty. 

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/divide-routes/app.component.ts', null, 'app.component.ts')

:marked
  We want to use this component in the body of our `index.html` instead of an AngularJS component: 

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/index-divide-routes.html', 'body', 'app.component.ts (body)')

:marked
  Next we declare both AngularJS and Angular routes as normal:

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/divide-routes/app.module.ts', 'ajs-route', 'app.module.ts (AngularJS route)') 
+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/divide-routes/hero.module.ts', 'a-route', 'hero.module.ts (Angular route)')

:marked
  In our `app.module.ts` we need to add `AppComponent` to the declarations and boostrap array.

  Next we configure the router itself. 
  We want to use [hash navigation](./router.html#-hashlocationstrategy-) in Angular
  because that's what we're also using in AngularJS. 

  Lastly, and most importantly, we want to use a custom `UrlHandlingStrategy` that will tell
  the Angular router which routes it should render - and only those.

+makeExample('upgrade-module/ts/src/app/divide-routes/app.module.ts', 'router-config', 'app.module.ts (router config)')   

:marked
  That's it! Now we're running both routers at the same time.


.l-main-section
:marked
  ## PhoneCat Upgrade Tutorial

  ## PhoneCat升级教程

  In this section and we will look at a complete example of
  preparing and upgrading an application using the `upgrade` module. The app
  we're going to work on is [Angular PhoneCat](https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat)
  from [the original AngularJS tutorial](https://docs.angularjs.org/tutorial),
  which is where many of us began our Angular adventures. Now we'll see how to
  bring that application to the brave new world of Angular.

  在本节和下节中，我们将看一个完整的例子，它使用`upgrade`模块准备和升级了一个应用程序。
  该应用就是来自[原AngularJS教程](https://docs.angularjs.org/tutorial)中的[Angular PhoneCat](https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat)。
  那是我们很多人当初开始Angular探险之旅的起点。
  现在，我们来看看如何把该应用带入Angular的美丽新世界。

  During the process we'll learn how to apply the steps outlined in the
  [preparation guide](#preparation) in practice: We'll align the application
  with Angular and also take TypeScript into use.

  这期间，我们将学到如何在实践中应用[准备指南](#preparation)中列出的那些重点步骤：
  我们先让该应用向Angular看齐，然后为它引入SystemJS模块加载器和TypeScript。

  To follow along with the tutorial, clone the
  [angular-phonecat](https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat) repository
  and apply the steps as we go.

  要跟随本教程，请先把[angular-phonecat](https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat)仓库克隆到本地，并跟我们一起应用这些步骤。

  In terms of project structure, this is where our work begins:

  在项目结构方面，我们工作的起点是这样的：

.filetree
  .file angular-phonecat
  .children
    .file bower.json
    .file karma.conf.js
    .file package.json
    .file app
    .children
      .file core
      .children
        .file checkmark
        .children
          .file checkmark.filter.js
          .file checkmark.filter.spec.js
        .file phone
        .children
          .file phone.module.js
          .file phone.service.js
          .file phone.service.spec.js
        .file core.module.js
      .file phone-detail
      .children
        .file phone-detail.component.js
        .file phone-detail.component.spec.js
        .file phone-detail.module.js
        .file phone-detail.template.html
      .file phone-list
      .children
        .file phone-list.component.js
        .file phone-list.component.spec.js
        .file phone-list.module.js
        .file phone-list.template.html
      .file img
      .children
        .file  ...
      .file phones
      .children
        .file  ...
      .file app.animations.js
      .file app.config.js
      .file app.css
      .file app.module.js
      .file index.html
    .file e2e-tests
    .children
      .file protractor-conf.js
      .file scenarios.js

:marked
  This is actually a pretty good starting point. The code uses the AngularJS 1.5
  component API and the organization follows the
  [AngularJS Style Guide](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md),
  which is an important [preparation step](#following-the-angular-style-guide) before
  a successful upgrade.

  这确实是一个很好地起点。特别是，该结构遵循了[AngularJS 风格指南](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md)，
  要想成功升级，这是一个很重要的[准备步骤](#following-the-angular-style-guide)。

  * Each component, service, and filter is in its own source file, as per the
    [Rule of 1](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#single-responsibility).

    每个组件、服务和过滤器都在它自己的源文件中 —— 就像[单一规则](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#single-responsibility)所要求的。

  * The `core`, `phone-detail`, and `phone-list` modules are each in their
    own subdirectory. Those subdirectories contain the JavaScript code as well as
    the HTML templates that go with each particular feature. This is in line with the
    [Folders-by-Feature Structure](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#style-y152)
    and [Modularity](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#modularity)
    rules.

    `core`、`phone-detail`和`phone-list`模块都在它们自己的子目录中。那些子目录除了包含HTML模板之外，还包含JavaScript代码，它们共同完成一个特性。
    这是[按特性分目录的结构](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#style-y152)
    和[模块化](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#modularity)规则所要求的。

  * Unit tests are located side-by-side with application code where they are easily
    found, as described in the rules for
    [Organizing Tests](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#style-y197).

    单元测试都和应用代码在一起，它们很容易找到。就像规则
    [组织测试文件](https://github.com/johnpapa/angular-styleguide/blob/master/a1/README.md#style-y197)中要求的那样。

:marked
  ### Switching to TypeScript

  ### 切换到TypeScript

  Since we're going to be writing our Angular code in TypeScript, it makes sense to
  bring in the TypeScript compiler even before we begin upgrading.

  因为我们将使用TypeScript编写Angular的代码，所以在开始升级之前，我们把TypeScript的编译器设置好是很合理的。

  We will also start to gradually phase out the Bower package manager in favor
  of NPM. We'll install all new dependencies using NPM, and will eventually be
  able to remove Bower from the project.

  我们还将开始逐步淘汰Bower包管理器，换成我们更喜欢的NPM。后面我们将使用NPM来安装新的依赖包，并最终从项目中移除Bower。

  Let's begin by installing TypeScript to the project.

  让我们先把TypeScript包安装到项目中。

code-example(format="").
  npm i typescript --save-dev

:marked
  Let's also add run scripts for the `tsc` TypeScript compiler to `package.json`:

  我们还要把用来运行TypeScript编译器`tsc`和`typings`工具的脚本添加到`package.json`中：

+makeJson('upgrade-phonecat-1-typescript/ts/package.json', {paths: 'scripts.tsc, scripts.tsc:w'}, 'package.json')

:marked
  We can now install type definitions for the existing libraries that
  we're using but that don't come with prepackaged types: AngularJS and the 
  Jasmine unit test framework.

  现在我们可以使用typings工具来安装AngularJS和Jasmine单元测试框架的类型定义文件。

code-example(format="").
  npm install @types/jasmine @types/angular  @types/angular-animate @types/angular-cookies @types/angular-mocks @types/angular-resource @types/angular-route @types/angular-sanitize --save-dev

:marked
  We should also configure the TypeScript compiler so that it can understand our
  project. We'll add a `tsconfig.json` file to the project directory, just like we do
  in the documentation [setup](setup.html). It instructs the TypeScript compiler how
  to interpret our source files.

  我们还应该配置TypeScript编译器，以便它能理解我们的项目结构。我们要往项目目录下添加一个`tsconfig.json`文件，
  就像在[搭建本地开发环境](setup.html)中做过的那样。它将告诉TypeScript编译器，该如何编译我们的源文件。

+makeJson('upgrade-phonecat-1-typescript/ts/tsconfig.ajs.json', null, 'tsconfig.json')

:marked
  We are telling the TypeScript compiler to turn our TypeScript files to ES5 code
  bundled into CommonJS modules.

  我们告诉TypeScript编译器，把TypeScript文件转换成ES5代码，并打包进CommonJS模块中。

  We can now launch the TypeScript compiler from the command line. It will watch
  our `.ts` source files and compile them to JavaScript on the fly. Those compiled
  `.js` files are then loaded into the browser by SystemJS. This is a process we'll
  want to have continuously running in the background as we go along.

