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include ../_util-fns
:marked
Every application starts out with what seems like a simple task: get data, transform them, and show them to users.
Getting data could be as simple as creating a local variable or as complex as streaming data over a Websocket.
Once data arrive, we could push their raw `toString` values directly to screen.
That rarely makes for a good user experience.
Almost everyone prefers a simple birthday date
(<span style="font-family:courier">April 15, 1988</span>) to the original raw string format
( <span style="font-family:courier">Fri Apr 15 1988 00:00:00 GMT-0700 (Pacific Daylight Time)</span> ).
Clearly some values benefit from a bit of massage. We soon discover that we
desire many of the same transformations repeatedly, both within and across many applications.
We almost think of them as styles.
In fact, we'd like to apply them in our HTML templates as we do styles.
Welcome, Angular pipes, the simple display-value transformations that we can declare in our HTML!
[Live Example](/resources/live-examples/pipes/ts/plnkr.html).
.l-main-section
:marked
## Using Pipes
A pipe takes in data as input and transforms it to a desired output.
We'll illustrate by transforming a component's birthday property into
a human-friendly date:
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/hero-birthday1.component.ts', null, 'app/hero-birthday1.component.ts')(format='.')
:marked
Focus on the component's template.
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/app.component.html', 'hero-birthday-template')(format=".")
:marked
Inside the interpolation expression we flow the component's `birthday` value through the
[pipe operator](./template-syntax.html#pipe) ( | ) to the [Date pipe](../api/common/DatePipe-class.html)
function on the right. All pipes work this way.
.l-main-section
:marked
## Built-in pipes
Angular comes with a stock set of pipes such as
`DatePipe`, `UpperCasePipe`, `LowerCasePipe`, `CurrencyPipe`, and `PercentPipe`.
They are all immediately available for use in any template.
.l-sub-section
:marked
Learn more about these and many other built-in pipes in the the [API Reference](../api/#!?apiFilter=pipe);
filter for entries that include the word "pipe".
Angular 2 doesn't have a `FilterPipe` or an `OrderByPipe` for reasons explained in an [appendix below](#no-filter-pipe)
.l-main-section
:marked
## Parameterizing a Pipe
A pipe may accept any number of optional parameters to fine-tune its output.
We add parameters to a pipe by following the pipe name with a colon ( : ) and then the parameter value
(e.g., `currency:'EUR'`). If our pipe accepts multiple parameters, we separate the values with colons (e.g. `slice:1:5`)
We'll modify our birthday template to give the date pipe a format parameter.
After formatting the hero's April 15th birthday should display as **<span style="font-family:courier">04/15/88</span>**.
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/app.component.html', 'format-birthday')(format=".")
:marked
The parameter value can be any valid
[template expression](./template-syntax.html#template-expressions)
such as a string literal or a component property.
In other words, we can control the format through a binding the same way we control the birthday value through a binding.
Let's write a second component that *binds* the pipe's format parameter
to the component's `format` property. Here's the template for that component:
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/hero-birthday2.component.ts', 'template', 'app/hero-birthday2.component.ts (template)')(format=".")
:marked
We also added a button to the template and bound its click event to the component's `toggleFormat` method.
That method toggles the component's `format` property between a short form
('shortDate') and a longer form ('fullDate').
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/hero-birthday2.component.ts', 'class', 'app/hero-birthday2.component.ts (class)')(format='.')
:marked
As we click the button, the displayed date alternates between
"**<span style="font-family:courier">04/15/1988</span>**" and
"**<span style="font-family:courier">Friday, April 15, 1988</span>**".
figure.image-display
img(src='/resources/images/devguide/pipes/date-format-toggle-anim.gif' alt="Date Format Toggle")
:marked
.l-sub-section
:marked
Learn more about the `DatePipes` format options in the [API Docs](../api/common/DatePipe-class.html).
:marked
## Chaining pipes
We can chain pipes together in potentially useful combinations.
In the following example, we chain the birthday to the `DatePipe` and on to the `UpperCasePipe`
so we can display the birthday in uppercase. The following birthday displays as
**<span style="font-family:courier">APR 15, 1988</span>**
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/app.component.html', 'chained-birthday')(format=".")
:marked
If we pass a parameter to a filter, we have to add parentheses
to help the template compiler with the evaluation order.
The following example displays
**<span style="font-family:courier">FRIDAY, APRIL 15, 1988</span>**
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/app.component.html', 'chained-parameter-birthday')(format=".")
:marked
We can add parentheses to alter the evaluation order or
to provide extra clarity:
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/app.component.html', 'chained-parameter-birthday-parens')(format=".")
.l-main-section
:marked
## Custom Pipes
We can write our own custom pipes.
Here's a custom pipe named `ExponentialStrengthPipe` that can boost a hero's powers:
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/exponential-strength.pipe.ts', null, 'app/exponential-strength.pipe.ts')(format=".")