  我们现在可以从命令行启动TypeScript编译器。它将监控`.ts`源码文件，并随时把它们编译成JavaScript。
  然后这些编译出的`.js`文件被SystemJS加载到浏览器中。当我们继续往前走的时候，这个过程将在后台持续运行。

code-example(format="").
  npm run tsc:w

:marked
  The next thing we'll do is convert our JavaScript files to TypeScript. Since
  TypeScript is a superset of ECMAScript 2015, which in turn is a superset
  of ECMAScript 5, we can simply switch the file extensions from `.js` to `.ts`
  and everything will work just like it did before. As the TypeScript compiler
  runs, it emits the corresponding `.js` file for every `.ts` file and the
  compiled JavaScript is what actually gets executed. If you start
  the project HTTP server with `npm start`, you should see the fully functional
  application in your browser.

  我们要做的下一件事是把JavaScript文件转换成TypeScript文件。
  由于TypeScript是ECMAScript 2015的一个超集，而ES2015又是ECMAScript 5的超集，所以我们可以简单的把文件的扩展名从`.js`换成`.ts`，
  它们还是会像以前一样工作。由于TypeScript编译器仍在运行，它会为每一个`.ts`文件生成对应的`.js`文件，而真正运行的是编译后的`.js`文件。
  如果你用`npm start`开启了本项目的HTTP服务器，你会在浏览器中看到一个功能完好的应用。

  Now that we have TypeScript though, we can start benefiting from some of its
  features. There's a lot of value the language can provide to AngularJS applications.

  有了TypeScript，我们就可以从它的一些特性中获益了。此语言可以为AngularJS应用提供很多价值。

  For one thing, TypeScript is a superset of ES2015. Any app that has previously
  been written in ES5 - like the PhoneCat example has - can with TypeScript
  start incorporating all of the JavaScript features that are new to ES2015.
  These include things like `let`s and `const`s, arrow functions, default function
  parameters, and destructuring assignments.

  首先，TypeScript是一个ES2015的超集。任何以前用ES5写的程序(就像PhoneCat范例)都可以开始通过TypeScript
  纳入那些添加到ES2015中的新特性。
  这包括`let`、`const`、箭头函数、函数默认参数以及解构(destructure)赋值。

  Another thing we can do is start adding *type safety* to our code. This has
  actually partially already happened because of the AngularJS typings we installed.
  TypeScript are checking that we are calling AngularJS APIs correctly when we do
  things like register components to Angular modules.

  我们能做的另一件事就是把*类型安全*添加到代码中。这实际上已经部分完成了，因为我们已经安装了AngularJS的类型定义。
  当我们正确调用AngularJS的API时，TypeScript会帮我们检查它 —— 比如往Angular模块中注册组件。

  But we can also start adding *type annotations* for our own code to get even more
  out of TypeScript's type system. For instance, we can annotate the checkmark
  filter so that it explicitly expects booleans as arguments. This makes it clearer
  what the filter is supposed to do.

  我们还能开始把*类型注解*添加到自己的代码中，来从TypeScript的类型系统中获得更多帮助。
  比如，我们可以给`checkmark`过滤器加上注解，表明它期待一个`boolean`类型的参数。
  这可以更清楚的表明此过滤器打算做什么

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-1-typescript/ts/app/core/checkmark/checkmark.filter.ts', null, 'app/core/checkmark/checkmark.filter.ts')

:marked
  In the `Phone` service we can explicitly annotate the `$resource` service dependency
  as an `angular.resource.IResourceService` - a type defined by the AngularJS typings.

  在`Phone`服务中，我们可以明确的把`$resource`服务声明为`angular.resource.IResourceService`，一个AngularJS类型定义提供的类型。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-1-typescript/ts/app/core/phone/phone.service.ts', null, 'app/core/phone/phone.service.ts')

:marked
  We can apply the same trick to the application's route configuration file in `app.config.ts`,
  where we are using the location and route services. By annotating them accordingly TypeScript
  can verify we're calling their APIs with the correct kinds of arguments.

  我们可以在应用的路由配置中使用同样的技巧，那里我们用到了location和route服务。
  一旦给它们提供了类型信息，TypeScript就能检查我们是否在用类型的正确参数来调用它们了。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-1-typescript/ts/app/app.config.ts', null, 'app/app.config.ts')

.l-sub-section
  :marked
    The [AngularJS 1.x type definitions](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@types/angular)
    we installed are not officially maintained by the Angular team,
    but are quite comprehensive. It is possible to make an AngularJS 1.x application
    fully type-annotated with the help of these definitions.

    我们用typings工具安装的这个[AngularJS.x类型定义文件](https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/tree/master/angularjs)
    并不是由Angular开发组维护的，但它也已经足够全面了。借助这些类型定义的帮助，它可以为AngularJS.x程序加上全面的类型注解。

    If this is something we wanted to do, it would be a good idea to enable
    the `noImplicitAny` configuration option in `tsconfig.json`. This would
    cause the TypeScript compiler to display a warning when there's any code that
    does not yet have type annotations. We could use it as a guide to inform
    us about how close we are to having a fully annotated project.

    如果我们想这么做，那么在`tsconfig.json`中启用`noImplicitAny`配置项就是一个好主意。
    这样，如果遇到什么还没有类型注解的代码，TypeScript编译器就会显示一个警告。
    我们可以用它作为指南，告诉我们现在与一个完全类型化的项目距离还有多远。

:marked
  Another TypeScript feature we can make use of is *classes*. In particular, we
  can turn our component controllers into classes. That way they'll be a step
  closer to becoming Angular component classes, which will make our life
  easier once we do the upgrade.

  我们能用的另一个TypeScript特性是*类*。具体来讲，我们可以把控制器转换成类。
  这种方式下，我们离成为Angular组件类就又近了一步，它会令我们的升级之路变得更简单。

  AngularJS expects controllers to be constructor functions. That's exactly what
  ES2015/TypeScript classes are under the hood, so that means we can just plug in a
  class as a component controller and AngularJS will happily use it.

  AngularJS期望控制器是一个构造函数。这实际上就是ES2015/TypeScript中的类，
  这也就意味着只要我们把一个类注册为组件控制器，AngularJS就会愉快的使用它。

  Here's what our new class for the phone list component controller looks like:

  新的“电话列表(phone list)”组件控制器类看起来是这样的：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-1-typescript/ts/app/phone-list/phone-list.component.ts', null, 'app/phone-list/phone-list.component.ts')

:marked
  What was previously done in the controller function is now done in the class
  constructor function. The dependency injection annotations are attached
  to the class using a static property `$inject`. At runtime this becomes the
  `PhoneListController.$inject` property.

  以前在控制器函数中实现的一切，现在都改由类的构造函数来实现了。类型注入注解通过静态属性`$inject`
  被附加到了类上。在运行时，它们变成了`PhoneListController.$inject`。

  The class additionally declares three members: The array of phones, the name of
  the current sort key, and the search query. These are all things we have already
  been attaching to the controller but that weren't explicitly declared anywhere.
  The last one of these isn't actually used in the TypeScript code since it's only
  referred to in the template, but for the sake of clarity we want to define all the
  members our controller will have.

  该类还声明了另外三个成员：电话列表、当前排序键的名字和搜索条件。
  这些东西我们以前就加到了控制器上，只是从来没有在任何地方显式定义过它们。最后一个成员从未真正在TypeScript代码中用过，
  因为它只是在模板中被引用过。但为了清晰起见，我们还是应该定义出此控制器应有的所有成员。

  In the Phone detail controller we'll have two members: One for the phone
  that the user is looking at and another for the URL of the currently displayed image:

  在电话详情控制器中，我们有两个成员：一个是用户正在查看的电话，另一个是正在显示的图像：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-1-typescript/ts/app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.ts', null, 'app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.ts')

:marked
  This makes our controller code look a lot more like Angular already. We're
  all set to actually introduce Angular into the project.

  这已经让我们的控制器代码看起来更像Angular了。我们的准备工作做好了，可以引进Angular到项目中了。

  If we had any AngularJS services in the project, those would also be
  a good candidate for converting to classes, since like controllers,
  they're also constructor functions. But we only have the `Phone` factory
  in this project, and that's a bit special since it's an `ngResource`
  factory. So we won't be doing anything to it in the preparation stage.
  We'll instead turn it directly into an Angular service.

  如果项目中有任何AngularJS的服务，它们也是转换成类的优秀候选人，像控制器一样，它们也是构造函数。
  但是在本项目中，我们只有一个`Phone`工厂，这有点特别，因为它是一个`ngResource`工厂。
  所以我们不会在准备阶段中处理它，而是在下一节中直接把它转换成Angular服务。

  ### Installing Angular
  ### 安装Angular

  Having completed our preparation work, let's get going with the Angular
  upgrade of PhoneCat. We'll do this incrementally with the help of the
  [upgrade module](#upgrading-with-the-upgrade-module) that comes with Angular.
  By the time we're done, we'll be able to remove AngularJS from the project
  completely, but the key is to do this piece by piece without breaking the application.

  我们已经完成了准备工作，接下来就开始把PhoneCat升级到Angular。
  我们将在Angular[升级模块](#upgrading-with-the-upgrade-adapter)的帮助下增量式的完成此项工作。
  等我们完成的那一刻，就能把AngularJS从项目中完全移除了，但其中的关键是在不破坏此程序的前提下一小块一小块的完成它。

.alert.is-important
  :marked
    The project also contains some animations, which we are not yet upgrading in this version of the guide. This will change in a later release.

    该项目还包含一些动画，在此指南的当前版本我们先不升级它，等到后面的发行版再改。

:marked
  Let's install Angular into the project, along with the SystemJS module loader.
  Take a look at the results of the [Setup](setup.html) instructions
  and get the following configurations from there:

  我们来使用SystemJS模块加载器把Angular安装到项目中。
  看看[搭建本地开发环境](setup.html)中的指南，并从那里获得如下配置：

  * Add Angular and the other new dependencies to `package.json`

    把Angular和其它新依赖添加到`package.json`中
    
  * The SystemJS configuration file `systemjs.config.js` to the project root directory.

    把SystemJS的配置文件`systemjs.config.js`添加到项目的根目录。

  Once these are done, run:

  这些完成之后，就运行：

code-example(format="").
  npm install

:marked
  We can soon load Angular dependencies into the application via `index.html`,
  but first we need to do some directory path adjustments. This is because we're going
  to need to load files from `node_modules` and the project root, whereas so far
  in this project everything has been loaded from the `/app` directory.

  我们可以通过`index.html`来把Angular的依赖快速加载到应用中，
  但首先，我们得做一些目录结构调整。这是因为我们正准备从`node_modules`中加载文件，然而目前项目中的每一个文件都是从`/app`目录下加载的。

  Move the `app/index.html` file to the project root directory. Then change the
  development server root path in `package.json` to also point to the project root
  instead of `app`:

  把`app/index.html`移入项目的根目录，然后把`package.json`中的开发服务器根目录也指向项目的根目录，而不再是`app`目录：

+makeJson('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/package.ajs.json', {paths: 'scripts.start'}, 'package.json (start script)')

:marked
  Now we're able to serve everything from the project root to the web browser. But we do *not*
  want to have to change all the image and data paths used in the application code to match
  our development setup. For that reason, we'll add a `<base>` tag to `index.html`, which will
  cause relative URLs to be resolved back to the `/app` directory:

  现在，我们能把项目根目录下的每一样东西发给浏览器了。但我们不想为了适应开发环境中的设置，被迫修改应用代码中用到的所有图片和数据的路径。因此，我们往`index.html`中添加一个`<base>`标签，它将导致各种相对路径被解析回`/app`目录：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/index.html', 'base', 'index.html')

:marked
  Now we can load Angular via SystemJS. We'll add the Angular polyfills and the
  SystemJS config to the end of the `<head>` section, and then we'll use `System.import`
  to load the actual application:

  现在我们可以通过SystemJS加载Angular了。我们将把Angular的填充库(polyfills)
  和SystemJS的配置加到`<head>`区的末尾，然后，我们就用`System.import`来加载实际的应用：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/index.html', 'angular', 'index.html')

:marked
  We also need to make a couple of adjustments
  to the `systemjs.config.js` file installed during [setup](setup.html).
   
  We want to point the browser to the project root when loading things through SystemJS,
  instead of using the  `<base>` URL.

  We also need to install the `upgrade` package via `npm install @angular/upgrade --save`
  and add a mapping for the `@angular/upgrade/static` package. 

  在我们从[搭建本地开发环境](setup.html)中拿来的`systemjs.config.js`文件中，我们还需要做一些调整，以适应我们的项目结构。
  在使用SystemJS而不是`<base>` URL加载时，我们需要把浏览器指向项目的根目录。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/systemjs.config.1.js', 'paths', 'systemjs.config.js')

:marked
  ### Creating the _AppModule_

  ### 创建*AppModule*

  Now create the root `NgModule` class called `AppModule`.
  There is already a file named `app.module.ts` that holds the AngularJS module. 
  Rename it to `app.module.ajs.ts` and update the corresponding script name in the `index.html` as well.
  The file contents remain:

  现在，创建一个名叫`AppModule`的根`NgModule`类。
  我们已经有了一个名叫`app.module.ts`的文件，其中存放着AngularJS的模块。
  把它改名为`app.module.ng1.ts`，同时也要在`index.html`中更新对应的脚本名。
  文件的内容保留：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/app.module.ajs.ts', null, 'app.module.ajs.ts')

:marked
  Now create a new `app.module.ts` with the minimum `NgModule` class:

  然后创建一个新的`app.module.ts`文件，其中是一个最小化的`NgModule`类：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/app.module.ts', 'bare', 'app.module.ts')

:marked
  ### Bootstrapping a hybrid PhoneCat

  ### 引导PhoneCat的1+2混合式应用

  What we'll do next is bootstrap the application as a *hybrid application*
  that supports both AngularJS and Angular components. Once we've done that
  we can start converting the individual pieces to Angular.

  接下来，我们把该应用程序引导改装为一个同时支持AngularJS和Angular的*混合式应用*。
  然后，就能开始把这些不可分割的小块转换到Angular了。

  To [bootstrap a hybrid application](#bootstrapping-hybrid-applications),
  we first need to import `UpgradeModule` in our `AppModule`, and override it's bootstrap method:

  要引导一个[混合式应用程序](#bootstrapping-hybrid-applications)，
  我们首先需要在`AppModule`中导入`UpgradeModule，并覆盖它的启动方法：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/app.module.ts', 'upgrademodule', 'app/app.module.ts')

:marked
  Our application is currently bootstrapped using the AngularJS `ng-app` directive
  attached to the `<html>` element of the host page. This will no longer work with
  Angular. We should switch to a JavaScript-driven bootstrap instead.

  我们的应用现在是使用宿主页面中附加到`<html>`元素上的`ng-app`指令引导的。
  但在Angular中，它不再工作了。我们得切换成JavaScript驱动的引导方式。

  So, remove the `ng-app` attribute from `index.html`, and instead bootstrap via `src/main.ts`.
  This file has been configured as the application entrypoint in `systemjs.config.js`,
  so it is already being loaded by the browser.

  所以，从`index.html`中移除`ng-app`属性，并把这些加载`main.ts`中。
  在`systemjs.config.js`中已经将此文件配置为应用的入口，所以它已被浏览器所加载。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/main.ts', 'bootstrap')

:marked
  The arguments used here are the root element of the application (which is
  the same element we had `ng-app` on earlier), and the AngularJS 1.x modules
  that we want to load. Since we're bootstrapping the app through
  an `UpgradeModule`, we're actually now running the app as a **hybrid app**.

  这里使用的参数是应用的根元素(也就是以前我们放`ng-app`的元素)，和我们准备加载的AngularJS.x模块。
  由于我们是通过`UpgradeAdapter`引导应用的，所以实际在运行的应用实际上是一个混合体。

  This means we are now running both AngularJS and Angular at the same time. That's pretty
  exciting! We're not running any actual Angular components yet though,
  so let's do that next.

  我们现在同时运行着AngularJS和Angular。漂亮！不过我们还没有运行什么实际的Angular组件，接下来我们就做这件事。

.l-sub-section
  :marked
    #### Why declare _angular_ as _angular.IAngularStatic_?

    #### 为何要声明*angular*为*angular.IAngularStatic*？

    `@types/angular` is declared as a UMD module, and due to the way
    <a href="https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/What's-new-in-TypeScript#support-for-umd-module-definitions" target="_blank">UMD typings</a>
    work, once you have an ES6 `import` statement in a file all UMD typed modules must also be
    imported via `import` statements instead of being globally available.