:marked
This pipe definition reveals several key points
* A pipe is a class decorated with pipe metadata.
* The pipe class implements the `PipeTransform` interface's `transform` method that
accepts an input value and an optional array of parameters and returns the transformed value.
* There will be one item in the parameter array for each parameter passed to the pipe
* We tell Angular that this is a pipe by applying the
`@Pipe` decorator which we import from the core Angular library.
* The `@Pipe` decorator takes an object with a name property whose value is the
pipe name that we'll use within a template expression. It must be a valid JavaScript identifier.
Our pipe's name is `exponentialStrength`.
.l-sub-section
:marked
### The *PipeTransform* Interface
The `transform` method is essential to a pipe.
The `PipeTransform` *interface* defines that method and guides both tooling and the compiler.
It is technically optional; Angular looks for and executes the `transform` method regardless.
:marked
Now we need a component to demonstrate our pipe.
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/power-booster.component.ts',null,'app/power-booster.component.ts')(format='.')
figure.image-display
img(src='/resources/images/devguide/pipes/power-booster.png' alt="Power Booster")
:marked
Two things to note:
1. We use our custom pipe the same way we use the built-in pipes.
1. We must list our pipe in the `pipes` array of the `@Component` decorator.
.callout.is-helpful
header Remember the pipes array!
:marked
Angular reports an error if we neglect to list our custom pipe.
We didn't list the `DatePipe` in our previous example because all
Angular built-in pipes are pre-registered.
Custom pipes must be registered manually.
:marked
If we try the [live code](/resources/live-examples/pipes/ts/plnkr.html) example,
we can probe its behavior by changing the value and the optional exponent in the template.
## Power Boost Calculator (extra-credit)
It's not much fun updating the template to test our custom pipe.
We could upgrade the example to a "Power Boost Calculator" that combines
our pipe and two-way data binding with `ngModel`.
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/power-boost-calculator.component.ts', null, '/app/power-boost-calculator.component.ts')(format='.')
figure.image-display
img(src='/resources/images/devguide/pipes/power-boost-calculator-anim.gif' alt="Power Boost Calculator")
.l-main-section
a(id="change-detection")
:marked
## Pipes and Change Detection
Angular looks for changes to data-bound values through a *change detection* process that runs after every JavaScript event:
every keystroke, mouse move, timer tick, and server response. It could be expensive.
Angular strives to lower the cost whenever possible and appropriate.
Angular picks a simpler, faster change detection algorithm when we use a pipe. Let's see how.
### No pipe
The component in our next example uses the default, aggressive change detection strategy to monitor and update
its display of every hero in the `heroes` array. Here's the template:
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/flying-heroes.component.html', 'template-1', 'app/flying-heroes.component.html (v1)')(format='.')
:marked
The companion component class provides heroes, pushes new heroes into the array, and can reset the array.
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/flying-heroes.component.ts', 'v1', 'app/flying-heroes.component.ts (v1)')(format='.')
:marked
We can add a new hero and Angular updates the display when we do.
The `reset` button replaces `heroes` with a new array of the original heroes and Angular updates the display when we do.
If we added the ability to remove or change a hero, Angular would detect those changes too and update the display again.
add or remove heroes. It updates the display when we modify a hero.
### Flying Heroes pipe
Let's add a `FlyingHeroesPipe` to the `*ngFor` repeater that filters the list of heroes to just those heroes who can fly.
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/flying-heroes.component.html', 'template-flying-heroes', 'app/flying-heroes.component.html (flyers)')(format='.')
:marked
Here's the `FlyingHeroesPipe` implementation which follows the pattern for custom pipes we saw earlier.
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/flying-heroes.pipe.ts', 'pure', 'app/flying-heroes.pipe.ts')(format='.')
:marked
When we run the sample now we see odd behavior (try it in the [live example](/resources/live-examples/pipes/ts/plnkr.html)).
Every hero we add is a flying hero but none of them are displayed.
Although we're not getting the behavior we want, Angular isn't broken.
It's just using a different change detection algorithm &mdash; one that ignores changes to the list or any of its items.
Look at how we're adding a new hero:
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/flying-heroes.component.ts', 'push')(format='.')
:marked
We're pushing the new hero into the `heroes` array. The object reference to the array hasn't changed.
It's the same array. That's all Angular cares about. From its perspective, *same array, no change, no display update*.
We can fix that. Let's use `concat` to create a new array with the new hero appended and assign that to `heroes`.
This time Angular detects that the array object reference has changed.
It executes the pipe and updates the display with the new array which includes the new flying hero.
*If we **mutate** the array, no pipe and no display update;
if we **replace** the array, the pipe executes and the display updates*.