    `@types/angular`声明为UMD模块，根据<a href="https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/What's-new-in-TypeScript#support-for-umd-module-definitions" target="_blank">UMD类型</a>
    的工作方式，一旦你在文件中有一条ES6的`import`语句，所有的UMD类型化的模型必须都通过`import`语句导入，
    而是不是全局可用。

    AngularJS is currently loaded by a script tag in `index.html`, which means that the whole app
    has access to it as a global and uses the same instance of the `angular` variable.
    If we used `import * as angular from 'angular'` instead we would also need to overhaul how we
    load every file in our AngularJS app to use ES6 modules in order to ensure AngularJS was being
    loaded correctly.

    AngularJS是日前是通过`index.html`中的script标签加载，这意味着整个应用是作为一个全局变量进行访问的，
    使用同一个`angular`变量的实例。
    但如果我们使用`import * as angular from 'angular'`，我还需要彻底修改AngularJS应用中加载每个文件的方式，
    确保AngularJS应用被正确加载。

    This is a considerable effort and it often isn't worth it, especially since we are in the
    process of moving our our to Angular already.
    Instead we declare `angular` as `angular.IAngularStatic` to indicate it is a global variable
    and still have full typing support.

    这需要相当多的努力，通常也不值得去做，特别是我们的应用正在朝着Angular前进。
    但如果我们声明`angular`为`angular.IAngularStatic`，指明它是一个全局变量，
    仍然可以获得全面的类型支持。

:marked
  ### Upgrading the Phone service
  
  ### 升级`Phone`服务

  The first piece we'll port over to Angular is the `Phone` service, which
  resides in `app/core/phone/phone.service.ts` and makes it possible for components
  to load phone information from the server. Right now it's implemented with
  ngResource and we're using it for two things:

  我们要移植到Angular的第一块是`Phone`工厂(位于`app/js/core/phones.factory.ts`)，
  并且让它能帮助控制器从服务器上加载电话信息。目前，它是用`ngResource`实现的，我们用它做两件事：

  * For loading the list of all phones into the phone list component
  
    把所有电话的列表加载到电话列表组件中。
    
  * For loading the details of a single phone into the phone detail component.
  
    把一台电话的详情加载到电话详情组件中。

  We can replace this implementation with an Angular service class, while
  keeping our controllers in AngularJS land.

  我们可以用Angular的服务类来替换这个实现，而把控制器继续留在AngularJS的地盘上。

  In the new version, we import the Angular HTTP module and call its `Http` service instead of `ngResource`.

  在这个新版本中，我们导入了Angular的HTTP模块，并且用它的`Http`服务替换掉`NgResource`。

  Re-open the `app.module.ts` file, import and add `HttpModule` to the `imports` array of the `AppModule`:

  再次打开`app.module.ts`文件，导入并把`HttpModule`添加到`AppModule`的`imports`数组中：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/app.module.ts', 'httpmodule', 'app.module.ts')

:marked
  Now we're ready to upgrade the Phone service itself. We replace the ngResource-based
  service in `phone.service.ts` with a TypeScript class decorated as `@Injectable`:

  现在，我们已经准备好了升级`Phones`服务本身。我们将为`phone.service.ts`文件中基于ngResource的服务加上`@Injectable`装饰器：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/core/phone/phone.service.ts', 'classdef', 'app/core/phone/phone.service.ts (skeleton)')(format='.')

:marked
  The `@Injectable` decorator will attach some dependency injection metadata
  to the class, letting Angular know about its dependencies. As described
  by our [Dependency Injection Guide](./dependency-injection.html),
  this is a marker decorator we need to use for classes that have no other
  Angular decorators but still need to have their dependencies injected.

  `@Injectable`装饰器将把一些依赖注入相关的元数据附加到该类上，让Angular知道它的依赖信息。
  就像在[依赖注入指南](../guide/dependency-injection.html)中描述过的那样，
  这是一个标记装饰器，我们要把它用在那些没有其它Angular装饰器，并且自己有依赖注入的类上。

  In its constructor the class expects to get the `Http` service. It will
  be injected to it and it is stored as a private field. The service is then
  used in the two instance methods, one of which loads the list of all phones,
  and the other the details of a particular phone:

  在它的构造函数中，该类期待一个`Http`服务。`Http`服务将被注入进来并存入一个私有字段。
  然后该服务在两个实例方法中被使用到，一个加载所有电话的列表，另一个加载一台指定电话的详情：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/core/phone/phone.service.ts', 'fullclass')

:marked
  The methods now return Observables of type `PhoneData` and `PhoneData[]`. This is
  a type we don't have yet, so let's add a simple interface for it:

  该方法现在返回一个`Phone`类型或`Phone[]`类型的可观察对象(Observable)。
  这是一个我们从未用过的类型，因此我们得为它新增一个简单的接口：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/core/phone/phone.service.ts', 'phonedata-interface', 'app/core/phone/phone.service.ts (interface)')(format='.')

:marked
  `@angular/upgrade/static` has a `downgradeInjectable` method for the purpose of making
  Angular services available to AngularJS code. Use it to plug in the `Phone` service:

  `@angular/upgrade/static`有一个`downgradeInjectable`方法，可以使Angular服务在AngularJS的代码中可用。
  使用它来插入`Phone`服务：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/core/phone/phone.service.ts', 'downgrade-injectable', 'app/core/phone/phone.service.ts (downgrade)')(format='.')

:marked
  Here's the full, final code for the service:

  最终，该类的全部代码如下：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/core/phone/phone.service.ts', null, 'app/core/phone/phone.service.ts')

:marked
  Notice that we're importing the `map` operator of the RxJS `Observable` separately.
  We need to do this for all RxJS operators that we want to use, since Angular
  does not load all of them by default.

  注意，我们单独导入了RxJS `Observable`中的`map`操作符。
  我们需要对想用的所有RxJS操作符这么做，因为Angular默认不会加载所有RxJS操作符。

  The new `Phone` service has the same features as the original, `ngResource`-based service.
  Because it's an Angular service, we register it with the `NgModule` providers:

  这个新的`Phone`服务具有和老的基于`ngResource`的服务相同的特性。
  因为它是Angular服务，我们通过`NgModule`的`providers`数组来注册它：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/app.module.ts', 'phone', 'app.module.ts')

:marked
  Now that we are loading `phone.service.ts` through an import that is resolved
  by SystemJS, we should **remove the &lt;script&gt; tag** for the service from `index.html`.
  This is something we'll do to all our components as we upgrade them. Simultaneously
  with the AngularJS to Angular upgrade we're also migrating our code from scripts to modules.

  现在，我们正在用SystemJS加载`phone.service.ts`，我们应该从`index.html`中**移除该服务的`<script>`标签**。
  这也是我们在升级所有组件时将会做的事。在从AngularJS向2升级的同时，我们也把代码从脚本移植为模块。

  At this point we can switch our two components to use the new service
  instead of the old one. We `$inject` it as the downgraded `phone` factory,
  but it's really an instance of the `Phone` class and we can annotate its type
  accordingly:

  这时，我们可以把两个控制器从使用老的服务切换成使用新的。我们像降级过的`phones`工厂一样`$inject`它，
  但它实际上是一个`Phones`类的实例，并且我们可以据此注解它的类型：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/phone-list/phone-list.component.ajs.ts', null, 'app/phone-list/phone-list.component.ts')

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.ajs.ts', null, 'app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.ts')

:marked
  What we have here are two AngularJS components using an Angular service!
  The components don't need to be aware of this, though the fact that the
  service returns Observables and not Promises is a bit of a giveaway.
  In any case, what we've achieved is a migration of a service to Angular
  without having to yet migrate the components that use it.

  这里的两个AngularJS控制器在使用Angular的服务！控制器不需要关心这一点，尽管实际上该服务返回的是可观察对象(Observable)，而不是承诺(Promise)。
  无论如何，我们达到的效果都是把服务移植到Angular，而不用被迫移植组件来使用它。

.alert.is-helpful
  :marked
    We could also use the `toPromise` method of `Observable` to turn those
    Observables into Promises in the service. This can in many cases further
    reduce the amount of changes needed in the component controllers.

    我们也能使用`Observable`的`toPromise`方法来在服务中把这些可观察对象转变成承诺，以进一步减小组件控制器中需要修改的代码量。

:marked
  ### Upgrading Components

  ### 升级组件

  Next, let's upgrade our AngularJS components to Angular components. We'll
  do it one at a time, while still keeping the application in hybrid mode.
  As we make these conversions, we'll also be defining our first Angular *pipes*.

  接下来，我们把AngularJS的控制器升级成Angular的组件。我们每次升级一个，同时仍然保持应用运行在混合模式下。
  在做转换的同时，我们还将自定义首个Angular*管道*。

  Let's look at the phone list component first. Right now it contains a TypeScript
  controller class and a component definition object. We can morph this into
  an Angular component by just renaming the controller class and turning the
  AngularJS component definition object into an Angular `@Component` decorator.
  We can then also remove the static `$inject` property from the class:

  让我们先看看电话列表组件。它目前包含一个TypeScript控制器类和一个组件定义对象。重命名控制器类，
  并把AngularJS的组件定义对象更换为Angular `@Component`装饰器，这样我们就把它变形为Angular
  的组件了。然后，我们还从类中移除静态`$inject`属性。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/phone-list/phone-list.component.ts', 'initialclass', 'app/phone-list/phone-list.component.ts')

:marked
  The `selector` attribute is a CSS selector that defines where on the page the component
  should go. In AngularJS we do matching based on component names, but in Angular we
  have these explicit selectors. This one will match elements with the name `phone-list`,
  just like the AngularJS version did.

  `selector`属性是一个CSS选择器，用来定义组件应该被放在页面的哪。在AngularJS，我们基于组件名字来匹配，
  但是在Angular中，我们要有一个专门指定的选择器。本组件将会对应元素名字`phone-list`，和AngularJS版本一样。

  We now also need to convert the template of this component into Angular syntax.
  The search controls replace the AngularJS `$ctrl` expressions
  with Angular's two-way `[(ngModel)]` binding syntax:

  现在，我们还需要将组件的模版也转换为Angular语法。在搜索控件中，我们要为把AngularJS的`$ctrl`表达式替换成Angular的双向绑定语法`[(ngModel)]`：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/phone-list/phone-list.template.html', 'controls', 'app/phone-list/phone-list.template.html (search controls)')(format='.')

:marked
  Replace the list's `ng-repeat` with an `*ngFor` as 
  [described in the Template Syntax page](../guide/template-syntax.html#directives).
  Replace the image tag's `ng-src` with a binding to the native `src` property.

  我们需要把列表中的`ng-repeat`替换为`*ngFor`以及它的`let var of iterable`语法，
  该语法在[模板语法指南中讲过](../guide/template-syntax.html#directives)。
  对于图片，我们可以把`img`标签的`ng-src`替换为一个标准的`src`属性(property)绑定。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/phone-list/phone-list.template.html', 'list', 'app/phone-list/phone-list.template.html (phones)')(format='.')

:marked
  #### No Angular _filter_ or _orderBy_ filters
  
  #### Angular中没有`filter`或`orderBy`过滤器
  
  The built-in AngularJS `filter` and `orderBy` filters do not exist in Angular,
  so we need to do the filtering and sorting ourselves. 

  Angular中并不存在AngularJS中内置的`filter`和`orderBy`过滤器。
  所以我们得自己实现进行过滤和排序。

  We replaced the `filter` and `orderBy` filters with bindings to the `getPhones()` controller method,
  which implements the filtering and ordering logic inside the component itself. 

  我们把`filter`和`orderBy`过滤器改成绑定到控制器中的`getPhones()`方法，通过该方法，组件本身实现了过滤和排序逻辑。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/phone-list/phone-list.component.ts', 'getphones', 'app/phone-list/phone-list.component.ts')

:marked
  Now we need to downgrade our Angular component so we can use it in AngularJS.
  Instead of registering a component, we register a `phoneList` *directive*,
  a downgraded version of the Angular component.

  现在我们需要降级我们的Angular组件，这样我们就可以在AngularJS中使用它。
  我们需要注册一个`phoneList`*指令*，而不是注册一个组件，它是一个降级版的Angular组件。

  The `as angular.IDirectiveFactory` cast tells the TypeScript compiler
  that the return value of the `downgradeComponent` method is a directive factory.

  强制类型转换`as angular.IDirectiveFactory`告诉TypeScript编译器`downgradeComponent`方法
  的返回值是一个指令工厂。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/phone-list/phone-list.component.ts', 'downgrade-component', 'app/phone-list/phone-list.component.ts')

:marked
  The new `PhoneListComponent` uses the Angular `ngModel` directive, located in the `FormsModule`. 
  Add the `FormsModule` to `NgModule` imports, declare the new `PhoneListComponent` and
  finally add it to `entryComponents` since we downgraded it:

  新的`PhoneListComponent`使用Angular的`ngModel`指令，它位于`FormsModule`中。
  把`FormsModule`添加到`NgModule`的`imports`中，并声明新的`PhoneListComponent`组件，
  最后由我们把它降级了，添加到`entryComponents`：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/app.module.ts', 'phonelist', 'app.module.ts')

:marked
  Remove the &lt;script&gt; tag for the phone list component from `index.html`.

  从`index.html`中移除电话列表组件的&lt;script&gt;标签。

  Now set the remaining `phone-detail.component.ts` as follows:

  现在，剩下的`phone-detail.component.ts`文件变成了这样：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.ts', null, 'app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.ts')

:marked
  This is similar to the phone list component. 
  The new wrinkle is the `RouteParams` type annotation that identifies the `routeParams` dependency. 

  这和电话列表组件很相似。
  这里的窍门在于`@Inject`装饰器，它标记出了`$routeParams`依赖。

  The AngularJS injector has an AngularJS router dependency called `$routeParams`,
  which was injected into `PhoneDetails` when it was still an AngularJS controller.
  We intend to inject it into the new `PhoneDetailsComponent`.

  AngularJS注入器具有AngularJS路由器的依赖，叫做`$routeParams`。
  它被注入到了`PhoneDetails`中，但`PhoneDetails`现在还是一个AngularJS控制器。
  我们应该把它注入到新的`PhoneDetailsComponent`中。

  Unfortunately, AngularJS dependencies are not automatically available to Angular components.
  We must use a [Factory provider](#making-angularjs-dependencies-injectable-to-angular)
  to make `$routeParams` an Angular provider.
  Do that in a new file called `ajs-upgraded-providers.ts` and import it in `app.module.ts`:

  不幸的是，AngularJS的依赖不会自动在Angular的组件中可用。
  我们必须使用[工厂提供商（factory provider）](#making-angularjs-dependencies-injectable-to-angular)
  来把`$routeParams`包装成Angular的服务提供商。
  在`app.module.ts`中这样写：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/ajs-upgraded-providers.ts', null, 'app/ajs-upgraded-providers.ts')

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/app.module.ts', 'routeparams', 'app/app.module.ts ($routeParams)')(format='.')

:marked
  Convert the phone detail component template into Angular syntax as follows:

  我们现在也要把该组件的模板转变成Angular的语法。
  这里是它完整的新模板：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/phone-detail/phone-detail.template.html', null, 'app/phone-detail/phone-detail.template.html')

:marked
  There are several notable changes here:

  这里有几个值得注意的改动：

  * We've removed the `$ctrl.` prefix from all expressions.

    我们从所有表达式中移除了`$ctrl.`前缀。

  * Just like we did in the phone list, we've replaced `ng-src` with property
    bindings for the standard `src` property.

    正如我们在电话列表中做过的那样，我们把`ng-src`替换成了标准的`src`属性绑定。

  * We're using the property binding syntax around `ng-class`. Though Angular
    does have [a very similar `ngClass`](../guide/template-syntax.html#directives)
    as AngularJS does, its value is not magically evaluated as an expression.
    In Angular we always specify  in the template when an attribute's value is
    a property expression, as opposed to a literal string.

    我们在`ng-class`周围使用了属性绑定语法。虽然Angular中有一个
    和AngularJS中[非常相似的`ngClass`](../guide/template-syntax.html#directives)指令，
    但是它的值不会神奇的作为表达式进行计算。在Angular中，模板中的属性(Attribute)值总是被作为
    属性(Property)表达式计算，而不是作为字符串字面量。

  * We've replaced `ng-repeat`s with `*ngFor`s.