The *Flying Heroes* in the [live example](/resources/live-examples/pipes/ts/plnkr.html) extends the
code with checkbox switches and additional displays to help us experience these effects.
figure.image-display
img(src='/resources/images/devguide/pipes/flying-heroes-anim.gif' alt="Flying Heroes")
:marked
Replacing the array is an efficient way to signal to Angular that it should update the display.
When do we replace the array? When the data change.
That's an easy rule to follow in *this toy* example
where the only way to change the data is by adding a new hero.
More often we don't know when the data have changed,
especially in applications that mutate data in many ways,
perhaps in application locations far away.
A component is such an application usually can't know about those changes.
Moreover, it's unwise to distort our component design to accommodate a pipe.
We strive as much as possible to keep the component class independent of the HTML.
The component should be unaware of pipes.
Perhaps we should consider a different kind of pipe for filtering flying heroes, an *impure pipe*.
.l-main-section
:marked
## Pure and Impure Pipes
There are two categories of pipes: **pure** and **impure**.
Pipes are pure by default. Every pipe we've seen so far has been pure.
We make a pipe impure by setting its pure flag to false. We could make the `FlyingHeroesPipe`
impure with a flip of the switch:
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/flying-heroes.pipe.ts', 'pipe-decorator')(format='.')
:marked
Before we do that, let's understand the difference between *pure* and *impure*, starting with a *pure* pipe.
### Pure pipes
Angular executes a *pure pipe* only when it detects a *pure change* to the input value.
A *pure change* is *either* a change to a primitive input value (`String`, `Number`, `Boolean`, `Symbol`)
*or* a changed object reference (`Date`, `Array`, `Function`, `Object`).
Angular ignores changes *within* the object itself.
It won't call a pure pipe if we change the input month, add to the input array, or update an input object property.
This may seem restrictive but is is also fast.
An object reference check is fast ... much faster than a deep check for differences.
... so Angular can quickly determine if it can skip both the pipe execution and a screen update.
For this reason, we prefer a pure pipe if we can live with the change detection strategy.
When we can't, we *may* turn to the impure pipe.
.l-sub-section
:marked
Or we might not use a pipe at all.
It may be better to pursue the pipe's purpose with a property of the component,
a point we take up later.
:marked
### Impure pipes
Angular executes an *impure pipe* during *every* component change detection cycle.
An impure pipe will be called a lot, as often as every keystroke or mouse-move.
With that concern in mind, we must implement an impure pipe with great care.
An expensive, long-running pipe could destroy the user experience.
<a id="impure-flying-heroes"></a>
### An impure *FlyingHeroesPipe*
A flip of the switch turns our `FlyingHeroesPipe` into a `FlyingHeroesImpurePipe`.
Here's the complete implementation:
+makeTabs(
'pipes/ts/app/flying-heroes.pipe.ts, pipes/ts/app/flying-heroes.pipe.ts',
'impure, pure',
'FlyingHeroesImpurePipe, FlyingHeroesPipe')(format='.')
:marked
We inherit from `FlyingHeroesPipe` to prove the point that nothing changed internally.
The only difference is the `pure` flag in the pipe metadata.
This is a good candidate for an impure pipe because the `transform` function is trivial and fast.
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/flying-heroes.pipe.ts','filter')(format='.')
We can derive a `FlyingHeroesImpureComponent` that we derive from the `FlyingHeroesComponent`.
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/flying-heroes.component.ts','impure-component','app/flying-heroes.component.ts (FlyingHeroesImpureComponent)')(format='.')
:marked
The only substantive change is the pipe.
We can confirm in the [live example](/resources/live-examples/pipes/ts/plnkr.html)
that the *flying heroes* display updates as we enter new heroes even when we mutate the `heroes` array.
<a id="async-pipe"></a>
### The impure *AsyncPipe*
The Angular `AsyncPipe` is an interesting example of an impure pipe.
The `AsyncPipe` accepts a `Promise` or `Observable` as input
and subscribes to the input automatically, eventually returning the emitted value(s).
It is also stateful.
The pipe maintains a subscription to the input `Observable` and
keeps delivering values from that `Observable` as they arrive.
In this next example, we bind an `Observable` of message strings (`messages$`) to a view with the `async` pipe.
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/hero-async-message.component.ts', null, 'app/hero-async-message.component.ts')
:marked
The Async pipe saves boilerplate in the component code.
The component doesn't have to subscribe to the async data source,
it doesn't extract the resolved values and expose them for binding,
and the component doesn't have to unsubscribe when it is destroyed
(a potent source of memory leaks).
### An impure caching pipe
Let's write one more impure pipe, a pipe that makes an http request to the server.
Normally, that's a horrible idea.
It's probably a horrible idea no matter what we do.
We're forging ahead anyway to make a point.
Remember that impure pipes are called every few microseconds.
If we're not careful, this pipe will punish the server with requests.
We are careful. Our pipe only makes a server call if the request URL has changed.