    我们把`ng-repeat`替换成了`*ngFor`。

  * We've replaced `ng-click` with an event binding for the standard `click`.

    我们把`ng-click`替换成了一个到标准`click`事件的绑定。

  * We've wrapped the whole template in an `ngIf` that causes it only to be
    rendered when there is a phone present. We need this because when the component
    first loads, we don't have `phone` yet and the expressions will refer to a
    non-existing value. Unlike in AngularJS, Angular expressions do not fail silently
    when we try to refer to properties on undefined objects. We need to be explicit
    about cases where this is expected.

    我们把整个模板都包裹进了一个`ngIf`中，这导致只有当存在一个电话时它才会渲染。我们必须这么做，
    是因为组件首次加载时我们还没有`phone`变量，这些表达式就会引用到一个不存在的值。
    和AngularJS不同，当我们尝试引用未定义对象上的属性时，Angular中的表达式不会默默失败。
    我们必须明确指出这种情况是我们所期望的。

  Add `PhoneDetailComponent` component to the `NgModule` _declarations_ and _entryComponents_:

  把`PhoneDetailComponent`组件添加到`NgModule`的_declarations_和_entryComponents_中：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/app.module.ts', 'phonedetail', 'app.module.ts')

:marked
  We should now also remove the phone detail component &lt;script&gt; tag from `index.html`.

  我们现在应该从`index.html`中移除电话详情组件的&lt;script>。

  #### Add the _CheckmarkPipe_

  #### 添加*CheckmarkPipe*

  The AngularJS directive had a `checkmark` _filter_.
  Let's turn that into an Angular **pipe**.

  AngularJS指令中有一个`checkmark`*过滤器*，我们把它转换成Angular的**管道**。

  There is no upgrade method to convert filters into pipes.
  You won't miss it.
  It's easy to turn the filter function into an equivalent Pipe class. 
  The implementation is the same as before, repackaged in the `transform` method.
  Rename the file to `checkmark.pipe.ts` to conform with Angular conventions:

  没有什么升级方法能把过滤器转换成管道。
  但我们也并不需要它。
  把过滤器函数转换成等价的Pipe类非常简单。
  实现方式和以前一样，但把它们包装进`transform`方法中就可以了。
  把该文件改名成`checkmark.pipe.ts`，以符合Angular中的命名约定：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/core/checkmark/checkmark.pipe.ts', null, 'app/core/checkmark/checkmark.pipe.ts')(format='.')

:marked
  Now import and declare the newly created pipe and
  remove the filter &lt;script&gt; tag from `index.html`:

  当我们做这个修改时，也要同时从`core`模块文件中移除对该过滤器的注册。该模块的内容变成了：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/app.module.ts', 'checkmarkpipe', 'app.module.ts')

:marked
  ## AoT compile the hybrid app

  To use AoT with our hybrid app we have to first set it up like any other Angular application,
  as shown in [the Ahead-of-time Compilation chapter](../cookbook/aot-compiler.html).

  Then we have to change `main-aot.ts` bootstrap also bootstrap the AngularJS app 
  via `UpgradeModule`:

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/main-aot.ts', null, 'app/main-aot.ts')

:marked
  We need to load all the AngularJS files we already use in `index.html` in `aot/index.html`
  as well:

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/aot/index.html', null, 'aot/index.html')

:marked
  These files need to be copied together with the polyfills. Files our application
  needs at runtime, like the `.json` phone lists and images, also need to be copied.

  Install `fs-extra` via `npm install fs-extra --save-dev` for better file copying, and change
  `copy-dist-files.js` to the following:

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/copy-dist-files.js', null, 'copy-dist-files.js')

:marked
  And that's all you need to use AoT while upgrading your app!

:marked
  ### Adding The Angular Router And Bootstrap
  
  ### 切换到Angular路由器和引导程序

  At this point we've replaced all AngularJS application components with
  their Angular counterparts, even though we're still serving them from the AngularJS router.

  Most AngularJS apps have more than a couple of routes though, and it's very helpful to migrate
  one route at a time.

  Let's start by migrating the initial `/` and `/phones` routes to Angular, 
  while keeping `/phones/:phoneId` in the AngularJS router.

  #### Add the Angular router

  Angular has an [all-new router](router.html).

  Angular有一个[全新的路由器](router.html)。

  Like all routers, it needs a place in the UI to display routed views.
  For Angular that's the `<router-outlet>` and it belongs in a *root component*
  at the top of the applications component tree. 

  像所有的路由器一样，它需要在UI中指定一个位置来显示路由的视图。
  在Angular中，它是`<router-outlet>`，并位于应用组件树顶部的*根组件*中。

  We don't yet have such a root component, because the app is still managed as an AngularJS app.
  Create a new `app.component.ts` file with the following `AppComponent` class:

  我们还没有这样一个根组件，因为该应用仍然是像一个AngularJS应用那样被管理的。
  创建新的`app.component.ts`文件，放入像这样的`AppComponent`类：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-3-router/ts/app/app.component.ts', null, 'app/app.component.ts')(format='.')

:marked
  It has a simple template that only includes the `<router-outlet>` for Angular routes
  and `ng-view` for AngularJS routes.
  This component just renders the contents of the active route and nothing else.

  它有一个很简单的模板，只包含`<router-outlet>`。
  该组件只负责渲染活动路由的内容，此外啥也不干。

  The selector tells Angular to plug this root component into the `<phonecat-app>`
  element on the host web page when the application launches.

  该选择器告诉Angular：当应用启动时就把这个根组件插入到宿主页面的`<phonecat-app>`元素中。

  Add this `<phonecat-app>` element to the `index.html`.
  It replaces the old AngularJS `ng-view` directive:

  把这个`<phonecat-app>`元素插入到`index.html`中。
  用它来代替AngularJS中的`ng-view`指令：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-3-router/ts/index.html', 'appcomponent', 'index.html (body)')(format='.')

:marked
  #### Create the _Routing Module_
  #### 创建*路由模块*
  A router needs configuration whether it's the AngularJS or Angular or any other router.

  无论在AngularJS还是Angular或其它框架中，路由器都需要进行配置。

  The details of Angular router configuration are best left to the [Routing documentation](router.html)
  which recommends that you create a `NgModule` dedicated to router configuration
  (called a _Routing Module_).

  Angular路由器配置的详情最好去查阅下[路由与导航](router.html)文档。
  它建议你创建一个专们用于路由器配置的`NgModule`（名叫*路由模块*）。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-3-router/ts/app/app-routing.module.ts', null, 'app/app-routing.module.ts')

:marked
  This module defines a `routes` object with one route to the phone list component
  and a default route for the empty path. 
  It passes the `routes` to the `RouterModule.forRoot` method which does the rest.

  该模块定义了一个`routes`对象，它带有两个路由，分别指向两个电话组件，以及为空路径指定的默认路由。
  它把`routes`传给`RouterModule.forRoot`方法，该方法会完成剩下的事。

  A couple of extra providers enable routing with "hash" URLs such as `#!/phones` 
  instead of the default  "push state" strategy.

  There's a twist to our Routing Module though: we're also adding a custom `UrlHandlingStrategy`
  that tells the Angular router to only process the `/` and `/phones` routes.

  一些额外的提供商让路由器使用“hash”策略解析URL，比如`#!/phones`，而不是默认的“Push State”策略。

  Now update the `AppModule` to import this `AppRoutingModule` and also the
  declare the root `AppComponent` as the bootstrap component.
  That tells Angular that it should bootstrap the app with the _root_ `AppComponent` and 
  insert it's view into the host web page.
  
  现在，修改`AppModule`，让它导入这个`AppRoutingModule`，并同时声明根组件`AppComponent`。
  这会告诉Angular，它应该使用根组件`AppComponent`引导应用，并把它的视图插入到宿主页面中。

  We can also remove the `ngDoBootstrap()` override from `app.module.ts` since we are now
  bootstrapping from Angular.

  And since `PhoneListComponent` isn't being rendered from a `<phone-list>` tag anymore,
  but rather routed to, we can do away with it's Angular selector as well.

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-3-router/ts/app/app.module.ts', null, 'app/app.module.ts')

:marked
  Now we need to tell the AngularJS router to only process the `/phones/:phoneId` route:

  Angular路由器传递路由参数的方式不同。
  修改`PhoneDetail`组件的构造函数，来取得一个注入的`ActivatedRoute`对象。
  从`ActivatedRoute.snapshot.params`中提取`phoneId`，并像以前那样获取电话数据：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-3-router/ts/app/app.config.ts', 'ajs-routes', 'app/app.config.ts (route config)')

:marked
  #### Generate links for each phone
  
  #### 为每个电话生成链接

  We no longer have to hardcode the links to phone details in the phone list. 
  We can generate data bindings for each phone's `id` to the `routerLink` directive
  and let that directive construct the appropriate URL to the `PhoneDetailComponent`:

  在电话列表中，我们不用再被迫硬编码电话详情的链接了。
  我们可以通过把每个电话的`id`绑定到`routerLink`指令来生成它们了，该指令的构造函数会为`PhoneDetailComponent`生成正确的URL：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-3-router/ts/app/phone-list/phone-list.template.html', 'list', 'app/phone-list/phone-list.template.html (list with links)')(format='.')

.l-sub-section
  :marked
    See the [Routing](router.html) page for details.

    要了解详情，请查看[路由与导航](router.html)页。

:marked
  We are now running both routers at the same time!
  Angular is handling the initial `/` url, redirecting to `/phones`.
  Meanwhile when we click a link to the phone detail, AngularJS takes over.

  This way we can incrementally upgrade our app, reducing the risk of a massive one step router
  swap.

  The next step is to migrate the `/phones/:phoneId` route.

:marked
  The Angular router passes route parameters differently.
  Correct the `PhoneDetail` component constructor to expect an injected `ActivatedRoute` object.
  Extract the `phoneId` from the `ActivatedRoute.snapshot.params` and fetch the phone data as before:

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-4-final/ts/app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.ts', null, 'app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.ts')

:marked
  Since this was the last route we want to migrate over, we can also now delete the last 
  route config from `app/app.config.ts`, and add it to the Angular router configuration.
  
  We don't need our `UrlHandlingStrategy` anymore either, since now Angular is processing all
  routes. 

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-4-final/ts/app/app-routing.module.ts', null, 'app/app-routing.module.ts')

:marked
  You are now running a pure Angular application!

  我们现在运行的就是纯正的Angular应用了！

  ### Say Goodbye to AngularJS
  
  ### 再见，AngularJS！

  It is time to take off the training wheels and let our application begin
  its new life as a pure, shiny Angular app. The remaining tasks all have to
  do with removing code - which of course is every programmer's favorite task!
  
  是时候把辅助训练的轮子摘下来了！让我们的应用作为一个纯粹、闪亮的Angular程序开始它的新生命吧。
    剩下的所有任务就是移除代码 —— 这当然是每个程序员最喜欢的任务！

  The application is still bootstrapped as a hybrid app.
  There's no need for that anymore.

  Switch the bootstrap method of the application from the `UpgradeAdapter` 
  to the Angular way. 

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-4-final/ts/app/main.ts', null, 'main.ts')

:marked
  If you haven't already, remove all references to the `UpgradeModule` from `app.module.ts`, 
  as well as any [Factory provider](#making-angularjs-dependencies-injectable-to-angular) 
  for AngularJS services, and the `app/ajs-upgraded-providers.ts` file.
  
  如果你还没有这么做，请从`app.module.ts删除所有`UpgradeModule的引用，
    以及所有用于AngularJS服务的[工厂供应商（factory provider）](#making-angularjs-dependencies-injectable-to-angular)和`app/ajs-upgraded-providers.ts`文件。

  Also remove any `downgradeInjectable()` or `downgradeComponent()` you find, 
  together with the associated AngularJS factory or directive declarations.
  Since we have no downgraded components anymore, we also don't need to have them listed
  in `entryComponents` either.
  
  还要删除所有的`downgradeInjectable()`或`downgradeComponent()`以及与AngularJS相关的工厂或指令声明。因为我们不再需要降级任何组件了，也不再需要把它们列在`entryComponents`中。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-4-final/ts/app/app.module.ts', null, 'app.module.ts')  

:marked
  You may also completely remove the following files. They are AngularJS
  module configuration files and not needed in Angular:

  我们还要完全移除了下列文件。它们是AngularJS的模块配置文件和类型定义文件，在Angular中不需要了：

  * `app/app.module.ajs.ts`
  * `app/app.config.ts`
  * `app/core/core.module.ts`
  * `app/core/phone/phone.module.ts`
  * `app/phone-detail/phone-detail.module.ts`
  * `app/phone-list/phone-list.module.ts`
  
  The external typings for AngularJS may be uninstalled as well. The only ones
  we still need are for Jasmine and Angular polyfills.
  The `@angular/upgrade` package and it's mapping in `systemjs.config.js` can also go.

  AngularJS的外部类型定义文件还需要被反安装。我们现在只需要Jasmine的那些。

code-example(format="").
  npm uninstall @angular/upgrade --save
  npm uninstall @types/angular @types/angular-animate @types/angular-cookies @types/angular-mocks @types/angular-resource @types/angular-route @types/angular-sanitize --save-dev

:marked
  Finally, from `index.html`, remove all references to
  AngularJS scripts, the Angular upgrade module, and jQuery. When we're done,
  this is what it should look like:

  最后，从`index.html`和`karma.conf.js`中，移除所有到AngularJS脚本的引用，比如jQuery。
  当这些全部做完时，`index.html`看起来应该是这样的：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-4-final/ts/index.html', 'full', 'index.html')

:marked
  That is the last we'll see of AngularJS! It has served us well but now
  it's time to say goodbye.

  这是我们最后一次看到AngularJS了！它曾经带给我们很多帮助，不过现在，是时候说再见了。

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Appendix: Upgrading PhoneCat Tests

  ## 附录：升级PhoneCat的测试

  Tests can not only be retained through an upgrade process, but they can also be
  used as a valuable safety measure when ensuring that the application does not
  break during the upgrade. E2E tests are especially useful for this purpose.

  测试不仅要在升级过程中被保留，它还是确保应用在升级过程中不会被破坏的一个安全指示器。
  要达到这个目的，E2E测试尤其有用。

  ### E2E Tests
  
  ### E2E测试

  The PhoneCat project has both E2E Protractor tests and some Karma unit tests in it.
  Of these two, E2E tests can be dealt with much more easily: By definition,
  E2E tests access our application from the *outside* by interacting with
  the various UI elements the app puts on the screen. E2E tests aren't really that
  concerned with the internal structure of the application components. That
  also means that although we modify our project quite a bit during the upgrade, the E2E
  test suite should keep passing with just minor modifications. This is because
  we don't change how the application behaves from the user's point of view.

  PhoneCat项目中同时有基于Protractor的E2E测试和一些基于Karma的单元测试。
  对这两者来说，E2E测试的转换要容易得多：根据定义，E2E测试通过与应用中显示的这些UI元素互动，从*外部*访问我们的应用来进行测试。
  E2E测试实际上并不关心这些应用中各部件的内部结构。这也意味着，虽然我们已经修改了此应用程序，
  但是E2E测试套件仍然应该能像以前一样全部通过。因为从用户的角度来说，我们并没有改变应用的行为。

  During TypeScript conversion, there is nothing we have to do to keep E2E tests
  working. It is only when we change our bootstrap to that of a Hybrid app that we need to
  make some changes.