It caches the request URL and waits for a result which it also caches when it arrives.
The pipe returns the cached result (which is null while a request is in flight)
after every Angular call and only contacts the server as necessary.
Here's the code, which uses the [Angular http](server-communication.html) facility
to retrieve a `heroes.json` file:
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/fetch-json.pipe.ts', null, 'app/fetch-json.pipe.ts')
:marked
Then we demonstrate it in a harness component whose template defines two bindings to this pipe.
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/hero-list.component.ts', 'template', 'app/hero-list.component.ts (template)')
:marked
Despite the two bindings and what we know to be frequent pipe calls,
the nework tab in the browser developer tools confirms that there is only one request for the file.
The component renders like this:
figure.image-display
img(src='/resources/images/devguide/pipes/hero-list.png' alt="Hero List")
:marked
### *JsonPipe*
The second binding involving the `FetchPipe` uses more pipe chaining.
We take the same fetched results displayed in the first binding
and display them again, this time in JSON format by chaining through to the built-in `JsonPipe`.
.callout.is-helpful
header Debugging with the json pipe
:marked
The [JsonPipe](../api/common/JsonPipe-class.html)
provides an easy way to diagnosis a mysteriously failing data binding or
inspect an object for future binding.
:marked
Here's the complete component implementation:
+makeExample('pipes/ts/app/hero-list.component.ts', null, 'app/hero-list.component.ts')
a(id="pure-pipe-pure-fn")
:marked
### Pure pipes and pure functions
A pure pipe uses pure functions.
Pure functions process inputs and return values without detectable side-effects.
Given the same input they should always return the same output.
The pipes we saw earlier in this chapter were implemented with pure functions.
The built-in `DatePipe` is a pure pipe with a pure function implementation.
So is our `ExponentialStrengthPipe`.
So is our `FlyingHeroesPipe`.
A few steps back we reviewed the `FlyingHeroesImpurePipe` &mdash; *an impure pipe with a pure function*.
But a *pure pipe* must always be implemented with a *pure function*. Failure to heed this warning will bring about many a console errors regarding expressions that have changed after they were checked.
.l-main-section
:marked
## Next Steps
Pipes are a great way to encapsulate and share common display-value
transformations. We use them like styles, dropping them
into our templates expressions to enrich the appeal and usability
of our views.
Explore Angular's inventory of built-in pipes in the [API Reference](../api/#!?apiFilter=pipe).
Try writing a custom pipe and perhaps contributing it to the community.
a(id="no-filter-pipe")
.l-main-section
:marked
## No *FilterPipe* or *OrderByPipe*
Angular does not ship with pipes for filtering or sorting lists.
Developers familiar with Angular 1 know these as `filter` and `orderBy`.
There are no equivalents in Angular 2.
This is not an oversight. Angular 2 is unlikely to offer such pipes because
(a) they perform poorly and (b) they prevent aggressive minification.
Both *filter* and *orderBy* require parameters that reference object properties.
We learned earlier that such pipes must be [*impure*](#pure-and-impure-pipes) and that
Angular calls impure pipes in almost every change detection cycle.
Filtering and especially sorting are expensive operations.
The user experience can degrade severely for even moderate sized lists when Angular calls these pipe methods many times per second.
The `filter` and `orderBy` have often been abused in Angular 1 apps, leading to complaints that Angular itself is slow.
That charge is fair in the indirect sense that Angular 1 prepared this performance trap
by offering `filter` and `orderBy` in the first place.
The minification hazard is also compelling if less obvious. Imagine a sorting pipe applied to a list of heroes.
We might sort the list by hero `name` and `planet` origin properties something like this:
code-example(format="." language="html")
&lt;!-- NOT REAL CODE! -->
&lt;div *ngFor="let hero of heroes | orderBy:'name,planet'">&lt;/div>
:marked
We identify the sort fields by text strings, expecting the pipe to reference a property value by indexing
(e.g., `hero['name']`).
Unfortunately, aggressive minification *munges* the `Hero` property names so that `Hero.name` and `Hero.planet`
becomes something like `Hero.a` and `Hero.b`. Clearly `hero['name']` is not going to work.
Some of us may not care to minify this aggressively. That's *our* choice.
But the Angular product should not prevent someone else from minifying aggressively.
Therefore, the Angular team decided that everything shipped in Angular will minify safely.
The Angular team and many experienced Angular developers strongly recommend that you move
filtering and sorting logic into the component itself.
The component can expose a `filteredHeroes` or `sortedHeroes` property and take control
over when and how often to execute the supporting logic.
Any capabilities that you would have put in a pipe and shared across the app can be
written in a filtering/sorting service and injected into the component.
If these performance and minification considerations do not apply to you, you can always create your own such pipes
(along the lines of the [FlyingHeroesPipe](#impure-flying-heroes)) or find them in the community.
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