  在转成TypeScript期间，我们不用做什么就能让E2E测试正常工作。
  只有当我们想做些修改而把组件及其模板升级到Angular时才需要做些处理。

  The following change is needed in `protractor-conf.js` to sync with hybrid apps:

  需要对`protractor-conf.js`做如修改，与混合应用同步：
  
code-example(format="").
  ng12Hybrid: true

:marked
  The next set of changes is when we start to upgrade components and their template to Angular.
  This is because the E2E tests have matchers that are specific to AngularJS.
  For PhoneCat we need to make the following changes in order to make things work with Angular:

  当我们开始组件和模块升级到Angular时，还需要一系列后续的修改。
  这是因为E2E测试有一些匹配器是AngularJS中特有的。对于PhoneCat来说，为了让它能在Angular下工作，我们得做下列修改：

table
  tr
    th
      p Previous code
      p 老代码
    th
      p New code
      p 新代码
    th
      p Notes
      p 说明
  tr
    td
      :marked
        `by.repeater('phone in $ctrl.phones').column('phone.name')`
    td
      :marked
        `by.css('.phones .name')`
    td
      :marked
        The repeater matcher relies on AngularJS `ng-repeat`

        repeater匹配器依赖于AngularJS中的`ng-repeat`
  tr
    td
      :marked
        `by.repeater('phone in $ctrl.phones')`
    td
      :marked
        `by.css('.phones li')`
    td
      :marked
        The repeater matcher relies on AngularJS `ng-repeat`

        repeater匹配器依赖于AngularJS中的`ng-repeat`
  tr
    td
      :marked
        `by.model('$ctrl.query')`
    td
      :marked
        `by.css('input')`
    td
      :marked
        The model matcher relies on AngularJS `ng-model`

        model匹配器依赖于AngularJS中的`ng-model`
  tr
    td
      :marked
        `by.model('$ctrl.orderProp')`
    td
      :marked
        `by.css('select')`
    td
      :marked
        The model matcher relies on AngularJS `ng-model`

        model匹配器依赖于AngularJS中的`ng-model`
  tr
    td
      :marked
        `by.binding('$ctrl.phone.name')`
    td
      :marked
        `by.css('h1')`
    td
      :marked
        The binding matcher relies on AngularJS data binding

        binding匹配器依赖于AngularJS的数据绑定

:marked
  When the bootstrap method is switched from that of `UpgradeModule` to
  pure Angular, AngularJS ceases to exist on the page completely.
  At this point we need to tell Protractor that it should not be looking for
  an AngularJS app anymore, but instead it should find *Angular apps* from
  the page.

  当引导方式从`UpgradeModule`切换到纯Angular的时，AngularJS就从页面中完全消失了。
  此时，我们需要告诉Protractor，它不用再找AngularJS应用了，而是从页面中查找*Angular*应用。
  于是在`protractor-conf.js`中做下列修改：
  Replace the `ng12Hybrid` previously added with the following in `protractor-conf.js`:

  替换之前在`protractor-conf.js`中加入 `ng12Hybrid`，象这样：

code-example(format="").
  useAllAngular2AppRoots: true,

:marked
  Also, there are a couple of Protractor API calls in the PhoneCat test code that
  are using the AngularJS `$location` service under the hood. As that
  service is no longer there after the upgrade, we need to replace those calls with ones
  that use WebDriver's generic URL APIs instead. The first of these is
  the redirection spec:

  同样，我们的测试代码中有两个Protractor API调用内部使用了`$location`。该服务没有了，
  我们就得把这些调用用一个WebDriver的通用URL API代替。第一个API是“重定向(redirect)”规约：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-4-final/e2e-spec.ts', 'redirect', 'e2e-tests/scenarios.ts')

:marked
  And the second is the phone links spec:

  然后是“电话链接(phone links)”规约：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-4-final/e2e-spec.ts', 'links', 'e2e-tests/scenarios.ts')

:marked
  ### Unit Tests

  ### 单元测试

  For unit tests, on the other hand, more conversion work is needed. Effectively
  they need to be *upgraded* along with the production code.

  另一方面，对于单元测试来说，需要更多的转化工作。实际上，它们需要随着产品代码一起升级。

  During TypeScript conversion no changes are strictly necessary. But it may be
  a good idea to convert the unit test code into TypeScript as well, as the same
  benefits we from TypeScript in production code also applies to tests.

  在转成TypeScript期间，严格来讲没有什么改动是必须的。但把单元测试代码转成TypeScript仍然是个好主意，
  产品代码从TypeScript中获得的那些增益也同样适用于测试代码。

  For instance, in the phone detail component spec we can use not only ES2015
  features like arrow functions and block-scoped variables, but also type
  definitions for some of the AngularJS services we're consuming:

  比如，在这个电话详情组件的规约中，我们不仅用到了ES2015中的箭头函数和块作用域变量这些特性，还为所用的一些
  AngularJS服务提供了类型定义。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-1-typescript/ts/app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.spec.ts', null, 'app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.spec.ts')

:marked
  Once we start the upgrade process and bring in SystemJS, configuration changes
  are needed for Karma. We need to let SystemJS load all the new Angular code,
  which can be done with the following kind of shim file:

  一旦我们开始了升级过程并引入了SystemJS，还需要对Karma进行配置修改。
  我们需要让SystemJS加载所有的Angular新代码，

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/karma-test-shim.1.js', null, 'karma-test-shim.js')

:marked
  The shim first loads the SystemJS configuration, then Angular's test support libraries,
  and then the application's spec files themselves.

  这个shim文件首先加载了SystemJS的配置，然后是Angular的测试支持库，然后是应用本身的规约文件。

  Karma configuration should then be changed so that it uses the application root dir
  as the base directory, instead of `app`.

  然后需要修改Karma配置，来让它使用本应用的根目录作为基础目录(base directory)，而不是`app`。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/karma.conf.ajs.js', 'basepath', 'karma.conf.js')

:marked
  Once this is done, we can load SystemJS and other dependencies, and also switch the configuration
  for loading application files so that they are *not* included to the page by Karma. We'll let
  the shim and SystemJS load them.

  一旦这些完成了，我们就能加载SystemJS和其它依赖，并切换配置文件来加载那些应用文件，而*不用*在Karma页面中包含它们。
  我们要让这个shim文件和SystemJS去加载它们。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/karma.conf.ajs.js', 'files', 'karma.conf.js')

:marked
  Since the HTML templates of Angular components will be loaded as well, we need to help
  Karma out a bit so that it can route them to the right paths:

  由于Angular组件中的HTML模板也同样要被加载，所以我们得帮Karma一把，帮它在正确的路径下找到这些模板：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/karma.conf.ajs.js', 'html', 'karma.conf.js')

:marked
  The unit test files themselves also need to be switched to Angular when their production
  counterparts are switched. The specs for the checkmark pipe are probably the most straightforward,
  as the pipe has no dependencies:

  如果产品代码被切换到了Angular，单元测试文件本身也需要切换过来。对勾(checkmark)管道的规约可能是最简单的，因为它没有任何依赖：

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/core/checkmark/checkmark.pipe.spec.ts', null, 'app/core/checkmark/checkmark.pipe.spec.ts')

:marked
  The unit test for the phone service is a bit more involved. We need to switch from the mocked-out
  AngularJS `$httpBackend` to a mocked-out Angular Http backend.

  `Phone`服务的测试会牵扯到一点别的。我们需要把模拟版的AngularJS `$httpBackend`服务切换到模拟板的Angular Http后端。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/core/phone/phone.service.spec.ts', null, 'app/core/phone/phone.service.spec.ts')

:marked
  For the component specs we can mock out the `Phone` service itself, and have it provide
  canned phone data. We use Angular's component unit testing APIs for both components.

  对于组件的规约，我们可以模拟出`Phone`服务本身，并且让它提供电话的数据。我们可以对这些组件使用Angular的组件单元测试API。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.spec.ts', null, 'app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.spec.ts')

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-2-hybrid/ts/app/phone-list/phone-list.component.spec.ts', null, 'app/phone-list/phone-list.component.spec.ts')

:marked
  Finally, we need to revisit both of the component tests when we switch to the Angular
  router. For the details component we need to provide a mock of Angular `ActivatedRoute` object
  instead of using the AngularJS `$routeParams`.

  最后，当我们切换到Angular路由时，我们需要重新过一遍这些组件测试。对详情组件来说，我们需要提供一个Angular
  `RouteParams`的mock对象，而不再用AngularJS中的`$routeParams`。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-4-final/ts/app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.spec.ts', 'activatedroute', 'app/phone-detail/phone-detail.component.spec.ts')

:marked
  And for the phone list component we need to set up a few things for the router itself so that
  the route link directive will work.

  对于电话列表组件来说，我们需要为路由器本身略作设置，以便它的路由链接(`routerLink`)指令能够正常工作。

+makeExample('upgrade-phonecat-4-final/ts/app/phone-list/phone-list.component.spec.ts', 'routestuff', 'app/phone-list/phone-list.component.spec.ts')